...Human Digestion System “The digestive system is a group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body” (Taylor). The process of digestion begins when food enters your mouth. Using your teeth to chew the foods in to small pieces and then mixing with saliva, your tongue pushes the food down the throat or pharynx. The saliva in your mouth moistens the food and contains salivary amylase that breaks down carbohydrates into simple carbohydrates. From the pharynx the food travels down the esophagus through the cardiac spincter to the stomach. The cardiac spincter is a ring located at the top of the stomach that opens when swallowing then closes again to trap food in the stomach. Taylor notes that the stomach contains hydrocloric acid and digestive enzymes that continues the digestion of food (2010). Hydrocloric acid kills the bacteria in food and begins to chemically break down food. From the stomach the food passes to the small intestion where 90% of the digestion of nutrients takes place. The liver produces bile and secretes it into the small intestion which then combines with digestive chemicals from the pancreas to complete the digestive process with chemical digestion of foods. A mixture of digestive juices from the pancreas digests protiens, nucleic acid, lipids and charbohydrates. By the time the food has left the small intestines, all of the nutrients have been reduced into chemical building blocks and absorbed into the system...
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...E.J.S. BIO 235L: Anatomy & Physiology II Lab The Digestive System and its Accessory Organs 1. Parotid Gland 2. Sublingual Gland 3. Submandibular Gland 4. Liver 5. Gallbladder 6. Duodenum 7. Pancreas 8. Hepatic Flexure 9. Ascending Colon 10. Ileum 11. Cecum 12. Appendix 13. Sigmoid Flexure 14. Anus 15. Rectum 16. Sigmoid Colon 17. Descending Colon 18. Jejunum 19. Transverse Colon 20. Splenic Flexure of Transverse Colon 21. Spleen 22. Stomach 23. Esophagus 1. Parotid Gland 2. Sublingual Gland 3. Submandibular Gland 4. Liver 5. Gallbladder 6. Duodenum 7. Pancreas 8. Hepatic Flexure 9. Ascending Colon 10. Ileum 11. Cecum 12. Appendix 13. Sigmoid Flexure 14. Anus 15. Rectum 16. Sigmoid Colon 17. Descending Colon 18. Jejunum 19. Transverse Colon 20. Splenic Flexure of Transverse Colon 21. Spleen 22. Stomach 23. Esophagus The Digestive Pathway Mechanical Digestion begins in the mouth from the moment that a food bolus enters the oral cavity. Mastication, the mechanical breakdown of the food bolus by chewing occurs here. Chemical Digestion begins when the Salivary Glands (Parotid, Sublingual and Submandibular Glands) release saliva into the oral cavity. Saliva contains amylase, an enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates. After bolus has been broken down adequately, swallowing occurs. The food bolus will move through the pharynx and enter the esophagus continuing its journey via peristalsis (rhythmic contractions of the...
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...Human Digestion Summary Write a 350- to 700-word summary describing the path food follows through the digestive system. Address the following questions in your summary: • What factors affect the amount of time it takes for foods to travel through the digestive tract? • How does digestion occur in each of the following parts of the digestive system? o Mouth o Stomach o Small intestine o Large intestine Note. Include descriptions of other organs or components of the digestive system. • How do proteins, fats, and carbohydrates break down in the digestive system? • What types of food help with digestion? Salivary glands begin the digestive process at the sight and smell of food. After food enters the mouth and is moistened by saliva and chewed by the teeth, it transform into a bolus. Once the bolus leaves the mouth, it moves into the pharynx, where it can be swallowed. The bolus then move from the pharynx into the esophagus, which connects the pharynx to the stomach. Food is partially digested in the stomach; chyme usually empties from the stomach in 2 to 6 hours. The timeframe is determine by the size and type of meal ingested. Through the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are located in close proximity to the stomach, they contribute to the digestive process once the chyme reaches the small intestine. The majority of the digestion and absorption of nutrients from food takes place in the small intestine. The small...
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...questionbase.50megs.com AS-Level Revision Notes AS Biology – Revision Notes Unit 1 – Core Principles Biochemistry 1. Carbohydrates have the general formula (CH2O)x. 2. The simplest carbohydrates are monosaccharides, e.g. glucose (C 6H12O6), and are monomers. 3. Monosaccharides can join together to form disaccharides in a condensation reaction, forming a glycosidic bond. This can be broken by hydrolysis: 4. Polysaccharides are formed from multiple glycosidic bonds, and include starch, glycogen and cellulose. 5. 1-4 glycosidic bonds create straight chains, whereas side chains are produced from 1-6 bonds. 6. Cellulose is fibrous, with β 1-4 linkages, and is used in cell walls. Glycogen and starch are both coiled, with α 1-4 linkages, and 1-6 side chains, and are used for storage. 7. Amino acids are the monomers of proteins – they have an amino group at one end, and a carboxylic acid group at the other. 8. The ‘R’ group distinguishes one amino acid from another – there are about 20 in total; those that are needed in the diet are called essential amino acids. 9. Some amino acids can be synthesised by transamination. 10. Amino acids bond like monosaccharides, creating peptide bonds. 11. Fibrous proteins, e.g. collagen and keratin, have long, straight, polypeptide chains. 12. Globular proteins, e.g. gels and enzymes, have a roughly rounded shape. 13. Proteins have four different structures: a. The primary structure is the basic sequence of amino acids. b....
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...AQA GCSE Biology – Unit 2 summary notes AQA GCSE Biology Summary Notes For Unit B2 Exam Tuesday th May 13 2014 Page 1 AQA GCSE Biology – Unit 2 summary notes B2.1 Cells and Cell Structures Summary All living things are made up of cells. The structures of different types of cells are related to their functions. To get into or out of cells, dissolved substances have to cross the cell membranes. Cells Cells are the smallest unit of life. All living things are made of cells. Most human cells, like most other animal cells, have the following parts: o nucleus o cytoplasm o cell membrane o mitochondria o ribosomes Plant and algal cells also have: o cell wall o chloroplasts o permanent vacuole What do these structures do? Nucleus – controls the activities of the cell. Cytoplasm – where most of the chemical reactions take place. Cell membrane - controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell. Mitochondria - where most energy is released in respiration. Page 2 AQA GCSE Biology – Unit 2 summary notes Ribosomes - where protein synthesis occurs. Cell wall – made of cellulose and strengthens plant cells. Chloroplasts - absorb light energy to make food in plant cells. Permanent vacuole - filled with cell sap in plant cells. Yeast Yeast is a single-celled organism. The cells have a nucleus, cytoplasm and a membrane surrounded by a cell wall. Bacteria Bacterium is a single-celled organism. A bacterial cell consists of cytoplasm and a membrane...
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...able to communicate as they will have no energy to talk. Human muscles will not be able to function as they are energy-less, preventing them from performing simple everyday tasks (Moonie, 2010). Energy is needed to extract oxygen from certain areas within the human body and release it into the bloodstream. Furthermore, the human body needs energy to circulate blood and tissue fluid around the body. Energy is necessary is for breathing, taking in oxygen and making new tissues for growth and repair. Energy also transmits nerve impulses so that the human body is able to respond to changes within the environment in order to build different complex molecules, such as enzymes and hormones. This is to form the simple molecules produced after the digestion of food (Aldworth, 2010). Without energy stored in human bodies, humans would not be able to function properly. Energy comes from: fats, carbohydrates and proteins in the food that individuals eat. Glucose is a simple sugar that provides the body with its primary source of energy. This type of sugar comes from digesting carbohydrates into a chemical that the body can easily convert to energy. Every individual’s body relies specifically on carbohydrates and fats from foods they eat for energy. The blood conveys these chemicals to the cells of the body through the...
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...chemical oxygen demand in waters and effluents (2007) Methods for the Examination of Waters and Associated Materials 2 The determination of chemical oxygen demand in waters and effluents (2007) Methods for the Examination of Waters and Associated Materials This booklet contains guidance on methods for the determination of chemical oxygen demand using potassium dichromate solution, and notes for the disposal and recovery of selected reagents. This document revises the document published in 1986. Five methods are described and these include: A A reference large scale (10 ml) flask digestion procedure with mercury suppression. B A small scale (2 ml) flask digestion procedure with mercury suppression and spectrophotometric determination. C A mercury-free large scale (10 ml) flask digestion procedure using chromium(III) potassium sulphate and silver nitrate solutions. D A mercury-free small scale (2 ml) flask digestion procedure using chromium(III) potassium sulphate and silver nitrate solutions. E A mercury-free small scale (2.5 ml) flask digestion procedure using chromium(III) potassium sulphate and silver nitrate solutions. Throughout the booklet, the term chemical oxygen demand (COD) is used to express the amount of oxygen consumed during oxidation of a sample with hot acid dichromate solution under defined conditions; the test provides an estimate of the oxidisable matter present in the sample. The result is usually expressed as milligrams...
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...Animal Diversity Time Requirements: Exercise 1: 15 mins. Exercise 2: 15 mins. Exercise 3: 30 mins. Exercise 4: 10 mins. Exercise 5: 15 mins. Exercise 6: 20 mins. Exercise 7: 30 mins. Exercise 8: 10 mins. Exercise 9: 30 mins. Materials Required: ITEM NUMBER (per group) LOCATION Any living or preserved plant *specimens (listed below) Display Cart/Counter Microscopes (compound and dissecting) Display Counter Colored pencils 1 set Cart/Counter *Specimens: Preserved or Living Prepared Slides Grantia Grantia choanocytes Hydra Planaria Tapeworm Clam Termite Brittle star Crayfish Earthworm Frog Mammal skulls Sand dollar Sea cucmber Sea star Lab Safety: Wear safety goggles/glasses and gloves while handing specimens (it is preferred that specimens remain in the appropriate containers untouched). Lab coats or aprons may be available upon request. Demonstrations/Tutorials: To display each life cycle with specimens and slides, see the following display suggestions – Clean up and Disposal of Waste 1. Return any materials to original locations. 2. Try to preserve any living specimens for future labs. Lab Alternatives – Computer Based p. 113 Exercise 1 – Phylum Porifera – Sponges Given that all sponges are filter feeders, why does it follow that all sponges are aquatic? Filter feeding is the filtering of nutrients and plankton suspended in water therefore for sponges to feed effectively they must be aquatic ...
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...PANTING GRADE: 9TH INTEGRATED SCIENCES: LIFE SCIENCE AND CHEMISTRY The human body is formed by different systems and organs that allow it to work, and grow. We will study the skeletal system, the skin and muscles, food and digestion, circulation, respiration and excretion. 1. What must I know and be able to do at the end of the third bimestrial? ¬ Ch. 1 Bones, Muscles, and the Skin 1. Identify the functions of the skeletal system, the muscular system and the skin. 1. Compare and contrast movable and unmovable joints, and types of muscles. 1. Explain how skin protects the body from disease. ¬ Ch. 2 Food and Digestion 1 Identify the importance of each type of nutrient. 2 Explain the relationship between diet and health. 3 Identify the organs of the digestive system and what takes place in each. ¬ Ch. 3 Circulation 1 Compare and contrast arteries, veins and capillaries. 2 Identify the functions of the pulmonary and systemic circulation system. 3 Identify the parts and functions of blood, and give examples of diseases. 4 Describe the functions of the lymphatic system, and explain how lymph organs help fight infections. ➢ Ch.4 Respiration and Excretion 1. Describe functions of the respiratory system and what happens during gas exchange and breathing. 2. Identify the structures that air passes through...
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...ingestion |Is the intake of food into the body | |Digestion |The process whereby large food molecules are broken down into soluble and diffusible molecules that | | |can be absorbed into the body cells | |Absorption |The process whereby digested food materials are taken into the body cells | |Assimilation |The process whereby some of the absorbed food materials are converted into new protoplasm or used to | | |provide energy | • Digestion involves 2 components: physical and chemical digestion |Physical Digestion |Mechanical breakdown of food into small particles which increases the surface area to volume ratio so that| | |digestive enzymes can act on the food more efficiently | | |Achieved by teeth, tongue, stomach walls | |Chemical Digestion |Enzymatic hydrolysis of large food molecules such as proteins, starch and fats, into small soluble | | ...
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...happens with the food we eat? Most of us have a pretty simple explanation for this. We know that our body absorbs nutrients from the food that helps to give us energy and stuff like that, and then the excess gets excreted and passes through the body. That pretty much sums it up then, right? While that is true, there is a lot that goes on in our body between our mouths and our bottoms, this is called digestion. This will be a map of food through our digestive system, or digestive tract. Our digestive tract is a series of hollow organs that are joined in a long and twisty tube, and it all begins in our mouth, where we take in, chew, and swallow food. This is also where the food we are chewing is first introduced to mucosa. Mucosa contains tiny glands that produce juices that help digest the food. Next it travels through the esophagus, a long tube leading to the stomach. Food in the stomach is met with more mucosa, and the body really starts getting to work on it. The stomach stores food, breaks it down into a liquid, and passes it on to small intestine. At this point it is important to note that just because it is called the “small” intestine, does not mean it is small. In fact, if someone were to stretch out an adult’s small intestine, it would stretch to be around 22 feet long, and about 2 inches wide. Either way, this step in the process is very important. When the liquid mixture made by the stomach is in the small intestine, it gets broken down even more. The pancreas, liver...
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...Unit 5- Anatomy and physiology Unit 5.4 P4 M1 D1 P4- Explain the Physiology of Two Named Body Systems in Relation to Energy Metabolism in the Body M1-Discuss the Roles of Energy in the Body In this assignment I will be explaining the physiology of the cardiovascular system and the respiratory system. Whilst explaining the two body systems I will be explaining energy production, process of cellular respiration, the role of enzymes within these body systems, the way that these systems absorb food and the products of digestion. The Cardiovascular System The heart pumps the blood around the body through the blood vessels which is made of mostly veins and capillaries. The blood carries the dissolved oxygen around the bodily cells, whilst carrying the dissolved oxygen the blood removes the waste and the other products from respiration. The body’s blood pressure has to be maintained. The blood distributes heat around the body along with hormones, nutrients, salts, enzymes and urea. The cardiovascular system transports simple molecules and materials to the liver and the body cells via the blood stream. This happens through the hearts pumping actions. The Respiratory System The respiratory system always refreshes oxygen within the lungs, it gets rid of the waste products like carbon dioxide and water, and this is done throughout actions like breathing. The dissolved oxygen passes through the alveolar walls into the bloodstream; this is then transported into the...
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...report will be based on primary and secondary research. The report will include:Task 5 (P5,M2,D2) 1. An explanation of the concept of homeostasis and its role in exercise and healthy functioning of the body. 2. Measurements collected from practical work involving physical activity and your interpretation of them together with comments on the validity of the data collected.Task 6 (P6)Complete exercise programme and complete data form and graphs sheets | The Brief | Task 1 (P1)Using a large piece of paper, produce an annotated poster of a cell as it is seen under the microscope. You must include the following; * Organelles – nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticula * Golgi apparatus * LysosomesThe notes accompanying the labels should include the main activities carried out by the organelles. Cells: cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm; organelles – mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough), Golgi apparatus, lysosomeTask 2...
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...Chapter.20 Lymphatic System & lymphoid organs and tissues Lymphatic System: returns fluids that have leaked from the blood vascular system back into the blood 3 Parts: Network of lymphatic vessels Lymph = fluid contained in those vessels Lymph nodes - cleanse the lymph as it passes through them Lymphatic vessels form a one way system in which lymph fluid flows only towards the heart. when fluid pressure is greater then the pressure n the lymphatic capillary it will be drained toward the heart. order questions? how does it flow from the lymphatic capillaries to the heart? or opposite way around. The cistern chill collects lymph from the 2 larger lumbar trunks that drain the lower limbs & form the intestinal trunk that drains the digestive organs. Lymphoid Organs & Tissues: provide the structural basis of the immune system -House phagocytic cells & lymphocytes which play roles in the body defines mechanisms & resistance to disease. Ex- Spleen Lymphatic Capillaries: Weave btwn the tissue cells and blood capillaries in the loose CT of the body these vessels to be EXTREMELY permeable due to mini-valves. Lymphatic Trunks: drain large areas of the body, named for the regions which they drain lymph Lymphatic Ducts: R Lymphatic Duct -drains lymph from R upper limb & right side of head and thorax 2) Thoracic Duct much larger b/c receives lymph from the rest of the body Lymph Transport: Lymphatic vessels are low-pressure conduits...
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...not secured commitments from anyone. Their current efforts focus on securing funding from available sources. As they approach potential investors, they need to acknowledge the possible downsides to their business plan including the invasion of competitors into their identified markets as well as a realistic valuation for the business based upon their lack of customers and lack of product prototype. Nevertheless, their focus on funding could emphasize friends and family as well as angel invstors. Gaining Financing to Execute Business Plan Budding entrepreneur, Shane Eten, developed a plan for a business that he envisioned during his graduate studies at Babson College. In pursuit of Green Technology, he planned to utilize anaerobic digestion (AD) to turn biodegradable waste into fuel (biogas) for a distributed electricity generation unit with a...
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