...Congress System and It’s breakdown After independence and before 1967, the Congress was in a dominant position and this period normally referred as a “Congress Dominated System” or “Congress System”. Congress was a dominant force under the leadership of a majestic personality like Nehru and formed governments in centre and in most of the states. After the demise of Nehru, the Congress System started breaking up because of the fights between internal factions and power ambitions. This essay is an attempt to study the reasons behind break down of the congress system. Breakdown of Congress System Congress dominance started crumbling from the mid of 1960s. Fourth general election held in 1967 saw a fall in congress vote share and seats. The party system which emerged from this general election and till 1989 can be termed as a bipolar system where congress was facing a united opposition in almost all the states. This period also witnessed making of many coalition governments in the states where opposition posed a united front to keep congress out of power. One point can be noted here is that the votes of the congress party declined much more drastically in the assembly elections than in parliamentary elections. Following are some of the reasons which can be identified for the breakdown of the Congress systemUnited Opposition: Indian electoral system is a “First past the post” system or in India the candidate who gets the maximum vote wins. Congress never secured more that 50%...
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...opinions on their arguments. Not everyone was in favor of the Constitution, and those did not agree were very passionate about it. George Mason refused to sign the Constitution unless it had a Bill of Rights Patrick Henry led the attack on the Constitution in Virginia Those two famous Anti- Federalists felt that the power was not balanced enough and that the states would not have enough power. On the other hand, those who supported the Constitution were just as passionate, maybe even more than the Anti- Federalists. Hamilton, Jay and Madison wrote 85 essays called the “Federalists Papers”. Benjamin Franklin wrote multiple speeches to support the ratification of the Constitution. The essays were very influential to the public and gained much support for the constitution. Despite the fight that the Anti- Federalists gave, The Constitution was eventually ratified. In the June of 1788, New Hampshire was the ninth state to ratify the Constitution, therefore allowing it to go into effect. Rhode Island became the thirteenth and final state to ratify the Constitution in May of 1790. Under the Constitution, George Washington became the first president and the first Congress passed amendments that protect people from abuse of the federal government and many came out of the struggle with Britain, which have become the Bill of Rights. The Constitution had both supporters...
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...decide to target and kill Americans? This essay will review the concepts of battlefield, imminent threat, and “due process”, and how these ideas shape our perception of presidential power. It used to be that a battlefield was marked off and the combat was on the battlefield. Al-Qaeda had declared that a battlefield was anywhere they can legitimately operate from and kill Americans. A “battlefield” can best be defined as anywhere where the enemy has protection of local people, where the enemy can’t be arrested, and from where they can attack America. Most commonly, we think of a combatant as somebody engaged in fighting a war. An “immanent threat” is best defined as any pronounced or supposed threat that is about to happen. It can also be defined as the presence of immediate deadly harm. In response, if the president has the opportunity to prevent an event that is highly likely, he should have the right to do so. Concepts of liberty and due process may be relevant to some, yet in an armed conflict, there are no due process rights available. Because of battlefield requirements and the lethal force being used, due process does not require trial or charges. Right to due process is context-sensitive, and it should be analyzed according to the situation. Under the international law, the President is required to distinguish between targetable personals and civilians. Being on the “for” side of the debate, in no way reduces the power of checks and balances between the branches...
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...Congress met for the first time on May 10, 1775 less than one month after the battles of Lexington and concord. On July 4 1776 the colonies declared independence of the United States from Great Britain. Each state would have to give up some of its power the states were afraid of giving up control for the government had had too much control in Britain. Daniel shays was a farmer rebellion leader and helped demand for help from new England. The first meeting was held in Philly on of the groups were feds and the other anti-feds. Virginia Plan Proposals 1. Legislature - bicameral (two houses of Congress) 2. Both houses based on population 3. Lower house - elected by the people 4. Upper house - elected by lower house 5. Three branches - executive, judicial, legislative6. Judicial and executive - both could veto laws 7. Congress could force a state to abide by federal laws. Smaller states objected to Proposal 2 of the Virginia Plan. It called for both houses of Congress to be based on population. The small states believed the large states would have too many representatives in both houses of Congress. The smaller states developed another proposal called the New Jersey Plan. New Jersey Plan Proposals 1. Unicameral (one house) legislature - all states equal. 2. Federal government - slightly increased power 3. Plural executive - elected by Congress 4. only one federal court The first attempt at self-government under the Articles of Confederation was ineffective. The Anti-Federalists...
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...the states in order to effectively draft the Constitution. Roger Sherman’s Plan kept the Constitutional Convention together which was later known as the Great Compromise. The fight for the Constitution had just begun and the ratification processes needed to take place. Even with some states being in favor of the Constitution it would take time to get the nine states needed to complete this process. The states in favor would called themselves The Federalist and those opposed were called the Anti-Federalist. The Federalist set out to change the mind of the remaining states with a series of letters that were written to newspapers. The Articles of Confederation were used as a base for the Constitution. The ideas from the Articles of Confederation were used in the writing of the Constitution. Both the Articles and the Constitution established “federal” systems of multiple sovereigns whose continued existence was constitutionally guaranteed. Despite the fact that both the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution established federal systems, there were certain fundamental differences between the two systems. The Articles of Confederation gave states the power of federal government whereas the Constitution derived its authority from the whole people of the nation, not just a single state. Consenting power...
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...Jestin Thompson Political Science 23 April 2013 Final Paper Theory of Democratic Peace The idea of democratic peace was brought up in the enlightened era. The theory of democratic peace was based off of Immanuel Kant’s “Perpetual Peace.” The theory of democratic peace argues that nation-states governed by democratic regimes do not tend to have conflicts with other countries that would lead to wars. With this theory, it shows that nation-states with a democratic rule are more likely to not go to war with other countries. In some cases, this theory has been proven to be true, but in other cases it has not, especially with the United States. There are many proponents and opponents for this theory. Through this essay, the theory is to see if democratic, authoritarian, and totalitarian rule can coexist peacefully together, which will be proven either to be true or untrue. In 1795, Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, wrote the basis for the theory of democratic peace, which is called “Perpetual Peace.” Through his writings, it explains how countries can reach a perpetual peace and fit the democratic peace theory. In this writing, contains the preliminary articles for perpetual peace among states. This section includes six main topics to help achieve a perpetual peace. First, he explains that after a war there should not be a treaty with provisions for the future wars between the two nation states. Secondly, no state, whether large or small, should be controlled...
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...1He once contemplated suicide and even wrote a two-page essay on why he wanted to end his life. Anna Hazare was not driven to such a pass by circumstances. He wanted to live no more because he was frustrated with life and wanted an answer to the purpose of human existence. The story goes that one day at the New Delhi Railway Station, he chanced upon a book on Swami Vivekananda. Drawn by Vivekananda's photograph, he is quoted as saying that he read the book and found his answer - that the motive of his life lay in service to his fellow humans. Today, Anna Hazare is the face of India's fight against corruption. He has taken that fight to the corridors of power and challenged the government at the highest level. People, the common man and well-known personalities alike, are supporting him in the hundreds swelling to the thousands. For Anna Hazare, it is another battle. And he has fought quite a few. Including some as a soldier for 15 years in Indian Army. He enlisted after the 1962 Indo-China war when the government exhorted young men to join the Army. * ------------------------------------------------- Twitter * ------------------------------------------------- NDTV Social * ------------------------------------------------- Live Messenger * ------------------------------------------------- Gmail Buzz * ------------------------------------------------- Print In 1978, he took voluntary retirement from the 9th Maratha Battalion and returned home...
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...about India as an independent nation. This essay will examine the short-term significance of Second World War on India (1939-47). September 3rd 1939 Viceroy Linlithgow, with no consultation or warning, committed over 300 million Indians to war with an enemy they knew little about. India had a long history of being ruled by Britain since it established a trading post there in the 17th century, and this declaration showed how they were still part of the British Empire. Whilst many rejected fascist ideologies, for the predominately Hindu populace, for whom engagement in violence was in direct contravention of their religion’s teachings, involvement in European war was deeply resented. “Nowhere do these great principles of morality and justice mean more than in India”. This statement, by Viceroy Linlithgow, following his declaration of war, illustrates how imperialistic and short-sighted Britain was to their relationship with India as these ‘principles’ had no place in how India was governed. For nearly 200 years the British Empire had suppressed India into submission, turning it an east-empire trading dock. This shows that even though India had been a huge help in the First World War many British officials still believed in India still being treated similarly to India 200 years ago. For Linlithgow to talk about morality, principles and justice was ironic to say the least. Once their country had been declared at war, Congress stated that it considered the act as an “affront“...
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...presidency will be focused on answering the question: Was Andrew Jackson an evil tyrant who abused presidential power, ruthlessly killed Native Americans and defied the Supreme Court; or was he a proud hero of the common man who sought to bring an end to the power of the wealthy upper class in government? Assignments for the week: You are responsible for reading all of Chapter 12 in the textbook (p. 353-371) by the end of the week. You are also responsible for reviewing this website as homework: http://www.pbs.org/kcet/andrewjackson The Life of Andrew Jackson Video Questions: 1. What incident early in Jackson’s life made him hate the British? Why? 2. Describe Jackson’s early life and social status. 3. List some words that describe Jackson’s character as a young man. 4. What profession (job) did Jackson pursue when he was 18? 5. What happened in Jackson’s first duel? What did it prove about him? 6. Why was Jackson’s marriage controversial? How did this hurt him later? 7. Describe Jackson’s first attempt at serving as a politician in Washington. 8. What happened in Jackson’s second duel? 9. Why did Jackson earn the nickname “Old Hickory”? 10. What was the “Redstick War”? What role did Andrew Jackson play? 11. What did Andrew Jackson do with a young Native American child captured in a battle? Why do you think he did this? 12. Why did some Native Americans fight on Andrew Jackson’s side in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend vs. the Redsticks? 13. How did Jackson’s forces count...
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...Paper 1 Essay After four years of bloodshed and many deaths, it was finally worth it. On December 6th, 1865, slavery had ended. The 13th amendment, which was ratified by Congress, had abolished slavery in the U.S. Many steps were taken in order to achieve this goal, such as the Civil War and the Emancipation Proclamation. Abraham Lincoln worked hard to ban slavery and managed to do it. Abraham Lincoln deserves all the amount of credit for abolishing slavery. In 1861, the Civil War had started to abolish slavery. Lincoln saw that the North and the South were fighting and did not want that. He wanted to save the Union, but if he abolished slavery in one step, it would be much more...
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...This essay will discuss the reason why the United States became involved in the Spanish American War. There will also be comments on Theodore Roosevelt’s connection to the war. Lastly mentions why historian now call the war the Spanish-American-Filipino War. Spanish American War which took place in 1898, was the United States first time broke the geographic boundaries and began to set goals to make itself one of most powerful countries in the world in 20th century. From isolating to expansion the Spanish American War led America into the modern era. The War was a symbol that the United States was rising power. The Spanish American War was a War which launched in order to raid the Spanish colonies. At that time, the Philippines not only had the important economic value but also was the strategic base of America so it was important to occupy the Philippines. On February 15th the American vessel the Maine sunk in Havana harbor, and the United States seized the chance as an excuse to began to take military actions to declare war to Spain. This fact was overlooked at the time. “Remember the Maine, to hell with Spain!” was said by newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst. This is thought to be the rallying cry used to propel Congress into a declaration of war. Theodore Roosevelt kept on President Mckinley and others that if War came to be that he wanted to leave from behind the desk in Washington and head to the front to fight. He contacted both General Tillinghast and General...
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...such a form of government on the grounds that the Constitution, in which it was outlined, lacked clarity in the protections of the individuals. The Anti-Federalists—whose memory of British oppression was still fresh in their minds—wanted certain rights and guarantees that were to be apart of the constitution (Glasser 1991). A clear demonstration of the Anti-Federalist attitude was performed by Samuel Bryan, who published a series of essays named the ‘Cenitnal Essays,’ which “assailed the sweeping power of the central government, the usurpation of state sovereignty, and the absence of a bill of rights guaranteeing individual liberties such as freedom of speech and freedom of religion (Bran 1986).” Of course, the freedoms stated above are a portion and not the whole of The Bill of Rights. Ultimately, The Bill of Rights was adopted to appease the Anti-Federalists, whose support was necessary to ratify the constitution, and who believed that without the liberties granted therein, the new constitution—that they thought was vague and granted too much power to the central...
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...History Midterm(Yash Patel) What is a patriot? A person who fights for his or her country What happened at Valley Forge? The military camp of the continental army, which turned out to be very devastating in the winter Who said, “ I have not yet begun to fight.” John Paul Jones What did George Washington do after war? Went back home at Mount Vernon How many states were needed to approve the Articles of Confederation? 13 The final authority in the Federal System is… Constitution/Judicial What are checks and balances? A system that limits power between the three branches of government What are Federalists? People who supported a strong central government therefore they were the ones who also favored the constitution. What was America’s first constitution? Articles of Confederation What happens in a depression? The economy goes down and most people are jobless. What were the Federalist Papers? An 85 page essay, trying to get New York to ratify the Constitution What is the most distinctive feature of the US Government? Separation of Powers The president can check congress through what? Veto What was the most important crop in Jamestown? Tabaco What is pacifist? A person who believes that violence and war is unjustifiable Why were separatists called pilgrims? They were the separatists in England and Pilgrims in the colonies. What type of relationship did the French have with the Native Americans? The strongest of anyone else How...
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...Daniel Castillo Eng101 Essay#3 Professor: Johnsen Indigenous people and their rights Throughout hundreds of year’s indigenous peoples have suffered most of their time in their native countries. They’ve been under political control that exploited their economy, under dictatorships and abuse of their culture and resources in their existence. These causes mostly occur in brazil. Treating indigenous people and disrespecting the way they live is crucial for them. Just because they have no type of power like certain people have it doesn’t mean they should be treated the way they are treated. On this essay I will argue that if indigenous people adjust a little bit better on in their lives and culture they can live a better life. They’re many issues that affect many characters like Marina Singh and the indigenous tribes in the amazon from the book State of Wonder, a book written by Ann Pattchet. Marina is sent to the amazon in look for her former Co-worker Dr. Eckman who is reported to be dead from a letter Dr. Swenson sent to Eckman’s wife. At the amazon Dr. Swenson, a former researcher for Vogel pharmaceuticals scientist is in search of a new drug that results to be a cure for malaria that is tested on indigenous women. These indigenous people from the amazon think they would be left out of a good health treatment. Other indigenous...
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...resigned prior to the start of her trial. On May 29, 2012, Corona was found guilty of Article II of the Articles of Impeachment filed against him pertaining to his failure to disclose to the public his statement of assets, liabilities, and net worth.[2] The Corona impeachment: A year after SHOOTING STRAIGHT By Bobit S. Avila (The Philippine Star) | Updated May 30, 2013 - 12:00am It’s been a year since the 23 Senators removed a sitting Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in the person of Renato Corona. But what has this nation learned from that divisive event in our nation’s history? For one, the Filipino still elected into office many public officials whom we know still dare to flaunt their wealth, taken from monies while they were in power, despite the fact that they were not totally honest in their Statement of Assets, Liabilities & Net Worth (SALN). That’s money they got from taxpayers. Clearly the sovereign will of the people did not show up in the vote… rather it was the sovereign will of the Comelec that surfaced. In my book, the moment CJ Corona was impeached by the House of Representatives in lightning quick fashion, I already had a hunch that CJ Corona’s case was doomed from the start. The rest was mere “palabas” or a reality show courtesy of national TV networks that showed the impeachment trial like it was just another Filipino telenovela. But today, the sequel to this telenovela...
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