...god(s), beliefs, practices, etc. but just like how Christianity and Judaism believe in the Old Testament, Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece both used masks as a religious way to worship a particular god. Ancient Egyptian masks were very different than the Ancient Greek masks. There are many similarities and differences between how the masks were made, what they were made from, how they were used, who could wear them, where they were worn, how they were stored and what they looked like....
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...Art Spawned By Death Death is an inevitable part of life for all human beings. No matter the time period, culture, or geographic location, all individuals possess opinions, beliefs, and rituals involving this unifying but tragic fate of all human beings. Differences aside throughout history, special attention has been paid to those who experience death. Most commonly, a proper burial that is in accordance with the individual’s time period, culture, and beliefs is given by those close to the deceased. Often ornate monuments are left behind at the time of burial to honor the individual or house their remains, sometimes both. As a consequence, many civilizations throughout history have their own distinctive pieces of art spawned by death in their society. Examination of funerary art from various ancient civilizations tells much about the group it belongs to by providing insight about their culture as well as their traditions and beliefs associated with death. The majority of the monuments that the ancient Egyptians left behind were associated with death. The purpose of these monuments was to ensure safety and happiness in the next life. The construction of the Stepped Pyramid and mortuary precinct of Djoser reflects just that. It is one of the oldest stone structures in Egypt and the first of many grandiose royal tombs to come. The Egyptians believed that one’s ka, a life force accompanying a person from birth, could inhabit the deceased’s corpse and live on forever. The Egyptian...
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...major role in ancient civilizations. Beliefs and rituals have considerably influenced people in many ways and are also shown today with religion becoming a major factor in our daily lives especially in how we might act and think. Significantly, ceremonies and rituals were demonstrated mainly in ancient societies that it can be considered as extreme practices. These customs are all unique and different to each civilization that it depicts a large portion of how people lived, which were mainly based off of their beliefs. To emphasize, the ancient civilizations of the Egyptians, Greeks, and the Aztecs, all have notable rituals in their society that it has a significant portrayal of how we might recognize and resonate their culture with....
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...Dawn Lacy 9-15-2013 History Paper E.Bryant His 101 Polytheism Ancient Greek theology was based on polytheism, the beliefs in many Gods and Goddesses. Breaking the word down, “poly” comes from the Greek word for “many,” and “theism” from the Greek word for “God.” These divine entities tend to distinguish particular functions, and often took on human characteristics. The gods acted like humans, and had human voices. They would interact with humans, sometimes even spawning children with them. Even though the Gods were immortal, nor some of them are not all powerful. Fate is what they had to obey, which overrode all. The number of the deities would expand as the culture’s belief system developed. The Greek Gods/Goddesses directly took on human activities. The divine entities would also take on human form and personality. Man learned to accept or fear the powers of nature, such as the deities. Humans tended to see the divine entities as storms, seasons, the sun, and the moon as personal beings. However the earliest humans believed the main deities were An, Enlil, Enki, and Ninhursaga. In ancient Greece there were twelve deities that sat on top of Mount Olympus: Hermes, Poseidon, Apollo, Artemis, Hephaestus, Ares, Athena, Demeter, Aphrodite, Hestia, Hera, and Zeus, king of the gods. Under them sat Zeus' brother Hades, king of the underworld. Since its miraculous beginning in mainland Greece around 1800-1500 BCE, when Poseidon was the chief God and not Zeus, the deities...
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...He uses maps, interviews, ancient writings, records, documents, and evidence provided by archeological digs to back up his statements. 4. What were some of the uses of beer by ancient cultures? Nourishment? Ritual? Religious? The ancient Egyptians made about 17 forms of beer, all ranging in sweetness, effect, and over all taste. It was utilized as a medicine, given as a gift to the gods (a religious offering), used for pleasure, nutrition, showed hospitality among individuals and was consumed at social gatherings. For example, the Incas called their beer “chicha” and presented it to the gods as a religious offering for the sun. Served in a golden cup, the Incas poured it onto the ground or spat out a small quantity. Each civilization adapted their use for beer to fit their own needs and culture. 5. How did beer "civilize" man, according to Standage? Beer allowed for civilizations to prosper, since the amount of deaths led by contaminated water must’ve reduced. Whoever consumed the drin k held nutrients that people didn’t have before, and it commenced trade, social gatherings, religious offerings (of beer), and enabled humans to settle in one place. Beer allowed people to establish settlements without running...
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...Assignment 2: Goddess Essay Hera Adam Smith 24th April 2012 Hera is undoubtedly one of the most complex goddesses portrayed throughout history. Unlike many other goddesses who have kept relatively stable images, Hera has been tossed out and about being perceived on entirely different ends of the spectrum as both the Great Mother Goddess and the nagging and jealous wife of Zeus. She is the perfect example of a matriarchal deity that was taken over and transformed by patriarchal culture. It was in “Old” Ancient Greece that Hera was the primary divinity of a matriarchal culture, until the “New” Ancient Greece was founded by the Indo-European Hellenes from the north. It was the Mediterranean pre-Hellenic Greeks that worshiped Hera, and their culture was based around women (Morgan, 2006). Hera was portrayed in the three stages that women experience: the maiden (youth without children or responsibility), the mother (women with children and families in the prime of their lives), and the crone (past mothers who live for themselves once again). There was actually a competitive festival that happened every four years (like a sort of female Olympics) in which women of all ages were divided into three age groups (representing the three stages of Hera) and participated in 160-yard races, bare-breasted and with their hair unbound. There were three winners (one for each age/life stage category) and each winner had the honour of placing a statuette of herself in Hera’s shrine, received...
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...people live their lives. Through drama, we explore many aspects of our lives and learn to understand ourselves and others in differing perspectives. Various theatre styles reflect and address the contextual issues of their times, thus providing evidence to my thesis. Theatre is involved in many aspects of our lives, whether we are aware of it or not. It is present in politics, in religion, in the way we participate in the rituals of daily life. It was in Ancient Greece that the first theatre originated – drama had its roots in religious ritual and celebration, particularly in the worship of Dionysus, the god of festivity. Festivals were serious religious occasions in Ancient Greek times. Tragedies were the main types of plays performed during these festivals – these plays always told the stories of Greek heroes and gods, and showed how good and evil were always in conflict. Citizens of Ancient Greece valued the teachings and values Ancient Greek theatre presented to them, and it affected what they believed in and the way they lived their lives. As the Ancient Greek plays idolised the gods, people were highly religious and worshipped the gods and dare not offend them – this is proof of theatre directly affecting how people lived their lives. Highly religious values were also the main theme presented in medieval drama. During this context, The Christian Church had dispersed popular entertainment and theatre activities. Ironically, it was the Church that helped revive...
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...The Glory that was Greece | |A |B |C |D |E | |1 |officially named the Hellenic |Greek messenger to the gods |founder of the Academy in |literary form that is the |tragedian who wrote Oedipus | | |Republic |Hermes |Athens |crowning glory of Athenian Age|the King and Antigone - | | |Greece | |Plato |- drama |Sophocles | |2 |Greek god of wine and revelry |master of Greek comedy |god of war |capital city of Greece |what Greek actors wore during | | |- Dionysus |-Aristophanes |Ares |Athens |a performance in a play - | | | | | | |masks | |3 |lyric poet notable for his |religion of the 98% of Greek |The GLORY |dwelling place of the deities |prince of Troy who gave his | | |drinking songs and hymns - |people |that was |Mt. Olympus |life for his people - Hector | | |Anacreon...
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...explanations for them have encountered pitfalls. Adherents of traditional religions such as Judaism and Christianity have vigorously objected to the equation of sport with religion and of sporting “peak experiences” with religious experiences or mysticism. Christian commentators have questioned how compatible the modern sporting ethos of bodily perfection and fierce competition is with a religion focused on the suffering savior who was broken on the cross and preached turning the other cheek. The problematic relationship of sport to war in the West is significant here. In the European Middle Ages, valued physical activities were those that could serve as military training, such as archery. The English king Edward III “prohibited on pain of death all sport except...
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...Women had a minimal role in Greek society. How far do you agree? Discuss. As a woman living in the Classical Period of Greece, your life was controlled heavily by those around you. This is true, at least through the eyes of ancient male authors. Xenophon makes a statement in the Oeconomicus that embodies the entirety of the predominant male view on women’s place in society: ‘And since both the indoor and the outdoor tasks demand labour and attention, God from the first adapted the woman’s nature, I think, to the indoor and a man’s to the outdoor tasks and cares.’ (Xenophon, 1979; Sommerschield, 2015/16) These writings, however, are littered with the ancient stereotypes and fictions that populated the fringes of the male imagination when addressing the female role (Sommerschield, 2015/16). The culture of classical Grecian society was rife with...
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...Wine - historical & Archaeological OVERVIEW INTRODUCTION: Archeological studies of alcohol can provide deep insight into societies past and present. Around the world and throughout time, humans demonstrate a nearly universal proclivity towards alcoholic beverages. As cultural anthropologist David Mandelbaum writes, cultural attitudes towards alcohol vary around the world from adoration to proscription of drink, but there are few cultures [1]that completely ignore alcohol (Mandelbaum 1965: 281). Distillation of hard spirits happened only in recent times and for much of human history, wine and beer[2] were the only alcoholic beverages available for common consumption (if a bar or tavern was present in a particular culture). Archeological evidence shows that while during the last 10,000 years alcohol consumption was common, it was also uniquely culturally contextual. Dutch archeologist Marijke Van der Veen claims that “[studying] the production, preparation, consumption, and disposal can help identify the social context of food” (Van der Veen 2006: 407). A more traditional archeological approach focuses less on the production of food due to its “transient nature”.[3] Ethnographic research can provide more information about consumption practices as can historic sources, but we need more information from actual artifacts found at sites around the world. With artifacts, we can provide a more conclusive picture of how different cultures produced, consumed, valued or...
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...Greek Mythology Intro Greek mythology is the myths and legends the ancient Greeks centered their lives around. The ancient Greeks used these myths to explain the events and components of the world around them. Their religion included gods and heroes, creation stories, and the origins of their civilizations and rituals. It is topic that had been studied and examined in great depth for thousands of years. This fascinating religion's messages and influences are reflected in today’s modern society, and many similarities can be found between Greek mythology and modern religions, such as Christianity. The twelve Olympian Gods and their Myths To begin with, many of the beliefs that the Ancient Greeks believed in were based on the Olympians. The Olympians were a group of twelve gods who ruled after they overthrew the Titans. All of the Olympians are related in some way and they were named after their dwelling, Mount Olympus. The three major gods are Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades. Their father, Kronos, was the leader of the Titans, he was cruel and was so determined not to lose his throne that he ate his children alive. But one child, Zeus was spared because his mother, Rhea, fed Krono’s a rock disguised as a baby instead of Zeus himself. Zeus defeated his father by chopping him up into little pieces and scattering his remains across the world. Then Zeus released all of Krono’s children that his father had eaten. These gods were Poseidon, Hades, Hestia, Demeter, and...
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...Shamanism as a Healing Process Pre-20th Century: The history of Shamanism and its role in both religion and medicine Briana K. Strickland Texas A&M University October 7, 2014 Shamanism Healing involves the physical and psychological process of restoring health and has been a part of human existence since prehistoric times. Religion has also been a part of the human experience for centuries, giving people something to believe and trust in. Shamanism is one of the oldest forms of both a healing process and a religion, tracing back to ancient Siberia as early as 800 CE. This magico-religion believes in preserving a strong connection with nature and in the power of shamans who act as mediators between our world and the world of spirits. Despite negative scientific attitudes toward Shamanism today, this primeval restorative technique is an effective practice that is still used today. An Ancient Practice According to Edson, Tibet converted to Buddhism in 800 CE, following suit with the rest of central Asia. While it was not referred to as Shamanism, Tibet Buddhism involved putting spells on lamas under which they would predict the future, corresponding with the magico-religious practice. When Mongols converted to Tibetan Buddhism as well, that faith spread into Siberia, which was inhabited at the time by various groups of nomads (Edson, 2009, p 5). These wanderers at the time presumably introduced the religion to other civilizations, and it was soon practiced...
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...Dr. Kicklighter 09 October 2013 Kyle Bonds Dr. Joseph Kicklighter 9 October 2013 History 3300 Hoplites: The Classical Greek Battle Experience Review Collected and edited by Victor Davis Hanson, Hoplites: The Classical Greek Battle Experience is a collection of nine scholarly essays specifically about the Hoplite warrior: describing the weapons used, how the identification and retrieval of casualties was conducted, the style of phalanx battle from the perspective of the actual soldier fighting as well as sacrifices and battle rituals. He reveals a new experience to the reader using these works, one that sheds new light on the hoplite warrior. Born on September 5th, 1953, Victor Hanson is a military historian and columnist specializing in the study of the classics and ancient warfare. Most notably known for his contributions on modern warfare and contemporary politics for the National Review he has published a number of books on ancient warfare and the classics most on Greek warfare and the Peloponnesian Wars. Keeping his love for the classics intact he received his Ph.D in that field from Stanford University in 1980. Hanson recently relinquished his position and California State University where he began teaching in 1984 where his solely responsible for the creation of the classics program. He currently writes two articles per week for the National Review. Although much scholarly research and publication has been made available on the topic of hoplite warfare...
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...Perkins Matt Fox Eng 112 14 December 2011 The Odyssey: Comparison of Genders in Greek Mythology The Odyssey by Homer may be seen by many as a heroic story of a man on his journey home; however, there is an underlying story of the trials in the roles of men and women and the relationships between them. Men and women are portrayed differently in Greece, as in other societies. Men are considered to be the more powerful of the two and are responsible for the protection of their home. Women, on the other hand, are thought to care for the children and are also responsible for the supervision of both the interior and exterior of the home while the men are away. As a man, Odysseus showed great leadership in the war at Troy and was considered the hero at the Trojan War. His wife Penelope, on the other hand, exemplified the role of a woman and leadership in her daily duties of caring for the home and all of their possessions within. In her attempts to do so, she was overcome by suitors and was unable to stop them from partaking of all of their meat and drinks. This essay will explain the underlying roles of men and women in ancient Greece as well as modern day. The beginning of the novel takes place in Ithaka at the home of Odysseus. Suitors have overrun his home in the pursuit of marrying his “widow” Penelope. Telemakhos, son of Odysseus, felt it was a shame that these men would come into their home and eat and drink their house empty. Athena, daughter of Zeus, came to Telemakhos...
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