...Reducing Crime Despite the enormous volume of criminological writing and debate which has taken place throughout the nineteenth and twentieth century, the resulting theories which have emerged have tended to each focus too heavily on one particular aspect of crime and its control and as such, have proved to be incomplete approaches to our understanding of crime and its reduction; the focus of these being on the victim or on the offender, on the social reaction to crime or on the criminal behaviour itself [Young, 1995, p 102], but never sufficiently all inclusive. As a result, the criminal justice system, in reliance on this partial criminology, has introduced penal measures which have proved completely ineffective in reducing crime. I shall demonstrate my argument with a discussion of post World War II criminology and penology, and provide practical examples of how partial criminology has lead to a failure in crime reduction [by 'partial criminology', I refer to criminological theories which have focussed and relied too heavily on one particular aspect of crime and have as a result, failed to help its reduction]. I shall then conclude this essay by discussing some of the more recent criminological approaches which have emerged in the latter decades of the twentieth century, and discuss how these writings and debate might have paved the way for a brighter future in terms of effective crime control. From the latter part of the 1950's to the early 70's, the study of deviance...
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...approach to health reform, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 passed with no Republican votes in either the House or the Senate. Strong criticism accompanied its passing, stating that the bill was “rammed through” the legislative process by the majority party, whereas the administration stressed the extensive, year-long debate over health reform and argued that the final bill represented a compromise of good ideas from both parties. I examine these conflicting claims, drawing on both books Heath Care Reform and American Politics by Lawrence R. Jacobs and Theda Skocpol, and Overreach by George C. Edwards III. My analysis proposes a more-nuanced balance between majority and minority party influence. I will also debate the nature of presidential power in the passing of this bill. In March 2010, Congress enacted and the President signed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act- bringing to a close a year of active political debate over health reform, not to mention nearly a century of health reform efforts (Jacobs and Skocpol 2010). Critics claim that this bill was “rammed through” the legislative process by the Democratic majority party despite the minority party’s disapproval. Jacobs and Skocpol (2010) describe how “only Democrats were to be found among the 200 or so lawmakers in attendance at the bill signing” (pg.6). Along side this; Republican officials were filing lawsuits to proclaim parts of the law unconstitutional. This divided partisan reaction...
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...played a major role in the ever shifting relationship between the individual and the community. This altered our essential concepts of the public and private monarchy within social life during the twentieth century. In the twenty-first century, the contemporary liberal democratic impulse towards both an unfettered individualism and a strong restricted civic community or culture has developed major challenges to Weber’s ‘modern’ approach to public administration. From former U.S. President Bill Clinton’s declaration that “the era of big government is over” in 1995, to recent proclamations within international theories of a new world order cemented by a ‘global’ civil society, ‘bureaucracy’, as the foundation of the contemporary nation-state, has been challenged on a theoretical and practical level. It is from this exemplar that democratic administration theory has largely emerged. Responding to the new challenges of traditional bureaucracy and their subsequent ‘hollowing out of the State’ as an effective institution, democratic administration theory has attempted to construct a new basis of administrative rule in which both the ‘expert’ and ‘client’ becomes leveled in their discourse through democratic and even radical reform of the administrative process itself. This newfound principle of political rule is in stark contrast to Max Weber’s belief in the eventual “leveling of the governed” in their submission to a rational-legal order. According to Weber, this system...
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...Gun control is a controversial issue that continues to spark heated debates and calls for action. With over 48,800 firearm-related deaths reported in the United States in 2021, the need for effective measures to curb gun violence is more pressing than ever. This essay examines the escalating demand for increased gun control, exploring the complicated aspects of the debate and the importance of stricter regulations. The call for enhanced gun control gained momentum as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported a significant increase in the rate of gun deaths between 2016 and 2020, with a 15 percent rise in 2020 alone. Democratic lawmakers staged a sit-in on the House floor, recommending the reintroduction of bills on gun control,...
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...Marketing Application Class A Task – Political Marketing Mohamad Alshafei (AKA Leo) 1|Page Contents 1. US presidential election 2012 Overview ..................................................................................... 3 2. Political Program and Positions ................................................................................................... 4 Barak Obama ............................................................................................................................... 4 Economic policy ....................................................................................................................... 4 Health Care .............................................................................................................................. 4 Foreign policy .......................................................................................................................... 4 Mitt Romney ................................................................................................................................ 5 Economic policy ....................................................................................................................... 5 Health Care .............................................................................................................................. 5 Foreign Policy .......................................................................................................................
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...The Constitution of Medina – Islamic Constantinople HIS201 – Middle Eastern History Sama Ibrahim Ayyoub 999028699 October 17th, 2013 In contemporary society, Islam is often depicted as a religion, which lacks in democratic values. Contrary to this popular belief, the importance of human rights in the religion is charted in “The Constitution of Medina.” Furthermore, its body of precedents proves the respect and humanity the Prophet Muhammad showed towards his Non-Muslim equals in early Arabia. This essay will aim to argue that the document titled “The constitution of Medina” is an Islamic attempt at a cosmopolitan multicultural state, which acknowledges the rights of all individuals. For the purpose of organization and analysis, this essay will first attempt to acquire knowledge on the socio-political environment Pre-Islamic Medina. Secondly, the relationship between the early Jewish community and Muslims will be examined, followed by a commentary on the Prophet Muhammad’s accomplishments in the state of Medina. In result, this will prove the democratic influence this constitution had not only on Islamic history but the Middle East as a whole. In order to grasp a clear understanding of the topic, it is most appropriate to begin by inquiring on the socio-political environment Pre-Islamic Medina which is important to understand as it had a historical influence on the constitution. Specifically speaking, the civil wars...
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...http://www.infactispax.org/journal/ Editorial Essay The Importance of Philosophy for Education in a Democratic Society Dale T. Snauwaert The University of Toledo Dale.snauwaert@utoledo.edu This essay explores the importance of philosophy for the study and practice of education in a democratic society. It will be argued that at its core education is a normative enterprise, in that it is driven by fundamental social values as well as the imperatives of social justice. These values and imperatives powerfully shape every dimension of educational theory, policy, and practice. From this perspective, education requires a normative frame of reference. Democracy, understood as not only a political system but more fundamentally as a way of life grounded in specific values and principles, provides a powerful point of reference. At the heart of democracy is the value of liberty, understood as self-determination. Self-determination requires that there should be careful reflection upon and rational deliberation concerning social values and, in turn, the imperatives of justice that inform the purposes and practices of education. It will be argued that philosophy constitutes a mode of inquiry and a discipline that enriches the capacity for reflection and rational deliberation, and hence it is essential for both democracy and the study and practice of education in a democratic society. Education as a Normative Enterprise There are a number of ways in which education is normative...
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...The essence of this essay is to explore democracy, democratic consolidation and democratization. It further explains why democratization takes different ‘flight trajectories’ in different developing countries. It is difficult to reach a consensus on the definition of democracy. However, the main idea of democracy is widely accepted to have originated from Athens in the 5th century BC. The Webster New Encyclopedic Dictionary (1995) defines democracy as a government in which supreme power is invested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through representation. According to Lindel, and Scott (1999), the term originates from the Greek word (demokratia) which simply means “rule of the people” and it was coined from (demos) “people” and (kratos) “power” or “rule” in the 5th century B.C. It is important to note that the political system postulated by the Athenians was such that democratic citizenship was exclusive to an elite class of free men only. Slaves and women were excluded from participation. Furthermore, in a lecture titled “What is Democracy”? Diamond (2004) gave an overview of what in his opinion is democracy. He describes democracy as a system of government with four key elements: a system for choosing and replacing the government through free and fair elections; active participation of the people, as citizens, in politics and civic life; protection of the human rights of all citizens; and a rule of law in which the laws and procedures apply equally...
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...Three worlds of world capitalism or more’ briefly explains the debates regarding Esping-Andersen's typology of welfare states. Also, this article reviews the modified or alternative typologies ensuing from the debate. In Esping- Andersen’s book, he categorized welfare states into three kinds. It is liberal welfare states, conservative/corporatist welfare states and social-democratic welfare states. He connected his differentiation with variations in the historical development of different Western countries. He claimed that current economic processes, such as those moving toward a postindustrial order, are shaped not by autonomous market forces but by the nature of states and state differences. In response to the way of Andersen’s description, Gelissen mainly suggests that 3 mistakes exist. First and foremost, it is about the misspecification of the Mediterranean welfare states as immature continental ones. Critics say that Southern European or Latin Rim countries have their own distinguishing characteristics. Therefore, Anderson’s act of categorizing these countries under conservative continental model while additionally terming “immature” is definitely not true. As Anderson recognized and discovered that these countries have unique characteristics which reflect their culture and society themselves, he should add new categories. In order to classify Mediterranean welfare state, Anderson must make a distinctive model and name it as “Latin Rim” or “Southern countries...
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...THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA IN DEEPENING DEMOCRACY SHEILA S. CORONEL EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Since the 17th century, the role of the press as Fourth Estate and as a forum for public discussion and debate has been recognized. Today, despite the mass media’s propensity for sleaze, sensationalism and superficiality, the notion of the media as watchdog, as guardian of the public interest, and as a conduit between governors and the governed remains deeply ingrained. The reality, however, is that the media in new and restored democracy do not always live up to the ideal. They are hobbled by stringent laws, monopolistic ownership, and sometimes, the threat of brute force. State controls are not the only constraints. Serious reporting is difficult to sustain in competitive media markets that put a premium on the shallow and sensational. Moreover, the media are sometimes used as proxies in the battle between rival political groups, in the process sowing divisiveness rather than consensus, hate speech instead of sober debate, and suspicion rather than social trust. In these cases, the media contribute to public cynicism and democratic decay. Still, in many fledgling democracies, the media have been able to assert their role in buttressing and deepening democracy. Investigative reporting, which in some cases has led to the ouster of presidents and the fall of corrupt governments, has made the media an effective and credible watchdog and boosted its credibility among the public. Investigative reporting...
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...Annotated Bibliography: The Link between Religion and Democracy The topic of religion and democracy is an especially complex one. Current literature expresses different opinions regarding religion and democratic values. There are contradictory findings on if religion should have a place in political affairs or should be strictly kept separately that shows up in the current literature as well. The sources used for this annotated bibliography all came from the Ryerson University Library and Archives that was searched online. All four of the sources are peer-reviewed and scholarly journal articles. The question of if religion and democracy are somehow intertwined and compatible will be answered in this paper. The relationship between traditional cultural values and democracy will be examined as well. This paper will also contain an overview of the link between...
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...to whom the Parliaments general law making power has been delegated to, is delegated legislation (Rush & Ottley 2006). Statistically, one can say that the Acts of Parliament is less vital compared to delegated legislation. This is because, in any year, the production of delegated legislation will always surpass the Acts of Parliament. Since majority of delegated legislations are in the form of Statutory Instruments (SIs), the government has the ability to effect changes without referring to the Parliament. The delegated legislation is important for a number of reasons. Firstly, the Parliament does not have time to scrutinize each act that has been amended. To save parliament time, delegated legislation is created to allow thorough debates of every detail of intricate regulations. Besides that, delegated legislation speeds up the process of law making as the parliament does not sit all the time and each bill has to go through complex stages before the law is made. Furthermore, delegated legislation can easily update statutes without going through the time consuming procedures. The fact that experts and...
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...International Development Law Introduction The USA perspective on five debates on International Development The aim of this introductory section of the paper is to highlight what position the United States of America have officially undertaken in international development assistance. As we will see, the international development law is a field whose borders are not clearly defined. International Development Law’s ( herein IDL) shades can be found in many fields such as International Economic Law, International Economic Relations, movements such as the New International Economic Order, The World Bank, The Doha Round and the upcoming Deli Round, the Bilateral Preferential Trade Agreements, the Cotonou Agreement and the Economic Partnership Agreement ( just to name a few). This multidisciplinary dimension of the IDL does not make it easy to define. This is the reason why we decided to analyze what the US, through his Administrator of the United states Agency for International Development spokesman, Andrew S. Natsios, in January 2006, said regarding five critical issues of IDL. Furthermore we will study the position of China and Angola in order to have a more complete picture of how the mechanism of donors and recipient countries work focusing on two completely different realities. In the second part of the analysis we will focus on the World Bank and its branches. This analysis is based on a speech given by Andrew S. Natsios on October 12 2005, in Parliament, when invited by...
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...PUBLIC SPEAKING AND CIVIC ENGAGEMENT A research paper of Gamaliel Eve Relampago MInggong as partial fulfillment of the requirements in English 202 Submitted to: Nora L. Sisneros, M.D TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I- Dynamics of the Study I.a- Rationale of the Study I.b- Significance of the Study I.c- Narrative Approach of the Study I.d- Qualitative Paradigm of the Study CHAPTER II- Research Plans and Methodology II.a- Content Analysis of the Study II.b- Framework and Analysis II.c- Theoretical Foundations of the Study II.d- Interpretative Analysis of the Study REFERENCES CHAPTER I- Dynamics of the Study Public speaking has always been an essential part of our life. We might find ourselves being stuck in a situation to speak in front of people like funerals, weddings, graduations and school activities. It was never erased in our existence. Civic activities are one of these situations. Civic engagement or civic participation is the encouragement of the general public to become involved in the political process and the issues that affect them. It is the community coming together to be a collective source of change, political and non-political. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_engagement) Public speaking and Civic engagement goes hand in hand. Without speaking in public, like the definition above, you will never be able to speak your mind out to the general public for the sake of your purpose. Civic engagement doesn’t happen with just watching...
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...Mike Puddifant December 7th, 2012 Fred Fleron American National Government Video Analysis Paper 2 In lesson thirty eight; is America Ungovernable? “The Rich Get Richer because the Poor get poorer”, and Lesson thirty nine; “Has America Lost its Ability to function as a Democratic Nation?” The underlying truth of America’s government is both questioned and shown to viewers. These videos have given me a better understanding of the on-going problems within the government of the United States. The videos in lessons thirty eight and thirty nine expose many hardships that American citizens are forced to endure. The videos also expose the problems and issues between both political parties that govern the people of the United States of America. The videos also express ways to fix and aid the corruption of the government and its ways, giving a sense of hope for the future of America and its people. In watching the videos, it became clear that the two major issues in America’s Government today are where is the money of American citizens and its tax payers going? Also questioning the stability of the two parties leading America’s government system. I’d first like to discuss America’s two political partied systems, as the videos uncover and reveal many facts and statistics. In the “Intelligence Square Debate”; a poll was taken previous, where 46 percent of American citizens believed the two party system was in fact the main cause in the thoughts leading towards an ungovernable...
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