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David Hume (Indonesian)

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Pengantar | * Dipelopori oleh David Hume (1711-1776) di Inggris dan John Locke (1632-1704) * Empirisme menekankan senses atau pengetahuan didapat dari pengalaman panca indera sendiri * Empirisme tidak menyetujui ajaran rasionalisme * Hume dikenal sebagai filsuf yang skeptis dan radikal * Hume ingin membersihkan filsafat dari simbol-simbol religious dan metafisis | Metafisika | * Tabula Rasa yang berarti manusia lahir seperti taplak kosong, tidak memiliki pengetahuan apapun karena pengetahuan datang dari pengalaman * Hume tidak menyetujui adanya ide-ide bawaan dan anggapannya bahwa jagat terdiri dari sebuah keseluruhan yang bertautan * Hume juga menentang pemikiran religious bahwa Allah membiarkan alam semesta bekerja mekanis tanpa campur tangan-Nya, yang dipercayai oleh ajaran deisme * Empeira (pengalaman indrawi), merupakan prinsip empirisme * Realitas harus dapat dialami secara fisik | Epistemologi | * David Hume membedakan ideas dan impressions. Impressions atau kesan-kesan diterima terlebih dahulu dan ideas atau ide diperoleh setelah kesan-kesan tersebut diterima. Kumpulan dari kesan-kesan membentuk ide * Ajaran David Hume ini mirip dengan ajaran Aristoteles * Substansi tidak diterima sebab yang dialami adalah kesan tentang berbagai ciri yang selalu terdapat bersama-sama saja. * “Aku” dianggap a bundle or collection of preceptions, karena manusia mempercayai dan kebiasaan hidup yang berulang-ulang dengan berpikir sebagai aku, muncullah persepsi tersebut. * Tidak ada aku (kesadaran diri) disebabkan tidak adanya substansi atau alas yang tetap * Kausalitas atau hubungan sebab akibat juga tidak dianggap * Hukum kausalitas digantikan hukum learning by doing dan hukum urutan kejadian | Etika | * Pengalaman hanya memberikan urutan gejala-gejala tapi tidak memperlihatkan urutan sebab akibat. Pengetahuan diperoleh ketika telah memperoleh urutan kejadian yang dapat diterima secara panca indera * Ilmu pengetahuan dan filsafat dianggap tidak mampu menciptakan kepastian dan tidak pernah melebihi tahap probabilitas * Empirisme tidak memiliki kepercayaan terhadap agama karena mukjizat, keabadian (imortalitas) dan Tuhan dianggap tidak dapat ditemui secara panca indera * Argumen mengenai mukjizat yang dilontarkan Hume antara lain= * Sepanjang sejarah, tidak ada mukjizat yang dilihat secara kolektif oleh orang-orang cerdas * Kecenderungan tetap manusia meyakini peristiwa-peristiwa luar biasa, tapi tidak dapat membuktikan adanya mukjizat * Mukjizat hanya terjadi saat manusia belum maju dalam ilmu pengetahuan * Tidak ada kesepakatan empiris antar agama mengenai mukjizat yang benar * Semakin ilmiah penelitian sejarah, semakin ragu sejarahwan tentang adanya mukjizat * Oleh karena itu, orang yang empiris tidak merasa harus berbuat baik, karena mereka tidak mempercayai surga |

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