...begin his new journey across the Atlantic Ocean. This was the first of many of his voyages. This one was a little special because it allowed him to explore a New World where many discoveries were made. Many of the plants, animals, cultures and resources were different because Europeans had never seen them before. The sharing of these resources and combination of the Old and New World has come to be known as the Columbian Exchange. During these explorations, the Europeans brought over many diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, typhoid and bubonic plague to the New World, wiping out the entire Indian populations. There were also many other populations wiped out due to complications...
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...Science Study Guide Evolution- Adaptions: * Organisms are able to survive and breed in their environments because they are suited to them. * Characteristics such as structures functions and behaviours allow them to survive. * These characteristics are called adaptions because they are inherited. Adaptions are classified as: Structural- adaption is physical Functional- adaption involves the internal function of an organism Behavioural- adaption involves the way an organism acts. Evolution: * The gradual development over a period of time as in species developing from a common ancestor. Lamarck: * First scientist to talk about evolution * Believed that organisms adapted through their struggle of survival * Acquired characteristics are those are attained through a non-inheritable change. * Suggested that long necks on giraffes where obtained by constant use of stretching their organs to reach for food high up in the trees. * Believed that acquired characteristics would be passed on to the offspring of an animal. * Studies show that theory is wrong because acquired characteristics cannot be inherited. * Acquired characteristics come from the chromosomes of the parents. * Chromosomes are not altered by changes that occur in the life of an organism. Darwin: * Believed that different species of the same animal developed a common ancestral type. * One experiment he conducted was on the Galapagos...
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...Old Dominion University Human Adaptation and Variation Alyssa Carlson 01005378 ANTR 110S_10772 Dr. Elva Smith 24 November 2014 Human biological diversity encompasses much more than the characteristics seen by the naked eye. Our species walked new and unique paths to arrive at our present existence. Our journey resulted in the achievement of many innovative and unique physiognomies allowing us to survive and reproduce. What characteristics have our species evolved and which most greatly shaped our evolution by conferring additional advantages in survivorship? Although there are many remarkable characteristics that have evolved the most striking variance and adaptation amongst the human population is variation in skin color. The fascination lies in the fact that for centuries the human body has used continuing adaptation to protect humans in different ways such as disease and protection from the sun. Scientists have made considerable progress in explaining variation in human skin color, along with many other features of biological and genetic diversity. Diversities of skin color are a result of natural selection. Over periods of time, adaptation has allowed the favored types to survive by natural selection. In addition, the color of one’s skin goes well beyond the surface as a result of geographic distribution. With years of struggle against nature behind us, human bodies have acclimated...
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...that had never been reviewed by other scientists. These ‘‘findings’’ then entered the world of peer-reviewed literature through citations of the documentary itself or material associated with it. Here, we demonstrate that the case for pre-Columbian syphilis in Europe that was made in the documentary does not withstand scientific scrutiny. We also situate this example from paleopathology within a larger trend of ‘‘science by documentary’’ or ‘‘science by press conference,’’ in which researchers seek to bypass the peer review process by presenting unvetted findings directly to the public. George J. Armelagos is Goodrich C. White Professor of Anthropology at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. His research has focused on diet and disease in prehistory. He was the Viking Medal Medalist (Wenner-Gren Foundation) in 2005, received The Franz Boas Award for Exemplary Service to Anthropology from the American Anthropological Association in 2008, and The Charles Darwin Award for Lifetime Achievement to Biological Anthropology from the American Association of Physical Anthropologists in 2009. Email: antga@emory.edu Molly Zuckerman is an assistant professor in the Department of Anthropology and Middle Eastern Cultures at Mississippi State University. Her research centers on the biosocial determinants of health inequalities among past populations, with a particular focus on social identity and gender, and...
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...were that it helped connect both regions together in many ways. It also helped both places obtain new things and spread new ideas. Another impact is that some of the plants and animals that we have today in America would not be here without the Columbian Exchange. In addition, it changed everyday meals, or just meals in general, for both places, allowing them a lot more food options. These are many of the good things that came out of the Columbian exchange. A major negative consequence that resulted from the Columbian Exchange was the killing of thousands of Native Americans....
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...era of many radical changes. Around Europe, new political, religions, and economic systems were establishing and were desperate to build novel relationship with the people around the globe. Many sailors were competing to discover the new world and start the global exchange process. Therefore, the historians today label it as the “Age of Discovery.” In the age of discovery, Europe was in search of water path to India because the Persian society had conquered the road path known as the “Silk Road” and blocked the exchange between...
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...Disease and Evolution The human body has been plagued with diseases since the beginning of time—pathogens like viruses and bacteria have made us privy to Mother Nature. As humans evolve, so do the diseases we are susceptible to. Some diseases that were once rare have become common, others have disappeared and newer, more daunting ones have emerged. Many of these changes have taken place in the wake of important transformations in human civilizations and ecology. It is therefore feasible to propose that diseases succeed and fail in response to humanity's advances. Natural selection is unable to provide us with perfect protection against all pathogens, because they tend to evolve much faster than humans do. E. coli, for example, with its rapid rates of reproduction, has as much opportunity for mutation and selection in one day as humanity gets in a millennium. And our defenses, whether natural or artificial, make for potent selection forces. Pathogens either quickly evolve a counter defense or become extinct. Diseases such as AIDS, Ebola, Polio have shown their wrath and humans have sought to find cures and treatment options. By definition, disease is essentially “a disorder of structure or function that produces specific signs or symptoms or that affect a specific location (not just from a physical injury)” (WHO, 2007). The true boundaries and limitations of disease remain elusive. Healthcare specialists and researchers use “normal” conditions as their basis in order to understand...
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...Difference between Heterocrony and Paedomorphisism ● paedomorphasis is one type of heterochrony ○ = juvenille of the ancestor looks like the adult of descendant ○ Ex: salamanders that stay in the water as adults=they can keep the gills of juvenile form and stay in the water ○ Ex: human evolution; dog breeds in lab ○ ex: Dog Labtruncated development so various breeds of dogs looked like juveniles of wolf ○ ex: pedomorphic foxes that came from the breeding of them for tameness ● paramorphasis ○ = adult of ancestor looks like juvenille of descendant ○ Ex: Irish elk = a simple extension of the growth of the antlers ■ an extension of the development of the juvenile Mosaic Evolution: ● = “different rates for different traits” ● Some parts of the body develop at different rates or at different times than othersdifferent morphological features change at different times in Jablonski’s words ● EX: birds; these early birdshad feathers and wish bone also had teeth in skull and welldeveloped claws in forelimbs like ancestral dinosaurs ● Tetrapods had flattened tail to swim in water but at the same time had limbs for land ● Humans: upright posture came before the enlargement of the brain ● Mammals; whaleswhalelike ears and aspects of skull but vertebral column; still had hindlimbs ● organisms tend to be modularso head can evolve separately from limbs, body, aspects of behavior Amniotic Egg: ● Huge leap in terms of animals the reproduce that way...
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...without human command but it has a certain disadvantages, people will lose jobs because the robot itself will occupied humans jobs. From my own perception robots created to help humans must not rely on technologies the humans itself have to take actions and decisions. The birth of birds After a long time of research about fossils of dinosaurs. We reach a new milestone about evolution. This evolutionary breakthrough will help us to farther understand the connection between dinosaurs and birds. The scientist can create a hybrid birds that came from genetics of dinosaurs. Once we created a hybrid birds we can create more and more hybrid animals. From my own perception we must keep on studying evolution until we find more answers about evolution of genetics. Youth serum for real? Youth serum is a fountain of youth that found within the body of a teenager, this breakthrough will help the old ones to be immune from certain diseases. After using this serum the old ones can do more things than they wanted to do and it is both beneficial for both teenagers and elders. I am happy that teenagers like me will help our old man to do some adventures with us. Cell that might cure diabetes This is an incredibly exciting time in diabetes research. In past, we only had one promising approach to find a cure for patients with type 1 diabetes. Now we have several possibilities related to a cure and even preventions, both for type 1 and type 2 diabetes. We are now focusing on ways to...
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...The Columbian Exchange is defined as “the transatlantic flow of goods and people that began with Columbus’s voyages in 1492” (Foner A-58). I, however, believe that definition is an oversimplification of such an important time period that would forever influence the course of the world and begin the age of globalization. The Columbian Exchange would have massive cultural, economic, and biological impacts so profound that they reach every corner of the globe today. The Columbian Exchange altered “millions of years of evolution” due to the introduction of foreign species of plants and animals. Colonists, explorers, and treasure seekers alike unknowingly threw the biological world into a state of chaos. There was a beneficial exchange of crops...
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...The philosophy of evolution rests on the belief that the planet earth is of an immense age: about 4.5 billion years old. For years, biologists have questioned the diversity of all living species. The estimated 3-20 million living organisms on the earth shown countless changes in shape, size, etc. With much of the world’s species extinct, there is now a projected 9% of species to have ever lived, now extinct. The development of the evolutionary theory over the past couples of decades has sparked more conversation now than ever before. Charles Darwin, an English naturalist and geologist, gave a clarification on why there is diversity and change in species. The four reasons were: • Physical traits and behaviours allow species to live and breed. • Physical behaviour...
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...Antimicrobial Resistant Infections An antimicrobial resistant infection has been around for quite some time now and it has become one of the most challenging eras of the 21st century. A mixture of antibiotics and other similar drugs have been used as antimicrobial agents to treat people with infectious diseases. In their time, they worked fascinating. These drugs helped reduce illnesses and deaths caused by diseases. However, the extensive use of these drugs has become abroad that unfortunately, the infectious microbes that the antibiotic must target have become adapted to them, making them resistant to the drug. Therefore, antimicrobial resistant infections have risen drastically throughout the years around the world. The reason for this...
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...“The longer you live the longer you should live” –Wiley “Evolution’s a bitch” –Wiley “Suckers are good to eat” –Wiley WHAT HAS EVOLUTION DONE FOR ME What has evolution done for me • Agricultural crops and animal breeding for the past 8,000 years • With the discovery of methods to reconstruct evolutionary relationships there is been a vast increase in the relevance of evolutionary biology to human society. Reconstructing Phylogenies • 1859-1950- No coherent empirical methods • 1950-1966- Emergence of Phylogenetic Systematics • Phylogeny by discovery of the order of evolutionary innovation Ribotyping • Fingerprinting or sequencing RNA • Many diseases have unknown causes • However, diseased tissues can be ribotyped. (Wiley Death Fish) • This process involves extracting DNA from diseased tissues and then sequencing the DNA that codes for rRNA. • If a disease agent such as a bacteria is present, then we will get ribosomal DNA sequences from the host (you) and the bacteria (the infection agent). Ribotyping: Phylogeny matching • Once we have the rDNA sequences, we can plug them into a sequence matrix of all life and see where our unknowns appear on the tree of life. Our Food Chain • Some products are easy to identify, but others are not. • A slab of fish fillet from a sea bass looks like a slab of sih fillet from a farmed Asian catfish. • But the sea bass costs $10/pound while the Asian catfish...
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...The fuzzy value v obtained from the patient’s conditions /symptoms for the feature rij as s[rij]. This cause/effect δij would be one of the fuzzy sets Yes, No and May Be. represented by: δij = Pij [rij , s[rij]] By summing up the cause/effect of all ki relevant features, the complete diagnosis decision for the ith disease obtained as given below: When diagnosing a disease, weighting factor wij introduced which allow the physician to specify some features have more or less significance than others features and then set proper relative values to weights. If all the features have the same significance, then the weighting factor will be unity for all features. Hence the new complete diagnosis decision value given as : Finally, to obtain crisp values that specifying the certainty of presence for every disease in the set...
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...is the field at intersection of medicine and evolution, using the basic science of evolutionary biology to find ways to prevent and treat disease. Thus, evolutionary medicine does not only focus on why some people get sick, but also asks why natural selection has left all of us with traits that make us vulnerable to disease. Most disese persist because our bodies are not well fitted for our continuously chaging environment and pathogens evolve faster than we do. In addition to that, natural selections has its own limitations (not all deleterous traits can be eliminated and natural selection is a mechanism of “editing”, not a mechanism of “creating”). Another important aspect is that our vulnerability is the result of the tradeoffs our body had to make (maximizing reproduction even when that harms health; running efficiency in women, and birth canal size; speech and its use of a descended larynx, and increased risk of chocking)....
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