...Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells Antibiotics are chemical substances that are produced by bacteria and fungi to fight or kill microorganisms. There are two types of microorganisms, and they are the Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells. They differ according to the cell wall size, the morphology of the ribosome and how they metabolize. These differences determine how an antibiotic therapy is chosen to treat microorganisms. The cell wall difference is the most important distinction between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. Some of the distinguishing features of the cells include the following. Prokaryotic cells: * Do not have a predefined nucleus * Smaller (7oS) ribosomes * Chromosomes are dispersed in the cytoplasm * Most metabolically diverse * Small – typically 0.2-2.0 micrometers in diameter * Don’t undergo meiosis but reproduce sexually by the transfer of DNA fragments through conjugation * Contain no membrane-bound organelles * Have circular chromosomes and lack histone proteins Eukaryotic cells * Have linear DNA and contain histone proteins * Reproduce sexually with the use of meiosis * Contain membrane-bound organelles * More complex, evolved organisms * Larger (8oS) ribosomes * Contain true nuclei in which chromosomes are compacted as chromatin * Larger – typically 10-100 micrometers in diameter Different Antibiotics target only certain types of cells, and this is why it is important to know the structure...
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...University of Phoenix Material Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Worksheet Provide a list describing at least three similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells: Plasma membrane Cytosol Ribosomes Choose the chart below with two internal structures of prokaryotic cells and three from eukaryotic cells and describe their function in your own words. | |Cell Structures | | |Structure |Function | |Prokaryotic # 1 |Ribosome |Responsible for building protein according to instructions that are| | | |received from the genes. | |Prokaryotic # 2 |Nucleoid |A region where that contains coiled DNA. | |Eukaryotic # 1 |Organelles |Organelles are tiny structures that perform very specific functions| | | |within cells. | |Eukaryotic # 2 |Nucleus |An organelle that houses a eukaryotic cells DNA. | |Eukaryotic # 3 |Golgi Apparatus ...
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...Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells | | Part of our definition/description of what it means to be a living thing on Earth includes the assertion that living things are made of cells and cell products. In other words, we consider the cell to be a pretty fundamental structural aspect of life. Cells in our world come in two basic types, prokaryotic and eukaryotic. "Karyose" comes from a Greek word which means "kernel," as in a kernel of grain. In biology, we use this word root to refer to the nucleus of a cell. "Pro" means "before," and "eu" means "true," or "good." So "Prokaryotic" means "before a nucleus," and "eukaryotic" means "possessing a true nucleus." This is a big hint about one of the differences between these two cell types. Prokaryotic cells have no nuclei, while eukaryotic cells do have true nuclei. This is far from the only difference between these two cell types, however. Here's a simple visual comparison between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell: This particular eukaryotic cell happens to be an animal cell, but the cells of plants, fungi and protists are also eukaryotic. Despite their apparent differences, these two cell types have a lot in common. They perform most of the same kinds of functions, and in the same ways. Both are enclosed by plasma membranes, filled with cytoplasm, and loaded with small structures called ribosomes. Both have DNA which carries the archived instructions for operating the cell. And the similarities go far beyond the visible--physiologically...
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...Structures in All Eukaryotic Cells We're going to start with eukaryotic cells even though they tend to be more complex than prokaryotic. But, there is a method to our madness: you are a eukaryote and have eukaryotic cells, so we thought you might relate better. And, eukaryotic comes before prokaryotic alphabetically. Come up with whatever reasons you want for it, but eukaryotes are up first. Tough cookies. Eukaryotic Cell Structure and Function A cell is defined as eukaryotic if it has a membrane-bound nucleus. Any organism composed of eukaryotic cells is also considered a eukaryotic organism. Case in point: You. Biologists do not know of any single organism on Earth that is composed of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. However, many different types of prokaryotic cells, usually bacteria, can live inside larger eukaryotic organisms. Creepy, but true. We humans, for example, have trillions of bacteria living in our colons, not to mention in our mouths and stomachs and small intestines and…you get the picture. Despite the fact that we have gobs of prokaryotic cells living inside and on us, humans are still categorically eukaryotic organisms. Deal with it. This means that all human cells, including those found in the brain, the heart, the muscles, and so on, are also eukaryotic. Here is what one of these little guys looks like: OK, we are slightly impressed. That is a lot of stuff jam-packed into something we can't see too well with the naked eye. All of...
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...Compare the structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic. (290) There are two major types of cell: eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Eukaryotic cells have many membrane-bounded organelles within the cell. Whereas prokaryotic cells do not have any membrane-bounded organelles. The only membrane in prokaryotic is plasma(cell)membrane. Prokaryotes with the size of 5㎛(1-10㎛) are much smaller than eukaryotic cells with the size of 10㎛(10-100㎛). They both have a cell wall but with different composition. Prokaryotic cell walls are combined of peptidoglycan, a single large polymer of amino acids and sugar. Whereas the cell wall in plant is cellulose and fungi’s cell wall is made of chitin (the cell wall are not present in animals cells). Both cell types have many ribosomes, but the ribosomes of the eukaryotic are more complex and larger(80S) than ribosomes in the prokaryotic cell(70S). The ribosomes makes protein in both and can be found floating within the cytoplasm and RER (only in eukaryotic cells). Both cells have DNA as their genetic material, but the DNA of eukaryotes is held within its nucleus.Eukaryotic DNA is linear and is associated with histones (proteins). Hence the nucleus is absent in...
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...discuss about the Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells by comparing their structure and function: It will talk about the similar components they have and their function of the two cells (prokaryotic and Eukaryotic) and then it will talk about the different components and their function in the cell. It will relate the structure to function in two specialised eukaryotic cells and the structure of the cell membrane to its function of movement of substances into and out of the cell. Regarding to the cell theory all living things are made of cells and all organisms may be classified as prokaryotes (before nucleus) or eukaryotes (true nucleus). Prokaryotes was developed first, they are small (size 1 to 10um) and they consist of one cell (unicellular) and it has no nucleus but instead it as a nucleoid which contains the genome (DNA of the cell). (Boundless 2015) (Look figure1) Eukaryotes come from prokaryotic cells and they are large (size 10 to 100um), highly structured, they consist of many cells (multicellular), has a nucleus which is the brain of the cell and it is enclosed in a nuclear envelope. The prokaryotic and Eukaryotes both have a Cell Membrane, Ribosomes, Cell Wall (in Eukaryotic it is present only in Animals) and Cytoplasm. The cell membrane is a thin flexible bilayer round the outside of all cells and it's made by phospholipids and proteins. Its function is to separate the contents of the cells from the outside environment. (AQA Biology 2012) The Cell Wall is composed...
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...is a process that occurs within every living cell or organism, it is sum of all chemical processes that happen within the cell. By definition there are many kinds of metabolisms aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration and fermentation. Aerobic respiration is the process of breakdown of glucose to produce ATP, which requires presence of Oxygen. Aerobic respiration involves four steps glycolysis, formation of acetyl coenzyme A, the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain. Two enzymes that indicate the presence of electron transport chains (ETCs) are oxidase and catalase. Oxidase is an enzyme that is found in Cytochrome C of ETC. It is found in bacteria and mitochondria of eukaryotic organisms. Organism that possess ETC with directly move electrons to oxygen, which is the final electron acceptor. Catalase is common enzyme, which is found in living organisms. Catalase is very important enzyme that protects cell from hydrogen peroxide; it is very damaging to the cell. Catalase decomposes hydrogen peroxide, into harmless water and oxygen gas. To avoid death cells produce catalase, this results from faulty ETC. Anaerobic respiration occurs in environments without oxygen gas. Anaerobic respiration only occurs in prokaryotic organisms;...
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...Program Material Dameon Andrews Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Worksheet Provide a list describing at least three differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells: 1. Prokaryotic cells are smaller in size and have simpler structures, whereas eukaryotic cell are bigger and have a more complex structure. 2. Eukaryotic cells have many types of organelles, whereas prokaryotic cells lack most organelles. 3. Prokaryotic cell have DNA, which is constructed in the nucleoid region. It is not enclosed by the membrane; the eukaryotic cells have DNA and are in the nucleus, which is enclosed by the membrane. Choose two internal structures of prokaryotic cells and three from eukaryotic cells and describe their function in your own words. |Cell Structures | |Structure |Function | |Golgi (Golgi complex or Golgi apparatus) |It is responsible for processing, packaging, and transporting synthesized proteins to | | |other parts of the cell. | |Mitochondrion |It the powerhouse of the cell and is job is to produce energy for the cell. | |Ribosome ...
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...Why We Study the Cell and Its Components The cell is the basic unit of all living organisms. Some organisms like bacteria have only one cell while other organisms are multi cellular. It is important to study the cell and its components because it enables understanding of our own life and opens up windows of opportunity for the future generations. Understanding cells and their component functions allows for better understanding of disease and the possibility of cures or better treatment options. Biologists study the cell in healthy and diseased states to develop new vaccines, medicines, plants with improved qualities and to gain a better understanding of how all living things live. The study of cells and its components is also helpful in solving crimes through forensic science. In biotechnology, the study of cells is used to clone plants and animals, and with time possibly for the production of organs. In studying cells it is important to know what organism the cell comes from. There are two types of cells, the prokaryotic and eukaryotic. The prokaryotic were the first type of cells to evolve. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus; bacteria are the best known prokaryotic cells. Organisms that contain eukaryotic cells include fungi, animals, and plants as well as some unicellular organisms. The eukaryotic cell is much bigger and contains membrane bound compartments where metabolic activities take place. The components of the cell include, plasma membrane, cytoskeleton...
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...Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes cell Cell theory states that all organisms are made of one or more cells. There are two basis types of cell: prokaryotes, which do not contain a nucleus, and eukaryotes, which have a true nucleus. The difference between the structure and functioning of prokaryotes and eukaryotes is so great that it is considered, by some, to be the most important distinction among groups of organisms. However, if we are to believe the endosymbiosis theory and that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes there must also be some fundamental similarities. A significant similarity is the fact that both prokaryotes and eukaryotes use the same genetic material (DNA) and genetic code to store and translate genetic information. But this genetic information is arranged very differently within the two types of cell. In eukaryotes the DNA is packed into chromatins and sequestered within a double membrane bound organelle, known as the nucleus, and is easily seen using a microscope. On the other hand, prokaryotes lack this distinct nucleus and nucleur membrane but instead have a nucleoid, which is an irregularly shaped region within the cell where the genetic information is localised in the form of a, usually circular, double strand of DNA. Prokaryotes and some eukaryotes are also known to have additional small satellite structures of DNA called plasmids. Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes also contain ribosomes which are the organelles responsible for accurately translating this...
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...organisms-multicellular The cell was discovered by Reginald Hooke in between 1635-1703 • He used a slice cork under the microscope to discover and saw empty spaces, which he called cells Cells are the basic unit of life. • For any structure to be called a cell it will have to have 3 or 4 basic features o (animal) round, plasma membrane (outside), nucleus (middle of the cell), cytoplasm (in btwn the nucleus and the plasma membrane) have 3 components. Be able to draw this. o (plant) square, cell wall (outside) nucleus (next to the cell wall, can have one or two nuclei), cytoplasm (behind the nucleus) be able to draw for test Cells are made up of 80-90% water • The 2 reasons for this is… o Need water for biochemical reactions o Things move around in cells (transportation) • The remaining 10 % is inorganic and organic materials o Organic materials: Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleaic acids(macromolecules- major molecules) o Inorganic materials: salts Cell theory • Two German scientists who were credited for the cell theory: Schawn, Schleiden, Virchow o All living organisms are composed of cells. They can either be unicellular or multicellular. o Cells are considered the basic unit of life. o Cells come from pre existing cells. Cells have to divide in order for things to grow. • Modern Version Cell Theory ^^^ and… o Energy flow occurs within cells. Cells have to be energized to function. o Cells must contain hereditary information. DNA o All cells have the same...
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...outside (or inside) leads to another change 3) -Homeostasis - the ability to maintain the structure and regulate the internal environment. 4) -Ability to acquire material and energy >The material and energy are often transformed< 5) -Growth 6) -Reproduction - either sexual or asexual >DNA is genetic information, the “blueprint” for the offspring< 7) -Ability to evolve - to change to fit the environment Complex, organized structure The complexity of life is built in levels. (see fig 1-2) Each level has ingredients or components which interact to make something greater than the sum of the parts. -Subatomic particles -Atoms -Molecules -Organelles (not present in prokaryotes) -Cells -Tissues (present only in multicellular eukaryotes) -Organs (present only in multicellular eukaryotes) -Organ systems (present only in multicellular eukaryotes) -Multicelled organisms -Populations -Community -Ecosystem -Biosphere Response to stimuli Organisms react to external and internal stimuli. Some reactions are slow and some reactions can’t be seen Homeostasis -the ability to maintain the structure and regulate the internal environment. Life is easier without a lot of changes to deal with. Ability to acquire material and energy >The material and energy are often transformed< Take in nutrient (food)...
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...Five ways in which microbes are beneficial Microbes help in the body defense against other microorganisms. Microbes help to break down food in the human body, which is effective in maintaining a healthy weight. Another role of the roles of microbes invloves releasing various chemicals, which aid in increasing the body the metabolic activities in the body contamination (Cappuccino & Sherman, 2008). . This, in turn, helps prevent gaining too much weight. Microbes in the environment, where help to balance the ecosystem. These microorganisms help trigger decomposition of organic material. They are also responsible for fermentation and respiration, which are important processes for releasing energy. The decomposition is efficient when dealing with waste products and sewage treatment. Another benefit of microbes in our environment is in nitrogen fixation. This process involves the production of ammonia from nitrogen, which is used by plants. The microbes attach themselves to the plants maintaining the symbiotic association. Louis Pasteur disproving spontaneous generation Pasteur conducted experiments like the germ theory, which tried to prove that when various items were placed in the open air, would gather pathogens .This is contrary to those, which were placed away from the open environment. Louis Pasteur experiment to disapprove the theory, involved filtering air to gather its contents. He filtered the air using cotton, which he later used alcohol to collect the particles, which...
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...prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Prokaryotes are generally known as bacteria. They are grouped into two domains Archea and bacteria. Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic ones and their organelles are not membrane bound. The ribosomes in prokaryotic cells are much smaller than in eukaryotic . The genetic material in prokaryotes is one single, ring-shaped chromosome with no nuclear membrane. Most prokaryotes have cell wall made mostly by peptidogylcans. Cell division is through binary fision. Eukaryotic organisms are divided into 4 kingdoms: the protista, the plants, the fungi, and animals. The cell size is much larger and has membrane bound organelles. The genetic material in eukaryotes it is in the form of rod-shaped chromosomes. It has a true nucleus with a nuclear membrane containing this genetic material. If there is a cell wall it is very simple chemical. Cellular division is through mitosis. Sexual reproduction in eukaryotic cells is through meiosis. Plant vs animal Major difference between most plant and animal cells are that plant cells have a cell wall while animal cells do not. In plant cells there are some organelles not present in animal cells, such as a large central vacuole, different plastids including chloroplasts and animal cells have centrioles that plant cells do not. Multicellular organisms There are several advantages of being a multicellular organism. A single celled organism has difficulty adapting while multicellular organisms can...
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... Nyaga March 9, 2015 Lab 4 Cells Pre-Lab List the pages in your textbook that relate to this experiment: Pages 204-212 What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Prokaryotic cells do not have organelles. State the function of mitochondria, chloroplasts, nuclei, and lysosomes. Mitochondria facilitate aerobic cellular respiration, chloroplasts is where photosynthesis occurs, nuclei holds the cell’s genetic material, and lysosomes recycle and break down macromolecules. What is the evidence for endosymbiosis? The similar size and composition shows that mitochondria were initially a bacteria. Mitochondria were engulfed. The aerobic heterotrophic bacteria were kept inside a larger, heterotrophic eukaryotic cell by endosymbiosis. Chloroplasts also arose by endosymbiosis. Photosynthetic bacteria were engulfed y aerobic eukaryotes. Do plant cells have mitochondria? Plant cells have mitochondria. Compare and contrast a typical plant cell and an animal cells? Animal cells don’t have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a vacuole. Post-Lab Why did you not observe chloroplasts in the onion epidermis? The clear epidermal cells consist of a single layer and do not contain chloroplasts because the onion fruiting body is used for storing energy not photosynthesis. What is the function of cell walls? Name the cells which did not have cell walls? Why did the Paramecium not have a cell wall? How do antibiotics attack cell walls of bacteria? Why do they...
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