...Instructional and Expressive Educational Objectives When it comes to curriculum issues and planning, educational objectives are a central theme; but perspectives vary on how they should be formulated. This paper seeks to examine the concept of “educational objectives”; to distinguish between two types of objectives- “instructional” and “expressive”; and to justify the use of both types of educational objectives in curriculum development, from both a theoretical and practical perspective. The formulation and use of instructional and expressive objectives have implications for the selection of learning activities and evaluation; and identifying the aims and objectives of a course of study is very important to determining how they are used in curriculum development. Many theorists have sought to clarify, classify and specify the manner in which objectives should be formulated and the characteristics they should have once developed, (Eisner, 2005). Educational objectives are based on individual values, and therefore what may seem important to some educators may not be seen as important to others (Eisner, 2005); however, it is a conclusive fact that educational objectives are important for curriculum development. Tyler (2010) states that by outlining educational objectives, “the curriculum-maker has the most useful set of criteria for selecting content, for suggesting learning activities, [and] for deciding on the kind of teaching procedures to follow” (p. 62). Gagne reiterates...
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...The Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA) is the independent statutory authority responsible for the development of a national curriculum, a national assessment program, and a national data collection and reporting program that supports learning for Australian Students. Development of national curriculum, administration go national assessments and associated reporting on schooling in Australia. There are three cross-curriculum priorities that deserve particular attention in the Australian Curriculum. These are: Aboriginal and Torress Strais Islander histories and cultures, Asia and Australia’s engagement with Asia, and Sustainability. The Australian Curriculum must be both relevant to the lives o students and address...
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...INTRUDUCTION Planning (also called forethought) is the process of thinking about and organizing the activities required to achieve a desired goal. Planning involves the creation and maintenance of a plan. As such, planning is a fundamental property of intelligent behavior. This thought process is essential to the creation and refinement of a plan, or integration of it with other plans; that is, it combines forecasting of developments with the preparation of scenarios of how to react to them. An important, albeit often ignored aspect of planning, is the relationship it holds with forecasting. Forecasting can be described as predicting what the future will look like, whereas planning predicts what the future should look like. The counterpart to planning is spontaneous order. Meaning of Curriculum In formal education, a curriculum is the planned interaction of pupils with instructional content, materials, resources, and processes for evaluating the attainment of educational objectives. This process includes the use of literacies and datagogies that are interwoven through the use of digital media and/or texts that address the complexities of learning. Other definitions combine various elements to describe curriculum as follows: • All the learning which is planned and guided by the school, whether it is carried on in groups or individually, inside or outside the school. (John Kerr) • Outlines the skills, performances, attitudes, and values pupils are expected to learn from...
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...CUREE summary of Jerome Bruner’s work in relation to the curriculum for the 21st Century Curriculum: Building the Evidence Base project. How can ideas from the past about the curriculum help us make effective changes today? How can ideas from the past about the curriculum help us make effective changes today? Sometimes, when we encounter a change in teaching, such as a change of policy or a new strategy from CPD, we may be tempted to think we are simply returning full circle to ways we used to do things. But the experiences gained in the intervening years are a valuable part of the process of change. Working from a new starting point helps us to move earlier thinking further along. This is not just a case of recycling. Revisiting the ideas Jerome Bruner put forward about the curriculum nearly half a century ago demonstrates this well. They take on a new meaning when we consider them alongside recent developments such as assessment for learning and thinking skills. What did Bruner propose? Bruner argued that curriculum planning should work in a spiral Bruner believed that the curriculum should continually revisit basic ideas, building upon them incrementally and making links and connections between them until the pupil has grasped full understanding – a spiral curriculum that links ideas and thinking skills incrementally over time. Where should we start? Bruner proposed that the starting point of learning should be what learners know, believe and can...
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...Columbia. The company has Passionate leadership with skills and expertise in which AdvancED distinguished them as a profoundly successful educational company. According to Bateman and Snell, Management is the act of controlling and directing the affairs of a business to achieve organizational goals (Bateman & Snell, 2009). Management has specific foundations that have been around and are not going to vanish. The essentials functions of management are controlling, planning organizing and leading. This paper will explain each function, and how they are applied in an organization. In spite of the change in society, management continues to absorb its main four functions; planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Authors Bateman and Snell (2009) explain the four management functions as follow: Planning: Is determining what goals are needed and deciding in advance the actions that are appropriate in order to achieve those goals. Planning sets forth the actions that are essential for achievements. Planning includes scrutinizing present situations, preparing for the future, taking decision on objectives, making a determination on what types of activities the company will engage, selecting corporate and business strategies, and deciding the resources that are necessary to achieve the organization’s...
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...Staying on Course High School Curriculum Requirements for the University System of Georgia www.usg.edu/student_affairs The Office of Student Affairs student-affairs@usg.edu The high school curriculum is the cornerstone of the University System of Georgia (USG) admissions policy. This document reflects the sdfdsfdsfsdfds unit requirements in each of the academic subject areas. Students should pursue a challenging and rigorous high school minimum USG curriculum to be best prepared for a successful college experience and should consult with their high school counselor to determine appropriate coursework. The following high school requirements must be met by all freshmen applicants and transfer applicants with less than 30 transferable semester hours. Students should contact their college or university of interest to learn about any additional institution-specific admission requirements that may apply. Carnegie Unit Requirements 16 Carnegie Units should be completed by students graduating high school prior to 2012. 17 Carnegie Units should be completed by students graduating high school in 2012 or later. Carnegie Unit Requirement In Specific Subject Areas 4 Carnegie units of college preparatory English Literature (American, English, World) integrated with grammar, usage and advanced composition skills 4 Carnegie units of college preparatory mathematics Mathematics I, II, III and a fourth unit of mathematics from the approved list, or equivalent...
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...Introduction Curriculum as a field of study is relatively young. Most place its birth during the second or third decade of this century, often with the publication of Franklin Bobbitt's. In 1918, Denver superintendent Jesse Newlon's suggested use of teachers in curriculum development . It is important to note that the study of curriculum did not begin as an addition to an extant field, say as a subfield of psychology or philosophy. Rather, it began in administrative convenience: professional responsibility for curricular matters. They came from every academic background imaginable. This means different kinds of thinking from the scientific to the artistic have emerged in the curriculum field. Curriculum as a field includes curriculum theory, development, implementation (that is, instruction), and evaluation. Traditional, conceptual-empiricist, and reconceptualist are theoretical frameworks that govern specific approaches to curriculum issues. Each of these frameworks can be characterized by the dominant and subordinate assumptions that govern the knowledge and values which underline their respective modes of inquiry. Traditionalists: Educational philosophy (Pernalism and Essentialism) General Philosophy (Idealism and Realism) Educational Psychology (Behaviorism) History The field of curriculum studies began in the early 1920's, and grew out of the necessity and need...
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...complexities of planning for a single lesson – taking into account a long and growing list of factors ‘from provision to pupils with SEN’ to the ‘literacy objective’ that considerably lengthen every written plan – the hurdles to overcome when planning for an 8-week scheme would surely but multiply. While the freedom at my fingertips was invigorating, there was the gnawing sense that failure to grasp the key issues involved would lead to the teacher’s greatest fear – wasted lessons; wasted lessons after which the class would struggle to maintain a respect for the teacher. Furthermore, it would be the waste of an outstanding opportunity. As commentators to the publication Teaching History have repeatedly stressed, the new History National Curriculum for Key Stage 3 offers teachers a ‘glorious flexibility’ to throw out the straight-jacket of centralised requirements beholden to political overlords (Dawson 2008, 18). Instead, led by a relit passion for their discipline, teachers are able to respond to the very specific needs of their school and construct personalised routes towards a variety of objectives. For some commentators, the National Curriculum Key Concepts and their accompanying levels represent the vestiges of an ancien regime of central control that prevent true pupil ownership developing (see Knight 2008). However, a determination to facilitate pupil progression in six concepts at the heart of our subject should be valued as a way to structure our planning, teaching and...
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...of knowledge, and motivation. CURRICULUM 2.1. English language arts—Candidates demonstrate a high level of competence in use of English language arts and they know, understand, and use concepts from reading, language and child development, to teach reading, writing, speaking, viewing, listening, and thinking skills and to help students successfully apply their developing skills to many different situations, materials, and ideas; 2.2. Science—Candidates know, understand, and use fundamental concepts in the subject matter of science—including physical, life, and earth and space sciences—as well as concepts in science and technology, science in personal and social perspectives, the history and nature of science, the unifying concepts of science, and the inquiry processes scientists use in discovery of new knowledge to build a base for scientific and technological literacy; 2.3. Mathematics—Candidates know, understand, and use the major concepts, procedures, and reasoning processes of mathematics that define number systems and number sense, geometry, measurement, statistics and probability, and algebra in order to foster student understanding and use of patterns, quantities, and spatial relationships that can represent phenomena, solve problems, and manage data; 2.4. Social studies—Candidates know, understand, and use the major concepts and modes of inquiry from the social studies—the integrated study of history, geography, the social sciences,...
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...CURRICULUM Introduction As part of transforming South Africa, the educational landscape has undergone dramatic changes where ultimately teachers have to decide to either implement a curriculum as mandated or to adapt the curriculum to take into account their particular context. Teacher’s in South Africa battle on a daily basis with the effects of teaching large number of learners in an under-resourced context. Teachers are expected to adapt to those changes and such changes impact heavily on the roles of teachers in the classroom. They must find a way to facilitate teaching, learning and assessment despite difficult conditions. The gap between curriculum as intention and curriculum as reality confronts teachers regularly. The aim of this essay will address the narrow and broad definitions of the concept curriculum, as well as the official, explicit, implicit, covert and hidden curriculum as they are viewed by different authors. Defining Curriculum Two views on curriculum: Narrow and Broad Many educationists argue that awareness of different interpretations is important in developing a Good understanding of what curriculum is (Booyse & Du plesis, 2014: 4). However they make a point that different approaches, either as a blue print or adaption approach, may be appropriate for different situations. Take a closer look at the various interpretations: Eisner (1985) defines curriculum as a series of planned events that are intended to have educational consequences...
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...Module 7: Curriculum IMPLEMENTATON “Homework Must Be More Fun and Meaningful’ In Module 5 we discussed what was involved in curriculum planning and in Module 6 we looked at different techniques of designing the curriculum focusing on some curriculum design models. The next stage in the curriculum development process according to Tyler, Taba and Alexander & Saylor is the implementation of the curriculum plan. The final destination of any curriculum (whether it be a school, college, university or training organisation) is the classroom involving students, teachers, administrators and the community. Implementing the curriculum is the most crucial and sometimes the most difficult phase of the curriculum development process. Those responsible for implementing a curriculum often hear comments and concerns such as: o Teachers are already overloaded – how are they going to implement the new ideas. o Parents and education officers are only interested in a high pass rate in examinations – how are schools to incorporate suggested changes. These are real concerns and made worse when persons implementing the curriculum are not clear what is expected of them. How often have we heard people say, ‘the plan was good but implementation was poor’. On the other hand, if a curriculum plan is not implemented and remains on the shelf then all efforts in planning will be a sheer waste. A curriculum must be delivered...
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...CURRICULUM REVIEW Search using the ref: 00045-2007DOM-EN Copies of this publication can also be obtained from: DfES Publication PO Box 5050 Sherwood Park Annesley Nottingham NG15 0DJ Tel: 0845 60 222 60 Fax: 0845 60 333 60 Textphone: 0845 555 60 Please quote ref: 00045-2007DOM-EN ISBN: 978-1-84478-883-5 PPSLS/D35/0107/14 © Crown Copyright 2007 Produced by the Department for Education and Skills Extracts from this publication may be reproduced for non commercial education or training purposes on the condition that the source is acknowledged. For any other use please contact HMSOlicensing@cabinet-office.x.gsi.gov.uk DIVERSITY & CITIZENSHIP You can download this publication or order copies online at: www.teachernet.gov.uk/publications Diversity and Citizenship Curriculum Review Review Group members Sir Keith Ajegbo retired in July 2006 as Headteacher of Deptford Green School, a multiethnic school with a strong reputation for Citizenship education. He is currently working as a coach on the Future Leaders Project, as a School Improvement Partner, and as an education consultant for UBS. He is also a Governor of Goldsmiths College and a trustee of the Stephen Lawrence Trust. Dr Dina Kiwan is a Lecturer in Citizenship Education at Birkbeck College, University of London. Previously she was seconded to the Home Office as the Head of Secretariat to the Advisory Board for Naturalisation and Integration (ABNI), carrying forward the implementation...
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...The History of Curriculum Development One Room Schoolhouses It was easier to come to consensus on ‘what’ should be taught. However, it may have been more difficult to align the curriculum, because one teacher was responsible for the entire curriculum. The Committee of Ten (1892) In 1892, The National Education Association appointed a Committee of Ten to establish a standard curriculum. This committee was composed mostly of educators and was chaired by Charles Eliot, the president of Harvard University. The Committee of Ten recommended eight years of elementary education and four years of secondary education. The committee defined four different curricula as appropriate for high school. John Franklin Bobbitt (1912-1940’s) He wrote the following books: The elimination of waste in education (1912); The curriculum (1918); and How to make a curriculum (1924). Ralph W. Tyler was one of Bobbitt’s students at the University of Chicago. Edward Thorndike (1910) Thorndike wrote that “psychology makes ideas of educational aims clearer. Psychology contributes to a better understanding of the aims of education by defining them, making them clearer; by limiting them, showing us what can be done and what can not; and by suggesting new features that should be made parts of them. When one says that the aim of education is culture, or discipline, or efficiency, or happiness, or utility, or knowledge, or skill, or the perfection of all one's...
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...Part I: Description of Curriculum to Be Analyzed What is the title of the document being analyzed? For what grade level was the material intended? The title of the document is Spanish Level II. Who developed the curriculum? Were teachers and parents involved? This curriculum was developed for Public Schools by teachers and content supervisors. Part II: Organization and Content of the Curriculum Document Organization of the Document The guide is organized with a foreword by our superintendent, that states that the purpose of the guide, strategies for success in using the guide, and the overall goals for the document. Also included is a graphic organizer that serves as a key of how to decipher what certain notations found throughout the document mean. Along in the front of the guide is a detailed outline of the relationships of Learning goals, expectations, indicators, objectives and assessment limits that are present throughout the guide. The thematic units are as follows: Bridge and Unit 1: Let’s Have Fun and Family members and Friends Unit 2: Villages and Cities Unit 3: Your Body and Staying in Shape Unit 4: Memories Unit 5: Enjoy Your Meal Unit 6: The Environment Each unit is divided into a unit overview, a scope and sequence, teacher resource pages, student resource pages, audio labs, sample lessons, activities to be used and unit assessments. The detail and organization in which this document...
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...12, 2014 Practicum Action Inquiry The following is a template of the Practicum Inquiry Action Document. This resource identifies a problem statement dealings with the situation the author was assigned to investigate investigation. In this particular case, the issue was the impact of following up on the Arizona State mandated Educational Career Action Plans, (ECAP) and how this increased emphasis on career planning will impact surveys of graduates at Holbrook High School. Action Inquiry Course: EDA 555 Statement of the Problem What must be done to raise student and family awareness of the importance of post-secondary planning? Holbrook High School has taken on the challenge of raising student and parental awareness of the reality of today’s economy – a high school diploma is not enough. To raise awareness of the importance of planning for college career readiness post- high school, HHS has attempted to develop a stronger career planning component. Relation of the Problem to the Specialization In examining the legal issues related to post-secondary planning and career readiness, effort must be made to address the State of Arizona’s mandate on College and Career Readiness, the school district’s policies, and the ramifications for federally funded schools that do not meet the State’s required Education and Career Action Plan, (ECAP). The specialization of this particular class is legal issues in education, and the legal issues associated with AZCCRS and ECAP relate directly...
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