...Problem Identification David is convinced that his boss wants to fire him. He will not meet 6-month and 12-month sales plan unless he uses creative accounting. Root Cause Analysis There is relationship conflict between David and his boss. Some elements did not fit with each other (open system). Carter had his own favorite, so promoting David created political situation (individual–informal organization, work–informal organization). Promotion rules were faulty, as David was promoted without his boss consent and basing on one presentation (work-formal organization). Above mentioned are situational factors in MARS model. Looking at abilities David had little agreeableness expressing his displeasure with flight booking and making impression of being pompous. Although very assertive, hid did not talk to Carter to explain political situation. David also did not have clear role perception as subordinate to Carter. He did not submit requested information or did it in unsatisfactory way, e.g. status of Meryll Lynch. He did not inform the office, where he was, if he changed plans. It made his position weaker to question Carter’s sales plans. After talking to clients, he believed Carter was too optimistic or even had fabricated forecasts to get promoted. Solution Building David should start obeying rules (call the office and inform about his whereabouts, deliver information Carter asks for, hand in assignments...
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...Article Astronomy December 2010 Vol.55 No.35: 4010–4017 doi: 10.1007/s11434-010-4197-x SPECIAL TOPICS: Experimental measurement of growth patterns on fossil corals: Secular variation in ancient Earth-Sun distances ZHANG WeiJia1,3,4*, LI ZhengBin2,3 & LEI Yang1 1 2 Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; 3 State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems & Networks, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; 4 Committee of Yuanpei Honors Program, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China Received June 3, 2010; accepted July 22, 2010 In recent years, much attention has been given to the increase in the Earth-Sun distance, with the modern rate reported as 5–15 m/cy on the basis of astronomical measurements. However, traditional methods cannot measure the ancient leaving rates, so a myriad of research attempting to provide explanations were met with unmatched magnitudes. In this paper we consider that the growth patterns on fossils could reflect the ancient Earth-Sun relationships. Through mechanical analysis of both the Earth-Sun and Earth-Moon systems, these patterns confirmed an increase in the Earth-Sun distance. With a large number of well-preserved specimens and new technology available, both the modern and ancient leaving rates could be measured with high precision, and it was found that the Earth has been leaving the Sun...
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...Answer: Stony corals are a remarkable group of animals that inhabit tropical marine waters around the world and form vast colonies known as coral reefs. Coral reefs often resemble rock formations or even plants but such resemblances are only superficial. Coral reefs are in fact made up of many tiny animals known as coral polyps. Each coral polyp is an individual animal and the individual polyps coexist as part of a larger colony of polyps. Coral reefs provide habitat for an immense diversity of other organisms including fishes, marine mammals, marine turtles, and invertebrates. Stony corals inhabit marine habitats where the water is quite clear, the temperature remains within the range of 18°C-29°C, and the salinity of the water is in the range of 32ppt-42ppt. A stony coral colony begins as a single free-swimming founder coral polyp that attaches itself to a hard substrate such as submerged rocks. The founder polyp replicates itself repeatedly through asexual reproduction, producing a colony. The colony consists of a base which is attached to the reef substrate, a growing edge zone (where new coral polyps are produced), and an upper surface that is exposed to light that filters down through the water. Stony corals are so named because of the stone-like skeleton that forms within their bodies. This hard skeleton is made up of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and is the substance that gives a coral reef much of its structure. Over time, stony coral polyps lift up from their base...
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...Biodiversity 1 The following is a paper discussing the earth’s biodiversity between Capuchin monkeys and domestic ferrets, scorpion flies and grasshoppers, Lapland longspur and ivory-billed woodpeckers and the sea urchins and jellyfish. Under the mammal category, I chose to research Capuchin monkeys and ferrets. Capuchin monkeys are small, weighing between 3 to 9 pounds with varying fur, but commonly colored dark brown with cream or light tan coloring around their face, neck and shoulders. Capuchin monkeys are classified under the primates’ order because, for one, they carry the adaptation for climbing trees and walking on two or four limbs. Capuchin monkeys are in the same order as lemurs and mountain gorillas. Domestic ferrets are long, slender bodied animals with brown, black, white or mixed colored fur. The average length of a ferret is 20 inches which includes a 2 inch tail and weighs between 1.5 and 4 pounds. Ferrets are a part of the carnivore order and the reason they are classified as such is because they are meat-eating animals. They are joined in this order with animals such as polecats and weasels. One characteristic Capuchin monkeys and ferrets share is their abilities to adapt to living in different environments such as captivity. A second characteristic is that both types of animals can be considered a nuisance to their...
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...a) Definicion de calentamiento global. La noción de calentamiento global permite referirse a dos cuestiones relacionadas: por un lado, se trata de un fenómeno observado en el promedio de la temperatura de las últimas décadas, que sube de manera sostenida; por otra parte, es una teoría que, a partir de distintas proyecciones, sostiene que la temperatura seguirá creciendo en el futuro a causa de la acción del hombre. Los niveles de la radiación UV-B en la atmósfera han aumentado significativamente en las últimas décadas. Los investigadores han encontrado que la radiación UV-B puede matar a los anfibios directamente, causar efectos secundarios, tales como tasas de crecimiento retardadas, disfunción inmune y trabajar en conjunto con los contaminantes, los patógenos y el cambio climático, potenciando su declive. b). Problema e hipótesis El problema consiste en determinar porque ocurre: La muerte de anfibios Blanqueamiento de los corales Aumento de los niveles del océano Incremento en el numero de e intensidad de los huracanes. Una hipótesis valida para estos puntos es que el calentamiento global ha creado diversos fenómenos climáticos así como el gran hoyo en la capa de ozona por el cual, entran los rayos del sol directamente y con todo su poder golpeando los polos y derritiéndolos haciendo que los océanos aumenten su nivel , también el exceso de dióxido de carbono ocasiona la “lluvia acida la cual debe ser la causante de la muerte de anfibios y el blanqueamiento de los corales...
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...It is clearly the case that variations in levels of biodiversity are highly influenced by physical factors. The climate of a region has a massive impact on the levels of biodiversity, as this determines what flora and fauna can survive. Sunlight, temperature, water and CO₂ are all limiting factors for plant growth. Places with very few limiting factors, such as a tropical rainforest, have high biodiversity because the conditions are good, meaning many plants can grow there because they do not need to be specialised. These conditions are also favourable to many animal species, due to resources being widely available and many niches to be occupied. This leads to high biodiversity because of little competition between species. On the other hand, places with a lot of limiting factors, the Arctic for example, means plants and animals have to be specialised to survive, therefore biodiversity is low due to harsh conditions. The altitudinal range of an area also influences biodiversity. This is because different climates occur at different altitudes, meaning if there is a large range of elevations, there will be conditions that suit many different species of animals and plants so biodiversity is higher. One example of this is the Himalayas where biodiversity is high. Endemism is another physical factor, this increases biodiversity and is affected by the location of an area. For example, islands, such as the Galapagos Islands, are more likely to have endemic species because of isolation...
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...Las Colonias de coral, son genéticamente más diversas de lo que se estimaba Fecha: 10 de Junio del 2015 Los organismos coralinos son genéticamente más diversos de lo que se estimaba. Esta, es la conclusión propuesta por biólogos de la Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, que han llevado a cabo estudios de la variabilidad genética, en colonias individuales de distintas especies de corales. Maximilian Schweinsberg miembro de Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity comenta, que de cualquier manera se debe esperar que esta variabilidad compense las pérdidas de corales debido al cambio climático. Schweinsberg menciona que la inestabilidad climática y los cambios en el ecosistema afectan en gran medida a las colonias coralinas. En colaboraciones junto a otros investigadores, se publicó este artículo en la revista Molecular Ecology. La base de esta adaptación es la diversidad genética. Estas colonias individuales, se conforman por millones de pólipos. Hasta la fecha, se ha asumido que los corales se originan a través de la proliferación de una larva y son, por tanto, genéticamente idénticos. En comunidades aisladas, los investigadores encontraron pólipos genéticamente diferentes. Sin embargo, es incierta la frecuencia en que ocurre este fenómeno. La variabilidad genética puede ser causada por dos procesos: mutaciones genéticas espontaneas en secciones de colonias individuales coralinas, o por distintas uniones de corales durante su etapa de desarrollo. En el primer caso...
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...Using examples, assess the relative importance of human and physical factors in influencing levels of biodiversity. (15) Biodiversity refers to the variety of genes, species and eco-systems in an area. Levels of biodiversity can be influenced by both physical and human factors. Physical factors such as the climate type as well as the age of an area can have a significant impact on the levels of diversity found in that area. Human factors such as deforestation, urbanisation as well as the protection of certain eco-systems carried out by humans can have an impact on the area whether it is negative or positive. The climate of a region may have a huge impact on levels of biodiversity as this determines what flora can survive. Factors such as temperature, water and CO₂ are all limiting factors for plants, places with very few limiting factors such as a tropical rainforest, have high biodiversity because the conditions are good, meaning many plants can grow such as the Atlantic forest, where there are over 20,000 plant species adapted in that specific area. Places with a lot of limiting factors, the levels of biodiversity is low due to harsh conditions. The altitudinal range of an area also has an effect on the levels of biodiversity, the conditions that suit different eco-systems will differ as some are more adapted to thrive in colder environments compared to others who thrive in warmer environments. The age of an area also plays a part in influencing levels of biodiversity as...
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...------------------------------------------------- Issues by region ------------------------------------------------- A NOAA (AOML) in situ pCO2 sensor (SAMI-CO2), attached to a Coral Reef Early Warning System station in Discovery Bay, Jamaica, utilized in conducting ocean acidification studies near coral reef areas [edit]Australia Main article: Environmental threats to the Great Barrier Reef The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef system.[46][47][48][49] The reef is located in the Coral Sea. A large part of the reef is protected by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Particular environmental pressures include runoff, salinity fluctuations, climate change, cyclic crown-of-thorns outbreaks, overfishing, and spills or improper ballast discharge. [edit]Southeast Asia See also: Southeast Asia coral reefs Southeast Asian coral reefs are at risk from damaging fishing practices (such as cyanide and blast fishing), overfishing, sedimentation, pollution and bleaching. Activities including education, regulation and the establishment of marine protected areas help protect these reefs. [edit]Indonesia Indonesia is home to one third of the world's corals covering nearly 85,000 square kilometres (33,000 sq mi) and one quarter of its fish species. Indonesia's coral reefs are located in the heart of the Coral Triangle and have fallen victim to destructive fishing, tourism and bleaching. Data from 414 reef monitoring stations in 2000 found that only 6% are in excellent condition...
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...Recipe for rescuing our reefs The colourful world supported by coral reefs is under threat as oceans absorb greater quantities of carbon dioxide, says Rod Salm. In this week's Green Room, he says we must accept that we are going to lose many of these valuable ecosystems, but adds that not all hope is lost. I've been privileged to see many of the world's finest and least disturbed reefs. Mine were the first human eyes to see many of the remotest reefs at a time when we really could describe them as pristine. I would never have dreamed that they were at risk from people, far less than from something as remote then as climate change. Today, despite the doom and gloom one reads so much about, one can still find reefs that are vibrant, thriving ecosystems. But sadly, too, there are more and more that look like something from the dark side of the Moon. These degraded reefs have been ravaged by destructive fishing, bad land use practices that smother them with silt, and pollutants that foster disease and overgrowth by seaweeds. More alarmingly, there are large areas that are killed off and degraded by warming seas linked to climate change. We've all read that global warming poses a tremendous threat to our planet, and that coral reefs will face an uphill battle to survive in warmer waters. Yet the greatest threat to our oceans and to all of its wonders is little known, nearly impossible to see, and potentially devastating. This is not climate change, but does stem from the excess...
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...and oil. We need to burn these fuels because they're part of our daily lives. We use these fuels to have electricity, drive our cars, and fuel businesses. The trapped heat in the atmosphere is causing climate change which causes massive storms. The effects of these killer and dangerous storms is that we have to adapt to the new environment and because of killer storms there is a higher death rate. Secondly, global warming is affecting our coral reef because of the increased temperature and ocean acidification in the water the coral reef post as a threat to our oceans. Many species depend on the coral reef for basic needs such as food sources, habitat or shelter. Without the coral reef many species will die because they don't have a shelter or food supply. Without these species the ecosystem would fall apart. The worst case scenario will be the coral population collapsing by 2100 due to the bleaching of corals. Sadly the coral reef would be “the first global ecosystem to disappear”- Times Online: 21st century Noah’s ark needed to save coral reefs from extinction. Thirdly we are being affected by wild spread extinction. Rising temperatures make it harder for species to adapt to new climate, which can lead to massive extinction of many species. We depend on animals and plant life, if they were to go extinct we would not be able to function and live our daily lives. The climate change is also affecting...
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...Northwestern University, Field Museum, Shedd Aquarium Abstract Coral samples were obtained from Shedd Aquarium to investigate the symbiotic relationship between the corals and their zooxanthellae under environmental stress. The zooxanthellae DNA were extracted, amplified, and sequenced. The sequences were then analyzed using Sequencher 5.0 and BioEdit where they were aligned individually and then against other sequences found in previous literature research. The aligned sequences were run in Genbank using the BLAST function to identify the zooxanthellae at the subclade level. Further research into current literature was done with the best matched subclades to our sequences to further investigate the thermal resilience of the zooxanthellae. It was found that thylakoid membrane lipid compositions as well as lipid energy reserves are correlated to bleaching susceptibility. Clade D symbionts have higher lipid energy reserves, allotting for more thermal resilience in comparison to clade C as well as increased abundances in D symbiont types among reefs after bleaching events. Bleaching susceptibility was also found to have variation within clades. More research is needed to fully understand the coral-zooxanthellae relationship and acclimatization under stress. Introduction Coral reefs harbor over a fourth of all marine species and therefore are one of the most biologically diverse systems of the oceans (Gills, 2010). The coral community is comprised of a collection of biological communities...
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...Location For this theme of geography I chose a map that labels all the cities in Australia. This is an appropriate choice because it shows not only the absolute location, but the relative location as well. It shows the absolute location (33.8650° south, 151.2094° east) because the map has latitude and longitude labeled. It shows relative location because the cities near Sydney are labeled. For example if someone was describing where Sydney was in relation to other Australian cities they might say “I live near Carberra” or “I live east of Adelaides”. Both these cities and others are labeled in the map of the cities of Australia. This is why this map is a good choice to represent the location of Sydney. B. Place To represent place I chose a picture of Sydney’s seaport, combined with two caucasian Australians saying “G’day mate”. I also added a famous church in Sydney, St. James, to the skyscrapers and other buildings. Sydney’s seaport represents how Sydney’s physical features include a lot of water (specifically seas). The two caucasian Australians saying “G’day mate” represent human characteristics in Australia. The majority of people living in Sydney are the race of Caucasian and this is why I chose these two people. They are saying “G’day mate” because in Australia they speak English, but they speak with different phrases than we would use in the United States. I also added a famous church in Sydney to the skyscrapers and other buildings near the seaport. This is because...
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... The Artificial Reef Program consists of petroleum platforms, as well as unusable freighters to offer aquatic life with a different habitat. Before the freighters are announced permanently inactive, the ships are put through a multiple-step prepping and cleaning process so that the ship is environmentally safe (“Ships-to-Reefs.”). The Gulf of Mexico currently has eleven reefing areas. These reefing sites include oil and gas infrastructures, vessels, and sunken ships (“Decommissioning and Rigs to Reefs…”). On September 26, 2014 in Port Aransas, Texas, the 155-foot Kinta Ship sank to the bottom of the Gulf of Mexico, off the Shore of Mustang Island. This 40-year-old freighter will thrive with marine life for years to come. As a part of Texas Parks and Wildlife Department’s Artificial Reef Program, the Kinta was towed eight miles out into the Gulf to a depth of 75 feet. Scientists with the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies at Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi were on sight of the sinking and will continue to monitor the ecosystem within the Kinta ship. Texas’s artificial reef program is funded through donations from government grants and partnerships; the SEA foundation contributed $100,000 for the preparation, towing, and sinking of the Kinta Ship. These reefing sites are mostly placed in federal waters, but some are up to 100 miles from shore (“Old Freighter Sunk…”). Artificial reefs benefit marine life greatly, and have also had a major impact on red snapper...
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...stony corals, fishes and certain invertebrates that inhabit the area. (NOAA) The most common type of artificial reef is created from sunken ships. The United Nations Educated, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage predicts there are over three million sunken ships sitting at the bottom of the ocean. This means there are over three million artificial reefs solely made up on these sunken ships. There are also many retired ships that have been purposely sunken to create additional artificial reefs, the largest of this sort being the USS Spiegel Grove. This ship was sunk in June 2002 off the coast of Key Largo, Florida. This ship measured 510 feet, making it the longest artificial reef created by a sunken ship. (NOAA) When this ship first sunk, it landed in an incorrect position than originally planned, and the bow of the ship stuck out of the water. Drastic efforts were taken to place the ship in the proper position to fully emerge it, but it took three additional years for Hurricane Dennis to place the ship in the originally intended position. (NG) In spite of its difficulties, the USS Spiegel Grove was considered a success story. Another famous ship that was purposely sunken to create an artificial reef was the Thunderbolt, sunk in 1986. This ship was sunk off the waters of Marathon, Florida in 120 feet of water. Today, this reef has created a habitat for diverse marine life, including sponges, corals and...
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