...1. ENERGY SCENARIO Syllabus Energy Scenario: Commercial and Non-Commercial Energy, Primary Energy Resources, Commercial Energy Production, Final Energy Consumption, Energy Needs of Growing Economy, Long Term Energy Scenario, Energy Pricing, Energy Sector Reforms, Energy and Environment: Air Pollution, Climate Change, Energy Security, Energy Conservation and its Importance, Energy Strategy for the Future, Energy Conservation Act-2001 and its Features. 1.1 Introduction Energy is one of the major inputs for the economic development of any country. In the case of the developing countries, the energy sector assumes a critical importance in view of the everincreasing energy needs requiring huge investments to meet them. Energy can be classified into several types based on the following criteria: • • • Primary and Secondary energy Commercial and Non commercial energy Renewable and Non-Renewable energy 1.2 Primary and Secondary Energy Primary energy sources are those that are either found or stored in nature. Common primary energy sources are coal, oil, natural gas, and biomass (such as wood). Other primary energy sources available include nuclear energy from radioactive substances, thermal energy stored in earth’s interior, and potential energy due to earth’s gravity. The major primary and secondary energy sources are shown in Figure 1.1 Primary energy sources are mostly converted in industrial utilities into secondary energy sources; for example coal, oil or gas converted into...
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...sustainable at all, as my food had to be transported over long distances and even longer supply chains to reach me. This choice to consume food from far-away sources means I am actively supporting a powerful industry that has consequences on local growers, regional economies and global environmental conditions. Who actually has authority over the food industry? Generally, only a small handful of companies control a large percentage of the market. This tight hold on the industry gives little room for independent and family farms to thrive. An example is Monsanto...
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...Renewable Energy 50 (2013) 456e463 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Renewable Energy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/renene Overview of potential and utilization of renewable energy sources in Turkey E. Toklu* Department of Mechanical Engineering, Duzce University, Düzce, Turkey a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 22 May 2012 Accepted 20 June 2012 Available online 9 August 2012 Keywords: Energy utilization Renewable energy Sustainable development Turkey a b s t r a c t The necessity of minimizing environmental impacts of energy use, particularly those with potentially worrisome global effects, is perhaps the greatest challenge resulting from the twentieth century’s energy advances. The renewable energy technologies of wind, biofuels, solar thermal and photovoltaics are nally showing maturity and the ultimate promise of cost competitiveness. Turkey’s demand for energy and electricity is increasing rapidly and heavily dependent on expensive imported fossil energy resources that place a big burden on the economy and environmental pollution is becoming an important concern in the country. With respect to global environmental issues, Turkey’s carbon dioxide emissions have grown along with its energy consumption. States have played a leading role in protecting the environment by reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. In this regard, renewable energy resources appear to be the one of the most ef cient and effective solutions...
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...Background to the Study Energy is crucial to any activity. It is difficult to imagine any activity that will not require some form of energy to execute. Energy, presents itself in diverse forms for the functioning of various machinery. Energy sources all around the world are crucial for production; a relation can thus be drawn between productivity levels and energy consumption. Renewable energy supply form solar, wind, geothermal, bio energy, hydropower, ocean, hydrogen and fuel Cells as well as green power are vital to our survival as a human race. These sources of energy are important because, they are clean and pose little danger to our environment than energy from fossil fuel. Additionally renewable energy...
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...allowed life to persist. Do you agree with these two hypotheses? Why or why not? Energy and Food Supplies. The underlying theme of this course is energy. As a whole, the global society needs to find ways to reduce our energy consumption. The food pyramid is a prime example of energy transfer within individual ecosystems and the biosphere. As you increase the trophic levels, a greater amount of energy is lost. Some environmentalists argue that humans should eat a vegetarian diet in order to conserve energy. What are some of the pros and cons of this action? Consider the impact to the agricultural industry? How low on the food chain do you eat? Would you consider eating lower? Model Ecosystems. Review the virtual lab in Model Ecosystems. Within this laboratory exercise you will categorize various organisms into the correct trophic level for five different ecosystems. Once completed, you will calculate the amount of energy transferred between levels. Record your observations. Answer the journal questions and upload it as a Word document into the online course. Energy Policy. The U.S. Energy Policy is currently being reviewed and six main recommendations are listed, by Botkin and Keller (2011, p. 298). Discuss whether or not each recommendation will lead us to a sustainable society. Defend your position by discussing the benefits and drawbacks. Provide substantive evidence from outside sources if necessary. Fossil Fuel Reserves. Fossil fuels reserves are rapidly depleting in...
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...Mitigation Strategies and Solutions: Conserving Energy and Human Population Mitigation Strategies and Solutions: Conserving Energy and Human Population Developing countries with rapid population growth face the urgent need to improve their living standards without destroying the environment. Natural resources are facing a coupling of increased pressure, threatening the health of the public and our development. The global challenge begins with the water shortages, loss of forests, and air and water pollution. Are we blindly destroying our natural resources needed for our future, as we humans exploit nature to meet our present needs? The world’s current supply of energy is provided by natural resources. Natural resources are defined as various nonrenewable and renewable energy sources. A renewable resource consists of naturally occurring resources in nature, like wind (windpower), water (hydropower), or sun (solar). Renewable energy is safer for the environment when compared to nonrenewable resources. Only about 9 percent of electricity in the U.S. is generated from these renewable sources (EPA, 1997). Renewable resources are replaced in nature as they are used, which makes this type of energy highly desirable. Nonrenewable resources are found in fixed amounts, these are natural resources that cannot be replaced. Although nonrenewable resources are also found in...
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...Mitigation Strategies and Solutions SCI-275 Mitigation Strategies and Solutions There are many environmental problems that are present because of humankind’s impact within this world. Each of the environmental problems that we create is not only impacting the source where the problem is but they are also impacting other problems within this environment. For example using oil for automobiles and to create electricity is not only reducing the resources of oil and creating an energy problem on this planet they are also creating atmospheric pollution. A single change in a positive or negative way can have an effect on many other factors of this environment. In order to create positive change there needs to be proper research and education into what changes will have the best impact on this planet. The cost of the change will always be a factor but humankind needs to consider; is the cost of change a bigger factor than the change itself. There needs to be real consideration for the impact that we have over the environment by our actions and not the cost of what it will take to make a positive impact; the longer humankind takes to make positive changes the more it will inevitable cost to make those changes. The different environmental problems at this point in time that impact this planet are all linked; they all break down to how much carbon dioxide we are producing on this planet. Carbon dioxide is produced by using nonrenewable resources such as oil and coal and has...
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...the constantly increasing pace of everyday life the search for an energy source, capable of boosting the human body to new limits by extending its endurance, continues. In the recent years energy drinks have become extremely popular all around the world. The energy drink is a highly caffeinated stimulant that is able to raise the performance of the human body. Many people consider it as a refreshment after a hard day’s work. What’s more, one of the most frequently used cases of energy drinks is in combination with alcohol during parties. Due to lack of research and production regulations of energy drinks in combination with high consumption pose a serious health risk for everyone who is consuming them. Since the last few years the reported...
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...Triple, Costing You £50 a Year Source of Extract: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/environment/7948309/Greentaxes-to-triple-costing-you-50-a-year.html Date of Extract: Tuesday, 17th August 2010 Date Written: Wednesday, 25th August 2010 Word Count: 748 Section of Syllabus: 2 Name of Candidate: FaiyazAzamKolia Candidate Number: 3071-040 Name of Candidate: FaiyazAzamKolia Candidate Number: 3071-040 GREEN TAXES TO TRIPLE, COSTING YOU £50 A YEAR Household energy bills will increase by £50 as the impact of green taxes triples over a decade, new research shows. By James Kirkup, Political Correspondent, Published: 12:01AM BST 17 Aug 2010 The sum the Government levies from energy use will rise to more than £16 billion by 2020, a think tank has estimated. Policy Exchange, which has close links to Conservative ministers, calculated that the cost of green taxes, surcharges and other levies on energy will go from £5.7 billion this year to £16.3 billion in 2020. In 2020, some £6.4 billion of the total will come from levies applied to domestic energy consumption. That is up from £2 billion today. The increase will add £40 to the average household gas bill and £8 to an electricity bill, according to data from the Department of Energy and Climate Change. Household energy bills are increased by a number of Government environmental policies, including the Renewables Obligation and other levies applied to energy usage to fund low-carbon power generation. Energy companies also face charges for...
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...Activity Guide 2012-13 Sub-Theme-VI Energy Planning and Modelling Page 85 Activity Guide 2012-13 Working Group of the sub-theme Prof. A. Srinivasan Mr. Jayanta Kr Sarma Dr. Lalit Sharma Sheeraz Kirmani Dr. Kishor Kumar Baruah Mr. Sandeep Bhattacharjee Page 86 Activity Guide 2012-13 Energy Planning and Modelling 1. Introduction Planning is a process for developing a system and approach to fulfil a predefined goal and objectives on the basis of assessing the present scenario. Planning is meant for betterment. This betterment can be the strengthening resource base, efficient resource utilization and fulfilment of human needs. In case of energy planning it is targeted for meeting the present energy needs in an optimum and efficient way so that it may not destroy its ability to meet the future needs. Planning is a process for accomplishing purposes. It is a blue print of growth and a road map of development. It helps in deciding objectives both in quantitative and qualitative terms. It is setting of goals on the basis of objectives and keeping in the resources. A plan can play a vital role in helping to avoid mistakes or recognize hidden opportunities. Planning helps in forecasting the future, makes the future visible to some extent. It bridges between where we are and where we want to go. Planning is looking ahead. Forecasting is the process of making statements about events whose actual outcomes (typically) have not yet been observed. A commonplace example might be estimation...
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...this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274097848 Energy management based on Internet of Things: practices and framework for adoption in production management ARTICLE in JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION · MARCH 2015 Impact Factor: 3.84 · DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.03.055 CITATIONS READS 2 200 2 AUTHORS: Fadi Shrouf Giovanni Miragliotta Politecnico di Milano Politecnico di Milano 4 PUBLICATIONS 26 CITATIONS 28 PUBLICATIONS 308 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Available from: Fadi Shrouf Retrieved on: 26 January 2016 Journal of Cleaner Production 100 (2015) 235e246 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Cleaner Production journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jclepro Energy management based on Internet of Things: practices and framework for adoption in production management Fadi Shrouf a, b, *, Giovanni Miragliotta a a b Department of Management, Economics and Industrial Engineering, Politecnico di Milano (POLIMI), Italy Department of Industrial Engineering, Business Administration and Statistics, ETSII, Universidad Politcnica de Madrid (UPM), Spain e a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Received 6 November 2014 Received in revised form 5 March 2015 Accepted 18 March 2015 Available online 27 March 2015 In today's manufacturing scenario, rising energy prices, increasing ecological awareness, and changing consumer behaviors are...
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...hotmail2008 Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Introduction 3 Wind Energy Data 5 Analysis 6 Conclusion 8 Bibliography 9 Executive Summary The majority of our nation’s energy is highly dependent on finite fossil energy sources, like coal and oil. Using fossil fuels to create electricity creates emissions that are both harmful to the environment and our health. Renewable energy sources provide a clean and viable long term alternative to fossil fuels. Renewable energy is energy generated by natural resources in the form of solar, wind, geothermal, hydroelectric, and tidal waves. Among the diversity of renewable energy, wind energy is the fastest growing power technology in the world. According to the U.S. government Energy Information Administration, the production of wind energy will be at least 20% by the year 2030. This report will prove the validity of this statement by using hypothesis analysis. Hypothesis analysis will reject the null hypothesis that wind energy production will be less then 20% in favor of the alternate hypothesis that states wind energy production will be at least 20% or greater. Introduction The majority of our nation’s energy is produced from the burning of fossil fuels, like coal, oil, and natural gas. Life as we know it and our economy revolves around these finite resources. Unfortunately, with our great demand for energy, especially gasoline, world production of oil has already reached its maximum capacity and seems to...
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...means the system is lighter and thus needs less power to do the same work, and, as a result, less fuel. However, disadvantages of hybrids include: (a) Lower Power Output Hybrids are usually designed for fuel economy, not power and thus they tend to produce less power than their full fuel counter parts. (b) High Maintenance Costs The complexity of hybrids mean they cost more to maintain. 2. Fully Electric cars are powered exclusively by electric motors. They usually have batteries, where electricity is stored, or collect electricity from an external source. Advantages of these engines include: 8 (a) No Emission Because fully electric engines do not burn anything, there are no emission, and regulation to worry about. (b) Low Operating Costs Electricity is reasonably cheap in most parts of the world, and, as a result, it is cheaper to run electric engines; and, in a situation where there is access to renewable energy, e.g. wind, solar, there could be no operating costs. There are some disadvantage to this technology, a few include: (a) Long recharging times Battery operated electric engines take much longer, anywhere from 20 minutes to a few hours, to recharge, than standard engines, which can be re lled in a few minutes. Also, because recharging requires special equipment, getting stranded is a bit more likely. (b) Limited Range Range refers to how long (or far) the engine can run before depleting all its charge. This, coupled with the long recharging time, means...
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...almost 33.6% of the world energy needs. It is also the most traded energy resource in the world. The demand side factors are guided by the energy needs of the world which is still dependent on non-renewable sources, while supply is determined by oil rich countries. The prices are fluctuating owing to influence of the spot market. Trends in Demand An above average GDP growth in non OECD countries has significantly pushed the demand for all types of energy in an upward direction. Where the consumption of energy by OECD countries has remained steady with the growth rate of 0.9%, the non-OECD nation’s growth rate reached 5.5% in 2010. Even though there has been a significant upsurge in all types of energy, oil still remains the world’s leading fuel. In the current scenario, where the global oil consumption is surging, the production is unable to match such high growth. In the year 2011, the demand grew by 3.1% whereas the increase in supply was only for 2.1%, attributing to the implementation of OPEC production interruptions since late 2008. Therefore the unmatched demand and supply resulted into a consequent decrease in inventories. Demand for oil is relatively inelastic with respect to income in the advanced, OECD economies. However, income elasticity of demand (YED) in developing economies like China and India is likely to be higher, with estimates suggesting that YED is close to 1. Oil has possible close substitutes in the form of other energy...
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...soon be riding camels again.” King Faisal (1904-1975) Introduction Energy, especially crude oil is one of the most valuable commodities in today’s international trade, an indispensable source primarily for transportation and industrial production. This makes oil prices one of the most important elements of today’s economy. In that sense, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is on the centre of world economy because of her rich reserves also because the Kingdom has the lowest production cost in the world. Saudi production capacity and the Kingdom’s political stability are key elements for the international oil prices and consequently the world economy. Saudi Arabia is essential to the international oil market also, because she is the swing producer, meaning that she has the ability to affect the price by changing the supply and the other producers’ behaviours. Saudi Arabia is given an example par excellence for the leader in an oligopolistic market by Bhattacharya as the country holds an important market share, Saudi Aramco figures state that Saudi Arabia has 260 billion of oil, which accounts near one fourth of the known reserves, also high flexibility in capacity utilization, low financing requirement thanks to the low cost and it is negligible sensitivity to the changes in the market. Rising world oil prices and Saudi Arabia's capability to quickly respond to the market demand by increasing its output levels in times of the crises. Most recently, Saudi cover supply shortages...
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