...consequences, mainly when they result in injuries to the nervous system (Smith, 2018). In this essay, I will focus on a case study of a motorcycle accident victim who is experiencing a loss of sensation and control in the lower half of their body. My essay aims to provide insights into this debilitating condition through a detailed physiological analysis, assessment, and recommended corrective measures. Dissecting the Physiology of Motor Sensation Impairment & Assessment to Identify the Problem. According to Mayo Clinic (2021), In the unfortunate...
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...consequences, mainly when they result in injuries to the nervous system (Smith, 2018). In this essay, I will focus on a case study of a motorcycle accident victim who is experiencing a loss of sensation and control in the lower half of their body. My essay aims to provide insights into this debilitating condition through a detailed physiological analysis, assessment, and recommended corrective measures. Dissecting the Physiology of Motor Sensation Impairment & Assessment to Identify the Problem. According to Mayo Clinic (2021), In the unfortunate...
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...Spinal stenosis is a term used to describe a narrowing of the spinal canal. First stenosis means choking or closing in. the purpose of this information is to help understand the anatomy of the spine related to spinal stenosis the signs and symptoms of spinal stenosis. This problem is more common in adults over 50 years old and 60 years old. However it can occur in younger people who have abnormally small spine canals do to birth defect. According to anatomy &physiology the spinal cord lies within the vertebral canal, where the vertebrae offer protection. In addition, the spinal cord is encircled by three connective tissue coverings called meninges (p.483). The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system (CNS) which extends caudally and is protected by the bony structures of the vertebral column. It is covered by three membranes of the CNS the Dura mater, arachnoids and innermost pia mater (p484). The spinal cord has three basic functions to control certain repetitive functions (e.g. walking), conduct impulses to /from brain and spinal nerves and coordinate spinal reflexes. Spinal stenosis describes a condition in which the nerves in the spinal canal are closed in, or compressed. The spinal canal is the hallow vertical hole formed by the bones of the spinal column. The journal of the American medical association says spinal stenosis is used to describe a narrowing of the spinal canal, which contains the spinal cord and emerging nerve roots, which can occur in any portion...
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...system (CNS) is composed of brain and the spinal cord. Neurons constitute a major part of the developing CNS. An axon is an extension of a neuron. The brain grows as a swelling at the front (rostal) end of the neural tube and later leads to become a spinal cord (1,2). Development of the CNS involves many complex mechanisms beginning at the onset of transformation of a single layer of ectodermal cells, the neuroectoderm until the end of the differentiation process resulting into highly complex structure involving variety of neural cell types (1,2). A large number of cell types need to be arranged spatially and temporally to form a complex structure during an embryo development. CNS being one such complex structure formed during embryonic development involves many interlinked molecular mechanisms giving rise to interlinked and diversified neuronal circuits. Although a few of the signaling pathways (like shh) have been identified causing cellular diversity in a vertebrate CNS more studies have to be done to identify the involvements of any more of such signals. (1) The nervous system (NS) develops from the ectoderm of a developing embryo. First to develop is the neural plate followed by formation of a neural groove in the neural plate very shortly. This is then followed by joining of the edges of the neural groove to form a neural tube, which later develops into the brain at the frontal part while the following part develops into the spinal cord. The left over cells on either side of...
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...Genetic disorders are an unfortunate but real part of human life. There are thousands of genetic disorders in the world, some more common than others. Genetic disorders may vary in regards to manifestations in people from age, gender, health, population, and many more factors. For example, there are X-linked disorders which are carried by women and present mostly in males, such as color blindness. There are also disorders which are much more prevalent in men such as color blindness, and disease much more evident in African Americans such as sickle cell anemia. However, what all genetic disorders have in common is that they are born at the cell level and derived from genetic mutations. There are some genetic disorders which require intense treatment,...
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...There are various diseases that are thought to have ancient Egyptian origin. These diseases include: the plague, influenza, small pox, and poliomyelitis. Some Egyptian hieroglyphics from about 2000 BCE show people with withered legs and arms. Poliomyelitis, also known as polio, is a contagious viral disease that can even cause paralysis, difficulty breathing and sometimes death its most severe form. This disease can affect anyone at any age but it primarily affects children under 5 years old. In this essay, I will talk about the transmission, types of polio and symptoms, treatments, and prevention of the disease. First, polio is transmitted from person to person. It is mainly transmitted through a fecal- oral route. “Poliovirus virions are very stable, especially in in acidic pH, and can remain infectious for relatively long periods in food and water, its main routes of transmission. The incubation period ranges from 6 to 20 days” (1). Once the virus is ingested it multiplies in the mucosa of the throat or small intestine. From here, the virus goes into the tonsils and lymph nodes of the lymph nodes in the neck and the terminal potion of the small intestine. Sometimes the virus enters the blood stream and causes viremia. In more than 99% of those cases, the viremia lasts only for a short time and does not result in clinical disease. In the other less that 1% cases, the viremia persists and goes into the central nervous system and this...
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...The purpose of this essay is to critically explore and discuss the holistic care and management of a chosen patient from a recent clinical placement. The patient which has been chosen has had an exacerbation of a chronic problem. Management options which are or have been available to the designated nurse will be critically discussed alongside the justification of the plan of care which will or has been implemented. The role of the registered nurse in relation to safe and effective decision making will be explored. A discussion of the decision making process which has been chosen for the patient will be noted and this will be related to known theoretical models of clinical decision making. It will also critically examine the importance of managing risk in health care to enhance the patient care and outcomes and this will be related to the chosen patient and clinical scenario. Finally it will also critically appraise the evidence base that supports the discussion. The chosen patient is a 42 year old male who has been admitted to the current clinical placement, which is the local spinal injuries centre, after numerous complaints of recurrent urinary tract infections. All patient identifiable information has been changed to protect the patients’ identity in accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery (NMC) guidelines regarding confidentiality (NMC, 2004). Mr Scott had previously been an inpatient to the Spinal Unit following a road traffic accident in September 2004, the outcome...
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...Pathophysiology essay Lung compliance and its disorders Philippe Wöllenstein Study group 3052; Topic No.62 29.04.2015 ------------------------------------------------- Abstract ------------------------------------------------- The essay comprises an introduction explaining the term pulmonary compliance. The next section includes a definition and characteristics of the group of diseases-restrictive pulmonary disorders. Further on a short summary of restrictive lung diseases and especially their cause follows trying to contribute a better knowledge of the topic to the reader. In the end the reader can find a short conclusion. Table of contents General information about lung compliance Restrictive pulmonary diseases intrinsic restrictive lung diseases Extrinsic restrictive lung diseases 1. Neurological disorders 2. Neurodegenerative-autoimmune-inherited disorders III. Conclusion IV. Resources I. General information about lung compliance Compliance is a measure of the elasticity of body tissues. The latter specifies how much gas or liquid can be filled in a closed system until the pressure rises up to one pressure unit. To understand the mechanism of the pulmonary compliance it is important to define the The alveolar pressure first. The latter is the pressure found inside the alveolus at any instant of the respiration. Thus at resting position, without any air flowing in or out of the lung , the pressure found in the alveolus is equal 0cm...
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...Imagine that your nerve cells in your brain and spinal cord abruptly start to die, the cells that control the muscles that allow you to move the different parts of your body abruptly start to die. This is what it feels like when your body is afflicted by a disease called Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, or ALS, is also known as Lou Gehrig's disease and was named after a famous athlete who was one of the first people to be afflicted. On Lou Gehrig’s 39th birthday, he was diagnosed, shortly after the illness became unbearable, the all star baseball player sadly had to retire from the sport. On July 4, 1939, athlete, Lou Gehrig, at Yankee Stadium-in front of all his fans-addressed his disease and retirement with a farewell speech. Gehrig’s purpose is to show the world how strong-willed and fearless an individual can be in the face of adversity. He adopts an optimistic tone in order to demonstrate his will power to his fans and anyone afflicted by ALS. Lou Gehrig, is positive with the other baseball players and his fans, Gehrig was able to utilize ethos effectively thoroughly in his speech. His ethical proof is important for the author among the audience; Gehrig was known as being determined and hard-working and his audience had already favored him. The first word in Gehrig’s speech is...
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...University of Phoenix Material Neurological Structures and Functions Worksheet Short-Answer Essays 1. Describe why humans have a blind spot. Humans have blind spots because of the optic nerve information that is sent to the brain from the retina is through the optic nerve. Well the nerve has to have a way to exit the eye, that exit is where the blind spot is. 2. Describe the functional and anatomic differences between rods and cones. The retina is what houses the eye’s rods and cones. The eye has about 6 million cones and 120 million rods. Both rods and cones get their names from their shape. Rods do not provide color vision, and are sensitive to dim light. Cones function well in the day and provide color vision. 3. Describe the trichromatic and opponent-process theories of color vision. The opponent-process theory of color vision states how some of our color combnations are some that we never see like reddish-green or yellowish-blue. This theory says that color is basically ran by wo opponent systems which is blue-yellow, and reg green mechanisms. The trichromatic theory of color suggests color vision is formulated by the actions of three different receptors. People who have normal vision of color should have three wavelengths of light to make different colors. 4. Trace the process of interpreting auditory information from the stimulus to the interpretation. When a sound is heard the energy from the sound is changed into nerve impulses...
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...Stem Cell Research Essay Stem Cell research is a highly controversial topic in the world of science. Many people disagree with and oppose the research because of their belief that the research is unethical. The laws regarding the research of Stem cells vary from country to country. Many countries have very strict laws on the research and some have completely banned it. There are many organizations and scientists that are pushing for the research and study of the stem cells. These viewpoints establish that Stem cells can be very beneficial for human use. There are three main types of stem cells: embryonic, tissue and induced pluripotent (Euro Stem Cell, 2012). Embryonic stem cells are used because they do not have a designated function...
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...There are differences and similarities between the two diseases according to their symptoms. Hypertensive and diabetic patients share some symptoms. These symptoms are Comparing and Contrasting of Hypertension and Diabetes Did you know that in the United States, 17 million people suffer from diabetes and 50 million people suffer from hypertension. Like diabetes, hypertension millions of people don’t know that they have it. In this essay I will discuss the cause, symptoms, complication and treatment in which hypertension and diabetes are alike and how they differ. I will start by saying hypertension and diabetes can be compared and contrasted according to their causes. There are two types of hypertension: primary hypertension and secondary hypertension. Primary hypertension is high blood pressure for which no cause can be found, but secondary hypertension has definite causes (Segen, 1992). The heart pumps blood through the body’s arteries to all parts of the body. At the time when the blood vessel become narrow, the flow of blood trough them will be harder, so the blood will exert the wall vessels and increase the pressure in them. Diabetes is similarly is that it also has two types. Type 1 diabetes is one type that occurs because of the failure of making the hormone called insulin by the pancreas. The other type is type 2 diabetes that is due to failure of using insulin by the body; in other words, diabetes occurs when the body cannot produce or use insulin. There...
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...embryos. This discovery has raised a series of ethical and public-policy questions that are now being confronted by multiple international organizations, nations, cultures, and religious traditions. This essay surveys policies for human embryonic stem cell research in four regions of the world, reports on the recent debate at the United Nations about one type of such research, and reviews the positions that various religious traditions have adopted regarding this novel type of research. In several instances the religious traditions seem to have influenced the public-policy debates. There are many ways in which human stem cells can be used in research and the clinic. Studies of the medical use of Embyonic Stem cells will yield information about the complex events that occur during human development. A primary goal of this work is to identify how undifferentiated stem cells become the differentiated cells that form the tissues and organs. Scientists know that turning genes on and off is central to this process. Some of the most serious medical conditions, such as cancer and birth defects, are due to abnormal cell division and differentiation. A more complete understanding of the genetic and molecular controls of these processes may yield information about how such diseases arise and suggest new strategies for therapy. Predictably controlling cell proliferation and differentiation requires additional basic research on the molecular and genetic signals that regulate cell division...
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...condition Introduction The purpose of this essay is to describe and explain the uses of hypnotherapy in the treatment of a medical condition. For this essay I have chosen to look at a chronic life limiting illness called Motor Neurone Disease. This is a disease that can affect many different aspects of a person’s life and is very aggressive in its symptoms. I have met quite a few people with this condition whilst working in the Neurophysiology department at the QMC, where all the nerve and muscles studies and EMG’s are performed. It not only changes the person’s life but also the lives of the people around them. I found this research both upsetting and informative. MND is a progressive degenerative disease which sadly has no known cure and sufferers will usually die within 5 years of the onset of the disease, there is no way to tell that you have this disease but there are many warning signs such as difficulty with speech, walking and dropping things due to not being able to grip correctly. MND is an unusual disease that damages nerve cells that the brain would usually use to send messages to the muscles and spinal cord where the upper and lower motor neurones are negatively affected. This then alters the muscle strength and can result in muscle loss. Theses neurons also if not working correctly will affect the messages sent to the brain giving the commands the body needs to enable walking, swallowing and any other muscle use. This disease can begin at any age but is much more predominant...
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...football coach with a heart condition from a heat stroke. He was practicing with his team in heat that was more than 100 degrees. Two days later, two South Georgia football players, died from heat exhaustion, both were 16 years of age. For the past two months, the country has been under the threat of hot and humid temperatures. Heat advisors in most countries across the United States, are broadcast publicly to ensure that people are taking serious precautions during the months of extreme humid temperatures. In this essay, the writer will discuss: (1) definition and short history of heat strokes and heat exhaustion conditions, (2) the symptoms and the signs of each illness, (3) how is heat strokes/heat exhaustion acquired, (4) the diagnosis and treatments, (5) alternative treatments, and (6) the statistics. Definition and Short History of Heat Strokes and heat exhaustion Heat stokes and heat exhaustion are heat-related illnesses. The Center of Disease Control and Prevention (2011) states that, “historically from 1979-2003, excessive heat exposure caused 8,015 deaths in the United Stated, which 300 deaths were accounted for during 2001.” Heat exhaustion, is an insignificant nature of heat-related illnesses, and occurs when a person is working, children are playing, or out-sider workers were exposed to extreme, humid environments. During heat exhaustion a person’s body loses body fluids from too much sweating, dehydration, and rising body temperature. Heat strokes are...
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