...JOURNAL FOR LOCAL OR INTERNATIONAL TROPICAL DISEASE MALARIA Editor's Choice Main Category: Tropical Diseases Also Included In: Infectious Diseases / Bacteria / Viruses Article Date: 20 May 2009 - 2:00 PDT The word malaria comes from 18th century Italian mala meaning "bad" and ariameaning "air". Most likely, the term was first used by Dr. Francisco Torti, Italy, when people thought the disease was caused by foul air in marshy areas. It was not until 1880 that scientists discovered that malaria was a parasitic disease which is transmitted by the anopheles mosquito. The mosquito infects the host with a one-cell parasite called plasmodium. Not long after they found out that Malaria is transmitted from human-to-human through the bite of the female mosquito, which needs blood for her eggs. According to Medilexicon's medical dictionary, Malaria is "A disease caused by the presence of the sporozoan Plasmodium in human or other vertebrate erythrocytes, usually transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles that previously sucked blood from a person with malaria…" (Click here to see the complete definition in the dictionary). Malaria is also known as Jungle fever, Marsh fever, Paludal fever Approximately 40% of the total global population is at risk of Malaria infection. During the 20th century the disease was effectively eliminated in the majority of non-tropical countries. Today Malaria causes over 350 million human acute illnesses, as...
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...flower pots, old oil drums, and water storage containers close to human dwellings. Unlike the mosquitoes that cause malaria, dengue mosquitoes bite during the day. Signs and symptoms Dengue fever usually starts suddenly with: * High fever. * Rash. * Severe headache. * Pain behind the eyes. * Muscle and joint pain; the severity pf the joint pain has given dengue the name "break bone fever" * Nausea, vomiting. * Loss of appetite is common. * A rash usually appears 3 to 4 days after the start of the fever. Who is at risk for dengue? Anyone who is bitten by an infected mosquito can get dengue fever. Risk factors for dengue hemorrhagic fever include a person's age and immune status, as well as the type on infecting virus. Persons who were previously infected with one or more types of dengue virus are thought to be at greater risk for developing dengue hemorrhagic fever if infected again. Treatment There is no specific treatment for dengue. Persons with dengue fever should rest and drink plenty of fluids. They should be kept away from mosquitoes for the protection of others. Dengue hemorrhagic fever is treated by replacing lost fluids. Some patients need transfusions to control bleeding. How dengue can be prevented? There is no vaccine to prevent dengue. Prevention centers on avoiding mosquito bites when traveling to areas where dengue occurs. Eliminating mosquito breeding sites in these areas is another key prevention...
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...Non-governmental Organisation’s R&D Research and Development RDT Rapid Detection Tests TRIPS Trade- Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights WTO World Trade Organisation Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Introduction 2 Factors effecting the control of malaria 3 What is the role of the pharmaceutical companies? 5 Recommendations 6 Reference List 8 Introduction This report aims to address the issues regarding the availability of drugs in the developing world in addition to what measures the developed world could use to ease the burden, including the evaluation of the options available and the potential cumulative effects that would accompany these processes. For the purpose of this paper, the author will concentrate on the infection rates in humans of Malaria in Sierra Leone. Although malaria is deemed as a preventable disease many factors inhibit the eradication of infection rates. In the recent World Malaria Report (2013) Sierra Leone is ranked as the country with the fifth highest prevalence rate per capita in addition to fifty percent of the population living in poverty (IMF, 2013). Highlighting the disparity between infection and access to treatment. The fact that Malaria is a reoccurring disease endorses the requirement of robust preventative measures in order for the developing world to gain control of infection rates. Drug resilience is also a major concern for the world as a whole as is counterfeit drugs. The combination of...
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...In an interview with the Environmental Health Officer at the Old Road Health Center one of the challenges faced daily is that of the mosquito infestation in and around the community and districts which spreads from Half Way Tree up to Boydes . History Mosquitoes are any of various small winged insects of the family culicidae in which the female of the most species has a long proboscis for sucking blood (houghton, 2007). The most important genera are Aedes, Anopheles and culex which are responsible for the transmission of yellow fever,malaria ,dengue,chikungunya and other diseases( Miller-Keane, 2003). In this report the main focus would be based on chikungunya the word chikungunya is derived from the Makonde word meaning “that which bends up”. Chikungunya is a mosquito borne virus which spreads to humans through mosquito bites. The aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti are the principle vectors of dengue fever, malaria, yellow fever, chikungunya and many other diseases (WHO, 2014) Chikungunya is an illness which was detected in 1952 in Africa following an outbreak on the Makonde plateau ( a border between Mozambique and Tanzania). Lately there has been an outbreak of chikungunya in Africa ,Asia , Europe...
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...For Immediate Release JOINT PRESS RELEASE Roll Back Malaria Partnership United Nations Development Programme Experts call for focus on social determinants to bolster malaria response Geneva, 5 July 2013 (RBM / UNDP) – A global coalition of experts called this week for a broader response to malaria and expanded work to address the social and environmental factors that perpetuate it, saying the disease impedes efforts to tackle poverty and advance both economic and human development. Although malaria is one of today’s – and history’s – great health challenges, the factors that make people vulnerable to it lie to a great extent beyond the health sector, such as housing, education, urban planning, agriculture, transport and mining, all contribute to make people more or less vulnerable to infection. Experts from government, academia, civil society, international financing institutions, UN organizations and the private sector were convened in Geneva by Roll Back Malaria and the United Nations Development Programme to assess what contribution they could make in expanding the fight against malaria beyond the health sector. The experts developed an Action Framework, which will be reflected in the discussions on the Sustainable Development Goals, the next Global Malaria Action Plan for 2016-2025 and national malaria strategies. “In addition to its direct impact on the health of millions worldwide, malaria also impacts on the economy and development in general,” said Dr. Fatoumata Nafo...
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...WESTERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY CAN EXTREME POVERTY BE ELIMINATED A REACTION PAPER #3 SUBMITTED TO THE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF SSED 495: METHODS OF ELEMENTARY AND MIDDLE SCHOOL SOCIAL STUDIES; TEACHING WITH GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES DEPARTMENT OF CURRICULUM AND INSTRUCTION BY JEFF KEITH MOLINE, ILLINOIS FEBRUARY 28, 2012 In Jeffrey Sachs article: Can Extreme Poverty Be Eliminated, he discusses how extreme world poverty affects about one-sixth of the world's 6.5 billion people, can be practically eliminated by 2025 at a cost much lower than most people realize. “Famine, death from childbirth, infectious disease and countless other hazards were the norm for most of history," Sachs writes that the application of scientific advances beginning around 1750 (Industrial Revolution) enabled most of the world to escape poverty. Yet in spite of known solutions to its causes, poverty still claims 20,000 lives daily due to lack of food, safe water, medicine or other essentials. Dramatic improvement in economic conditions in much of Asia in the past 25 years shows that ending poverty is an attainable goal, according to Sachs. If donor nations would fulfill their promise to contribute about 0.7 percent of their gross national product to the effort, Sachs thinks famine, epidemics, regional conflicts and poverty could be successfully combated. Americans overestimate the amount of U.S. foreign aid by as much as 30 times, he writes. Therefore...
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...There are many communicable diseases that can affect our community. Malaria is one that is increasing in the number of outbreaks reported each year. This analysis of malaria will help identify the disease, discuss the epidemiological determinants of the outbreak and the effect to the community at a system level, as well as identify the reporting protocol, protocol execution plan and prevention strategies. Malaria is one of the most common infectious diseases worldwide, particularly in Africa and South Asia. There are four types of Malaria. The most severe type is a microscopic parasite called Plasmodium falciparum. Malaria-like symptoms were first described in ancient Chinese medical writing, then in 2700 BC, malaria was described in the Nei Ching, The Canon of Medicine. Malaria became widely spread in Greece by the 4th century BC. Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, a French army surgeon was the first to notice parasites in the blood when stationed in Algeria in 1880 and was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1907 for his findings (CDC). The United States eliminated malaria in the early 1950’s, but up to 2,000 cases of malaria are reported annually, mainly due to foreign travelers. The transmission and risk factors are epidemiological determinants of this outbreak of malaria. First, malaria is transmitted primarily by Anopheles mosquito bites. It is transmitted in most cases by an infected female mosquito. The parasites are transmitted to humans from the mosquito’s saliva to the blood...
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...Why is malaria such a problem and how close are we to an effective vaccine for this deadly disease? The problem. It was well over 100 years ago that scientists discovered the cause of malaria as a single-cell parasite called plasmodium but, even today, this life-threatening parasitic disease represents one of the international community’s most pressing public health problems. Malaria is endemic throughout the tropical regions of the world, causing more than 300 million acute illnesses and at least one million deaths each year1 . Children under the age of 5 are particularly prone to infection, and, as a direct result of their immature immunity to disease, make up a dramatic proportion of the deaths each year. In Africa alone (where 90% of all malariaattributed deaths occur) this disease is responsible for the death of one child in 20 before the age of 52. In fact, malaria is the world’s leading cause of childhood mortality, killing one child every 30 seconds3 . Pregnant women and their unborn children are also particularly vulnerable to the disease which contributes to anaemia, premature birth and low birth weight whilst foreign travellers, who have often not developed immunity, represent another high-risk group.4 Malaria is caused by a protozoan parasite, Plasmodium. Four species of Plasmodium can cause the disease in humans: P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malarinae and P.falciparum, which is by far the most deadly. The disease is vector-borne and is transmitted...
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...Malaria From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Malaria Malaria.jpg A Plasmodium from the saliva of a female mosquito moving across a mosquito cell Classification and external resources Specialty Infectious disease ICD-10 B50-B54 ICD-9-CM 084 OMIM 248310 DiseasesDB 7728 MedlinePlus 000621 eMedicine med/1385 emerg/305 ped/1357 Patient UK Malaria MeSH C03.752.250.552 Orphanet 673 Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans (a group of single-celled microorganisms) belonging to the genus Plasmodium.[1] Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever, fatigue, vomiting, and headaches. In severe cases it can cause yellow skin, seizures, coma or death.[2] The disease is transmitted by the biting of mosquitos, and the symptoms usually begin ten to fifteen days after being bitten. If not properly treated, people may have recurrences of the disease months later.[1] In those who have recently survived an infection, reinfection usually causes milder symptoms. This partial resistance disappears over months to years if the person has no continuing exposure to malaria.[2] The disease is most commonly transmitted by an infected female Anopheles mosquito. The mosquito bite introduces the parasites from the mosquito's saliva into a person's blood.[1] The parasites travel to the liver where they mature and reproduce. Five species of Plasmodium can infect and be spread...
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...Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane, better known as DDT, is a chemical that became the first modern synthetic insecticide. Initially DDT was a means to fight against the spread of malaria, typhus, and other insect borne diseases that threatened individuals. However, it soon spread to become a way to control insects in crop and livestock production, and homes. This universal solution to insects however, proved to be not as perfect as many thought. Evidence began to emerge that the chemical posed not only harm upon the environment and the wildlife, but also potential human health risks; this prompting the EPA to ban its use in the United States. Some of the risks range from reproductive effects to carcinogenic (cancer causing) effects (“DDT -...
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...Philippine health secretary has said that global warming may have contributed to a 43 percent rise in the number of dengue cases in the country for the first half of the year. According to government figures 15,061 cases of the disease in the Philippines were reported in the first six months of the year. "The increase in the number of dengue cases may be attributed to the constantly changing climate brought by global warming as well as congestion in urban areas," health secretary Francisco Duque said. CEBU City Health Officer Estella Ygoña said dengue cases in the city have significantly decreased. The City Epidemiology Surveillance and Statistics Unit (Cessu) has only recorded 1,623 cases from January to November 2011 compared to 2,871 cases in the same period last 2010, or 43.46 percent lower. Dengue fever also known as breakbone fever, is an infectious tropical disease caused by the dengue virus. Dengue viruses are mosquitos-borne viruses which exist in nature as four separate serotypes. Dengue fever is a disease caused by a family of viruses that are transmitted by mosquitoes. The most efficient vector is the female Aedes aegypti. This mosquito is domestic, day-biting, with low and limited flying movements. Dengue virus is transmitted to man through mosquito bites and is therefore ranked among the arbovirus (arthropodborne virus) diseases. Treatment of dengue virus infections is essentially symptomatic and supportive. There are no specific anti-viral tablets or injections...
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...(M1) Communicable diseases are very contagious and can spread very easily from one person to another person, this also includes from animal to person. You can get infected straight away just by touching, eating, drinking or breathing in a substance that has a lot of germs on it. Communicable diseases are caused by agents such as bacteria, parasites, protozoa, fungus and virus. Bacteria exist on every surface including in the air and below sea level. Most bacteria are harmless but others are harmful to our body and can do bad to your health and internal organs, kidneys and the heart. Bacteria can invade into the body via the mouth, sexual organs, nose, eyes or any cuts which need to be cleaned and dressed. Bacteria can enter the body if food is full of bacteria or it isn’t cooked properly, this is called E.Coli. E.Coli is type of bacteria that causes the person to become seriously sick and possibly kill them. A bacterium causes infectious diseases such as pneumonia and tuberculosis. On the other hand, Viruses depend on the host to survive, grow and reproduce. Usually, a host can be an animal or a plan. Viruses are believed to be the smallest microbes on this planet. Once the virus is inside the body it can spread and make the person very ill. ‘‘They reproduce by injecting their genes into the cell to reproduce thousands of new viruses. Viruses cause chicken pox and flue.’’ (Hillendale Health n.d) Viruses can also cause Measles, Influenza and common cold. Fungi are multi-celled...
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...Africa: Malaria Care Improves With Cash http://allafrica.com/stories/201304250118.html A question had been nagging at Ghanaian researcher Alexander Nartey. Since Ghana’s government had made health insurance available to the country’s poor to ease the burden of health care, why were so many people still paying cash, including those seeking basic treatment for malaria? The Ghanaian government in 2003 introduced its National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS), which Nartey called a “pro-poor policy” to help those less likely to be able to pay for health care. The British charity Oxfam in a 2011 report found a number of problems with the scheme, calling it “severely flawed”, but Nartey was focusing on one key question: why weren’t more poor using it when the premium was less than U.S.$10 per year? With the support of the Dodowa Health Research Centre in Ghana, Nartey set out to find the answer. Because of his research, the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH) included him in its Young Investigator Awards last year, giving him international recognition by his peers and a $250 cash award. What Nartey discovered was what he said was a problem within Ghana’s health system - namely a delay in care. Those who used health insurance generally waited longer to receive treatment - standing in line or sitting on a bench until their turn came - but if they paid out of pocket they were treated much quicker. This, Nartey said, particularly made a difference when people were...
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..."Malaria Causes" The cause of malaria is the infection of the Plasmodium parasites that is passed to the human body by the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito. After the bite of infection, the parasites that often to be called sporozoites, travel to the liver through the bloodstream where the parasites will be mature and reproduce the other form of the merozoites. These merozoites are released to the bloodstream and infect the red blood cells. Those parasites multiply inside the red blood cells and infecting more red blood cells. Usually the first symptoms happen 10 days to 4 weeks after the infection. However, there are some cases that the first symptoms occur earlier in the 8th day, or can be as long as a year after the infection. The symptoms will be occurred in cycles of 48 to 72 hours. Mosquito transmission cycle * Uninfected mosquito. A mosquito becomes infected by feeding on a person who has malaria. * Transmission of parasite. If you're the next person this mosquito bites, it can transmit malaria parasites to you. * In the liver. The parasites then travel to your liver — where they can lie dormant for as long as a year. * Into the bloodstream. When the parasites mature, they leave the liver and infect your red blood cells. This is when people typically develop malaria symptoms. * On to the next person. If an uninfected mosquito bites you at this point in the cycle, it will become infected with your malaria parasites and can spread them to the...
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...Prevalence of Malaria in West Africa: Economic and Social Burden University of Maryland University College MGMT 640 Professor Anderson April 13, 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACTS…………………………………………………………………… 3 BACKGROUND……………………………………………………………….. 4 METHOD……………………………………………………………………….. 5 RESULT…………………………………………………………………………6 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………….6 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………… 8 ABSTRACTS Background: The effects of malaria burden cannot be overemphasized on a society. Malaria disease affects human being: psychologically, physically, and socially and economic development of a nation. Methods: In this study survey and Willingness To Pay Approach was used to evaluate the prevalence of Malaria in West Africa. Results: Conclusion: It is important for the government to hear the cries of the poor people who are often inflicted with communicable disease so that the eradication of the malaria can be possible. Background According to Teklehaimanot and Mejia (2008), “Malaria is one of the most important challenges to global public health. Every year, there are between 300 million and 500 million cases of malaria worldwide, and more than 1million people die from the disease, most of them are children younger than 5 years. Ninety percent of the cases and 75% of the deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa. These childhood deaths, resulting mainly from cerebral malaria and anemia, constitute somewhere between 20% and 25% of child mortality in Africa”...
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