...Applying Watson’s Theory to Mind-Body-Spirit Dimensions Jean Watson’s theory of human caring is one that elevates nursing from being merely a clinical experience to becoming an intersection with the patient that affects the patient deeply in all three dimensions—the mind, body, and spirit. In order to achieve this three-pronged impact, the nurse must create caring-healing moments with the patient. As Watson (2006, p. 51) points out, “The whole caring-healing consciousness is contained within a single caring moment…Caring consciousness transcends time, space, and physicality—that is, caring goes beyond the given moment, and situation, and informs the future experiences of practitioner and patient.” Watson (2006, p. 51) contends that through these caring-healing moments, the patient’s human dignity is preserved, and the relationship between patient and nurse is marked by integrity. The application of Watson’s theory has resulted in remarkable successes in terms of healing patients, but it is problematic because of the difficulty in measuring intangible qualities such as mental and spiritual dimensions of healing. It is important for nurses to have access to assessment tools that can assist them in evaluating clients in various stages of health, illness, stress, and life so that Watson’s theory can be applied accordingly and its results can be aptly measured. Two such tools are the Spiritual Involvement and Beliefs Scale and the Hassles and Uplifts Scale. Each tool...
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...skeptical of Avery’s research was James Watson, a young American student and former child prodigy. Watson was born in 1928 in Chicago, Illinois, and he attended the University of Chicago for college, where he earned a bachelor's degree in 1947. In 1950, he received a PhD in ornithology from the University of Indiana, and, after reading What is Life? By Erwin Schrodinger, decided to pursue genetic research. The problem was, Watson had almost no experience whatsoever in chemistry. In 1950, Watson began his studies with a microbiologist, where he was assigned to write a thesis paper on phages, a simple type of virus. These studies proved difficult due to Watson’s lack of chemical knowledge, and his supervisor realized that more information about phages, proteins, and genes would become apparent if they understood the structure. In attempt to acquire some basic chemical experience, Watson began a short internship at a lab where he nearly caused a catastrophic explosion. Following this unfortunate incident, Watson’s knowledge of chemistry remained unimpressive, as shortly thereafter, the...
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...the structure of DNA James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin What did they discover about DNA? James Watson, along with Francis Crick, studied the molecular structure of DNA that had been extracted from cells and showed how it could serve as the chemical basis of inheritance. Although it is commonly known that everything they "discovered" they stole from Rosalind Franklin, who proceeded to obligingly die. That said they're incorrectly famous for discovering that DNA is composed of sequences of purines and pyramidines hydrogen-bonded together and held in place by two sugar-phosphate strands that form a double helix due to more hydrogen bonding. Maurice Wilkins is not credited for the actual discovery of the structure of DNA rather that distinction goes to James Watson and Francis Crick and is known as the Watson-Crick model. Wilkins did share in the Nobel prize because his work in spectroscopic studies on nucleic acids led to the use of X-ray crystallography to define the Watson-Crick model of DNA. Rosalind Franklin discovered the molecular structures of DNA, RNA, viruses, coal and graphite. She was a British biophysicist and X-ray crystallographer who was best known for her work on the X-ray diffraction images of DNA which led to discovery of DNA double helix. Rosalind Franklin's critical contributions to the Crick and Watson model include an X-ray photograph of B-DNA (called photograph 51), that was briefly shown to James Watson by Maurice Wilkins...
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...acid? • Nucleic acids like DNA (deoxyribo nucleic acid) and RNA (ribo nucleic acid) are long linear polymers that carry information in a form that can be passed from one generation to the next. • DNA and RNA are composed of series of linked nucleotides What is a nucleotide? • It is composed of a sugar, a base and a phosphate Nucleotide = sugar + base + phosphate Nucleoside = sugar + base 3 Composition of a gene What are the bases? (A) (G) (C) (U) (T) 4 Difference between DNA and RNA RNA and DNA Differ in the Sugar Component and One of the Bases 2’ carbon atom of the sugar lacks the oxygen atom in DNA • In RNA : Uracil (U) • In DNA : Thymine (T) In RNA : adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, and uridine In DNA : deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine, and thymidine 5 Nucleic acid: an information carrier What is the form of information? • Sequence of bases along a nucleic acid chain • DNA, RNA molecules are linear polymers built up from similar units connected end to end • Each unit consists of three components: a sugar, a phosphate, and a base 6 Gene : a portion of nucleic acid What is gene? • A gene is the basic unit of heredity in a living organism. In a cell, gene is a portion of DNA and RNA which define a protein or RNA. What is the path of getting protein from DNA? • DNA is not the direct template for protein synthesis (Central dogma of molecular biology) 7 Backbones of DNA and RNA •...
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...In fact, most of her papers were published with him that is why when Rosalind Franklin died Klung took over her job as the head of virus structure research group. She later died from cancer in 1958. In 1962 James Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for solving the structure of DNA. She was not given any credit of her discovery until later years. Later in 2004 Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science became the first university named after a female scientist. Rosalind Franklin University is a nonprofit and private graduate school located in North Chicago, Illinois. It has five schools: the Chicago Medical School, the College of Health Professions, the College of Pharmacy, the School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies. An article in the university’s website states that “Over 97 percent of the Chicago Medical School Class of 2014 matched into residency programs across the...
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...Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid" was an article published by Francis Crick and James D. Watson in the scientific journal Nature in its 171st volume on pages 737–738 . It was the first publication which described the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA. This article is often termed a "pearl" of science because it is brief and contains the answer to a fundamental mystery about living organisms. This mystery was the question of how it is possible that genetic instructions are held inside organisms and how they are passed from generation to generation. The article presents a simple and elegant solution, which surprised many biologists at the time who believed that DNA transmission was going to be more difficult to deduce and understand. The discovery had a major impact on biology, particularly in the field of genetics, enabling later researchers to understand the genetic code . Origins of molecular biology The application of physics and chemistry to biological problems led to the development of molecular biology. Molecular biology is particularly concerned with the flow and consequences of biological information at the level of genes and proteins. The discovery of the DNA double helix made clear that genes are functionally defined parts of DNA molecules and that there must be a way for cells to make use of their DNA genes in order to make proteins. Linus Pauling was a chemist who was very influential in developing an understanding of...
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...Alexandra Gehrs James Watson James Watson was born on April 6th, 1928, in Chicago, Illinois. He was the only son of Jean and James D. Watson, who was a businessman from English descent. He had one sister named Elizabeth Jean Watson, whom he loved very much. Watson grew up on the southside of Chicago and attended the public schools in the area.Watson attended Horace Mann Grammar School for eight years, and South Shore High School for two years. During his childhood, Watson was fascinated with bird watching with his father, pointing out all of the different types of birds and their ways of living. In 1943, he received a scholarship to the University of Chicago, where he enrolled at fifteen years old. Four years later, he graduated with his Bachelor of Science degree in Zoology. He then attended Indiana University to work on his PhD in Zoology. He graduated in 1950 from Indiana and started to transform his childhood love of bird watching into genetics. During his time at Indiana, Watson had begun to work with X-ray imaging. His thesis was a study based on the effect of intense X-rays on bacterial reproduction, which led him to study more in depth with X-ray imaging and observing photographic patterns created by them. In the fall of 1951, Watson met Maurice Wilkins at Cambridge University. He saw for the first time crystalline DNA’s X-ray diffraction...
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...HSC Biology – Blueprint of Life 4. The structure of DNA can be changed and such changes may be reflected in the phenotype of the affected organism. The phenotype of an organism is its total appearance determined during development by an interaction between its genetic make-up (genotype) and the environment. A genome is all of the genetic material (DNA) within a cell and is specific to each organism. Genomes influence nearly all the traits or phenotypes. The phenotypic appearance is therefore directly affected by gene expression. The extent of phenotypic differences depends on how different the DNA sequences are in individuals, but may also be influenced by the environment. • Outline evidence that led to Beadle and Tatum’s ‘one gene-one protein’ hypothesis and explain why this was altered to the ‘one gene – one polypeptide’ hypothesis Beadle and Tatum carried out experiments with red bread mould. The normal variety of mould can manufacture certain substances that it needs for living, including vitamin B1, B2, B4 and B12. The normal moult possesses specific enzymes that catalyse the different reactions that produce these vitamins. Beadle and Tatum produced several varieties of the bread mould, each of which had a change in one of its genes. They tested these varieties and found that some had lost their ability to make vitamin B2 while others could no longer make vitamin B4 and so on. The results obtained by Beadle and Tatum showed that a change in various...
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...nucleus of all cells. DNA is made up of deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate, and nitrogen base. There are four bases adenine, thymine, guanine, and cystone when paired up together (AT, CG) they start to make up a the shape of a twisted ladder (double helix) with sides made of alternating sugars and phosphates. The rungs (base pairs) or steps of the ladder are pairs of nitrogen bases. DNA has the information or instructions for building all of the cell's proteins. The proteins handle everything else. Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase discovered, through a series of experiments, in 1952 that DNA was made of genetic material. Before their discovery, most scientists had thought that proteins were the element that carried all genetic material. The confirmation that it was DNA that carried genetic material paved the way for a lot of advances in genealogy ,forensic science and the study of genetics to determine inherited diseases. Erwin Chargaff discovered what we know ar “Chargaff’s rules.” The first rule was that the number of guanine bases equals the number of cytosine bases, and that the number of adenine bases equals the number of thymine bases. The second rule was that the DNA varied from species to species. Rosalind Franklin helped in understanding the structure of the DNA by discovering the A and B forms of the DNA. She had applied the technique of x-ray diffusion in conducting her research. Franklin had figured out, from her x-ray, that the tops of the DNA made an ‘X’ shape. Since...
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...An important factor in the structure of DNA is the amino acids. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. In the process of allowing for the function to occur, it must go through several different steps. The structure of DNA leads to the structure of proteins because structure matches function (ISN pg. 110). When DNA is translated an error can occur, and these errors are called mutations. Mutations are a random change in an organism's DNA. Some mutations can be positive and provide survival advantages. Mutations can also be neutral and not hurt or help. Mutations can be negative and act as a disadvantage. Consequently, whether a mutation is positive, negative, or negative depends on the environment in which the organism is living. For example, a mutation could provide camouflage in an environment, or it could draw attention to the...
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...In what way has science and technology advanced medicine since 1750 (12 marks) Science and technology has advanced medicine since 1750 because of the discovery of DNA. James Watson and Crick started working together on studying the structure of DNA whilst at the same time Maurice Wilkins and Rosland Franklin in London were using X-ray diffraction to study DNA. Crick and Watson used their findings on their own research and in April 1953 they published the news of their discovery, a molecular structure of the DNA based on all of its features. Their model served to explain how DNA replicates and how hereditary information is coded on it. This set the stages for rapid advances in molecular biology which continues until this day. In the other partnership with Rosland and Franklin, Franklin produced an X-ray photo that allowed Crick and Watson to work out the 3D structure of DNA. The structure of the DNA was found to be a double helix. Watson, Crick and Wilkins shared a Nobel peace prize in medicine in 1962. Franklin had died in 1958 and despite her hard work the prize could not be received posthumously. Another way in which science and technology advanced medicine since 1750 was the development of penicillin. In 1928, Alexander Fleming whilst studying influenza noticed that mold had developed accidently and completely by chance on a set of culture petri dishes used to grow staphylococci germ. The mold on the petri dishes created a bacteria free circle around itself. He then experimented...
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...head: SIGNIFICANCE OF DNA Significance of DNA Significance of DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was first discovered in 1869 by Johann Friedrich Miescher, but it was not until the 1950s while studying viral replication did Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase determine DNA was Genetic material. In 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick discovered DNA was a double helix (a double helix looks like a twisted ladder). The discovery of Watson and Crick opened the door helping describe the significance and importance of DNA as the molecule of inheritance while addressing the structure of the DNA molecule, and why is a molecule of DNA so perfect for the job it performs. I will look at what exactly does DNA code for, how is that translated into actual traits, what are mitosis and meiosis, what are the similarities and differences, and what do mitosis and meiosis allow for. I will show how traits are passed from parents to offspring and lastly describe how knowledge of DNA and genetics can help in my life. The Significance and Importance of deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) as the Molecule of Inheritance The significance and importance of DNA “is the body’s instruction manual for making you who you are. It is present in any living being. It carries all the instructions and materials the body needs to function”(Leving, 2008). The DNA in cells is all the same for individuals, which create a specific identity for each individual. Discuss Briefly the structure of the DNA Molecule and Why is...
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...following year the lectures were turned into a book of the same name. One of Schrödinger's key aims was to explain how living things apparently defy the second law of thermodynamics – according to which all order in the universe tends to break down. It was this that led my colleague Professor Brian Cox to use Schrödinger as the starting point of his BBC series Wonders of Life, leading to What is Life? shooting up the Amazon sales chart. But Schrödinger's book contains something far more important than his attempt to fuse physics and biology. In that lecture 70 years ago, he introduced some of the most important concepts in the history of biology, which continue to frame how we see life. At a time when it was thought that proteins, not DNA, were the hereditary material, Schrödinger argued the genetic material had to have a non-repetitive molecular structure. He claimed that this structure flowed from the fact that the hereditary molecule must contain a "code-script" that determined "the entire pattern of the individual's future development and of its functioning in the mature state". This was the first clear suggestion that genes contained some kind...
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...separate sheet of paper and submit it to Dropbox 1 by midnight Central Time on Sunday. 1. What is the genetic material of organisms? 2. What are the requirements for DNA to be the genetic material? 3. Who can be credited with determining that DNA is the genetic material of living things? 4. What nucleotides are contained in DNA? 5. What is the difference between pyrimidine and purine bases? 6. State Chargaff’s rules. 7. What is the estimate of the number of base pairs on each human chromosome? 8. Describe the Watson-Crick model for DNA. 9. Explain the meaning of complementary base pairings. 10. What enzyme is required for DNA replication? 11. What molecules form the backbone of a DNA molecule? 12. What type of molecules does the genetic code in DNA produce? 13. Identify three differences between DNA and RNA. 14. What is the role of mRNA? 15. What is transcription? 16. What is translation? 17. What does it mean to say the genetic code is unambiguous? 18. What role is performed by transfer RNA? 19. If a DNA strand is represented by the bases: A-C-T-G-G-C what are the bases that will be included in the replicated strand? 20. If a DNA strand is A-C-T-G-G-C, what is the base representation that will be produced by transcription? 21. If a messenger RNA molecule is U-C-A-A-C-G what will be the tRNA molecule...
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...Mohammad Ahmed Hotiana (17-10532) BIOT 313 (Molecular Biology) THE REPLICATION OF DNA IN ESCHERICHIA COLI By Mathew Meselson & Franklin W Stahl Biology Vol. 44, 1958 Introduction: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules are responsible for the transfer of hereditary information from one generation to another. DNA replication is the process by which DNA molecules replicate to produce identical copies that are to be transferred to the daughter cells. Because of its long history as a sample organism for many biological experiments and its ability to replicate at a fast rate under normal conditions, researches used Escherichia Coli bacteria for this experiment. Hypothesis: After replication of a DNA molecule, each daughter molecule contains one parental strand and one newly synthesized strained; therefore undergoing replication in accordance to the semiconservative mechanism. Technique: By introducing N15 isotope of nitrogen (that has a higher density as compared to that of the highly abundant N14 isotope), density-gradient centrifugation can be used to analyze the DNA samples of different generations. Therefore, conforming the mechanism of DNA replication. Experimentation: E.Coli B bacteria was grown in a medium containing ammonium chloride as the only source of nitrogen. Preparation of bacteria labelled with N15: Growing washed cells (to a titer of 2 x 108 /ml) in a medium containing 100 ug/ml of N15H4Cl (of 96.5 percent isotopic purity)...
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