...The Assignment BUS 520 Meaning of action: semantic vs pragmatic. The importance of language : How we speak about action; what are the specific circumstances between actors. Language creates new meanings. New linguistic meanings create new possibilities and social realities. And language and action inform each other. Example: the statement “Jump from the window!” can mean many things. The statement can be “reinterpreted in many ways” and “different kinds of actions” are compatible/triggered by that statement, other than the literal interpretation and action that reflects the literal meaning. Semantics views action as propositional sentences. Seen as statements that someone makes to someone about something; they refer to events in the world (mere descriptions of things). Theory of action: from what? To Why? To who? (the agent). Focusing too much on What? and Why? and losing track of Who? (The who? Is ultimately needed for understand action from an ethical perspective.) We need to understand action related to an agent (not just a logical agent but a self). Attribution (of predicates) to a logical subject is not the same as: Ascription to a self where the agent can self-designate himself in the action he performed (or better yet, that he has not yet performed). Imputation (of moral value to an action) is an improvement over attribution but it is not enough. We must distinguish between event vs. action, knowing how vs. knowing that. Action can...
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...on us and finally with how we act in groups, human interactions and social psychology can be understood. The first step in understanding human interactions and social psychology is to understand the self. We cannot expect to understand others if we do not know and understand ourselves first. How many times have we been asked to describe who we are? This question can arise in both a professional setting and in the personal setting. When we state we are a religious person, hardworking, funny or someone who does not believe in something, we are exhibiting our self-concept. Self-concept is the overall understanding of oneself (Feenstra, 2011). Once we have this understanding, we can organize the thoughts just as we do any other information we come across. We all have a way of storing what we know and learn. Organizing and storing information is the only way for us to remember all that we do. When it comes to descriptions of oneself, it is no different. We have what we call self-schemas to organize the information within the self-concept (Feenstra, 2011). If we see ourselves as religious, attend church regularly, seek religious events, and live according to the religious rules, we would have a religious schema. All the information that we know about ourselves comes from self-awareness. By paying attention to who we are and how we act, we learn more about our values and attitudes. We...
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...Essay Questions for Human Learning and Memory Chapter 1: Some Basic Assumptions 1. What is neural determinism? What evidence supports it? 2. Discuss the arguments for and against determinism, citing evidence wherever possible. 3. What is introspection, and why did psychologists abandon it as a method for understanding people’s behavior? 4. Discuss the arguments for and against the use of animals in psychological research, citing evidence wherever possible. Chapter 2: Classical Conditioning 1. How did Pavlov account for extinction? What evidence supports his acount? 2. Suppose you participated in an experiment in which you occasionally received a tone followed by a puff of air to your eye, and that after 20 pairings you began to blink as soon as the tone was presented. One possible explanation is classical conditioning. What other explanations are possible? What are unpaired and random control groups, and how do they allow us to decide whether your blinking was truly the result of conditioning? 3. Discuss the evidence that classical conditioning can play a role in the development of hunger, fear, sexual arousal and drug craving. 4. How have classical conditioning principles been used in the treatment of phobias? Can conditioning principles also account for the origin of phobias? Chapter 3: Conditioning Principles and Theories 1. For more than 50 years, research on classical conditioning suggested that if a CS and a US were contiguous, then conditioning...
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...Chapter 1—What Is Psychology? Learning Goals 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Explain what psychology is and how it developed. Describe six contemporary approaches to psychology. Describe two movements that reflect a positive approach to psychology. Evaluate careers and areas of specialization in psychology. Apply some strategies that will help you succeed in psychology. After studying Chapter 1, you will be able to: Define psychology. Describe the influence that philosophy, biology, and physiology had on the beginnings of psychology as a science. Compare the two early scientific approaches in psychology: structuralism and functionalism. Describe the focus of each of the six contemporary approaches to psychology. Describe the positive psychology movement, and discuss why this movement recently emerged in psychology. Discuss career opportunities in psychology. Profile the main areas of specialization in psychology. Say how studying habits may be optimized. Understand how to be a critical thinker. CHAPTER 1: OUTLINE Psychology is a science dedicated to the study of behavior and mental processes. In this chapter you are introduced to the history of this science, a variety of contemporary perspectives in psychology, the positive psychology movement, and an overview of psychology-related careers. At the end of the chapter, the reader learns about the most effective methods of studying and learning. There are three concepts important to the definition of psychology: science, behavior, and mental...
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...Humor plays a major role in the play “ The Rez Sisters”, by Tomson Highway ( Fifth House, 1998). Humor is used within the play to handle trauma or hardships, to tease one another, and to push past, as well as break, stereotypes. Thus humor is what cultivates, shapes and shifts Aboriginal identity, playing a vital part in who they are. First, humor is a coping mechanism to avoid and push aside problems. It can also provide an output to talk about touchy subject matter, in a more uplifting way and as a result, further helps to release any tension one might have. Overall bringing people together and is they key to the strengthening of bonds within the play. For instance, using humor to deal with violence helps provide an understanding to...
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...investigated through scientific method for the sake of getting to know human behavior and to put reasoning behind the thought, feeling and behavior of human beings as they are influence by our environment and others, basically why we do what we do. Social psychology looks at a wide range of social topics some of which are perception, behavior, conformity, aggression and prejudice to name a few. This paper will highlight a few of the terminologies and theories in this discipline also give overview to some of these afore mentioned topics. Starting with the terminology used in social psychology we look at the concept of self, it is stated in the text Introduction to Social Psychology self-concept “is the collection of things you know about yourself—such as your overall cognitive understanding (learned beliefs, attitudes, and opinions) about yourself” (Feenstra, 2011). Looking at this statement, it can be determined that the ideas learned throughout life about one’s self is a product self-concept. Self schema is what is understood and gathered from self-concept. Text defines self-schema as “organizing this information, affecting how we view the world and takes in information” (Feenstra, 2011). What are gathered from a person as far as the sports they may play, going to church and time spent with my family are all things that can attribute to ones self-concept. Self-efficacy would be the evaluation of our learned abilities to perform those particular tasks. Overall this can attribute to...
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...Chapter 1—What Is Psychology? Learning Goals 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Explain what psychology is and how it developed. Describe six contemporary approaches to psychology. Describe two movements that reflect a positive approach to psychology. Evaluate careers and areas of specialization in psychology. Apply some strategies that will help you succeed in psychology. After studying Chapter 1, you will be able to: Define psychology. Describe the influence that philosophy, biology, and physiology had on the beginnings of psychology as a science. Compare the two early scientific approaches in psychology: structuralism and functionalism. Describe the focus of each of the six contemporary approaches to psychology. Describe the positive psychology movement, and discuss why this movement recently emerged in psychology. Discuss career opportunities in psychology. Profile the main areas of specialization in psychology. Say how studying habits may be optimized. Understand how to be a critical thinker. CHAPTER 1: OUTLINE Psychology is a science dedicated to the study of behavior and mental processes. In this chapter you are introduced to the history of this science, a variety of contemporary perspectives in psychology, the positive psychology movement, and an overview of psychology-related careers. At the end of the chapter, the reader learns about the most effective methods of studying and learning. There are three concepts important to the definition of psychology:...
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...the process of applying, analyzing or evaluating information obtained by experience, observation or by reasoning. I would like to explain in brief. Effectively identify, analyze and evaluate argument. Discover and overcome personal prejudices and biases. In conclusions provide convincing reasons. Make intelligent and reasonable decisions of what to do and what not to do. Critical Thinking plays a vital role when taking decisions to solve problems. In a process of problem solving you can foresee the outcomes before you can apply the decision. This helps us to apply more check points to our decision to make a positive outcome. It promotes creativity and is crucial for self reflection. Also it enhances language and presentation skills. I would like to provide the benefits as categories, which are academic, workplace and daily life. Academic Performance: Understand the arguments and beliefs of others. Evaluate those arguments and beliefs critically. Develop and defend one's own well supported arguments and beliefs. Workplace: Help us to reflect and get a deeper understanding of our own and others decisions. Encourage open mindedness to change. Aid us in being more analytical in solving problems. Daily life: Helps us to avoid making foolish personal decisions. Aids in development of autonomous tinkers capable of examining their assumptions and prejudices. Fallacy : A fallacy is an argument which appears to be valid but in reality it is not so. It is invalid argument which is camouflaged...
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...I’m Looking for a man with the following qualities RICH RICH RICH “It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.” In the opening sentence of Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen sets an intriguing tone to this book, while facetious in itself. The words “truth” and “universally” are used to indicate that this is the social conventions which everyone follows under all circumstances. As I read further into the book, it seems that the “acknowledged” truth is not that a wealthy, eligible single men are in want of a wife, but instead is that the young women and their mothers are pursuing such a man in order to establish a marriage relationship with him. Austen emphasized her point by using the technique of irony and satire in this sentence, this position...
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...and Clinical you must know one contribution from each. For many of the approaches this can be therapies that are used for treating different behaviours. Social 1. Understanding Prejudice · Social approach helps us to understand why prejudice occurs. · SIT explains that prejudice occurs by simply belonging to a group– we belong to an in group and those not part of this are considered the out group. We categorise into these groups and identify with in group members by the beliefs we have and what we wear. In order to make our in group look good we display in group favouritism and show a preference for our in group and seeing their behaviours in a positive light. The behaviour of the out group we put down, and this boosts the in group self-esteem. · Realistic conflict theory suggests prejudice between groups occurs when there is competition for resources, and that it is not simply belonging to a group. This can explain why many groups can live alongside each other in harmony, which SIT cannot explain. · An example of SIT in action is football fans as they categorise themselves into teams e.g. either Man U or Chelsea and wear team colours e.g. red or blue. When these teams play they will call the fans of the rival team names to raise their own teams self-esteem. · Prejudice can account for a number of conflicts that have occurred in society and it is important that we understand why it occurs and how to reduce it to benefit society and its functioning,...
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...LEARNING CHECK 16.1 Describing 16.3 Attribution: The Person or the Situation? Fundamental Attribution Error Actor-Observer Bias Defensive Attribution Self-Serving Bias Social Roles 16.2 Person Perception Social Categorization Physical Appearance Stereotypes Subjectivity Culture and Person Perception CONCEPT LEARNING CHECK 16.3 Explaining Attributional Biases 16.4 Attitudes and Social Judgments Components of Attitudes Relieving Cognitive Dissonance Influencing Attitudes: Persuasion The Foot-in-the-Door Technique Role Playing Affects Attitudes CONCEPT LEARNING CHECK 16.2 Person Perception and Musical Tastes Culture and Attitudes CONCEPT LEARNING CHECK 16.4 Explaining Persuasion 16 Learning Objectives Social Psychology 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 Define social psychology. Compare and contrast social cognition, social influence, and social norms. Describe the core social motives. Illustrate social categorization. Discuss how stereotypes and subjectivity impact personal perception. Explain the various types of attribution. Describe the components of attitudes. Illustrate the different ways to influence attitudes. Differentiate between conformity, obedience, and compliance. Describe the biological, psychological, and sociocultural aspects of prejudice, aggression, and attraction. Discuss the pros and cons of group influence on an individual. 16.5 Conformity and Obedience Conformity The Power of the Situation: The Stanford...
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...ENGLISH LITERATURE The Pride cause of Prejudice in “The Way of The World” Stories by William Congreve by: Nisa Primadita (12130032) Lecturers: Titik Minarti, SE, SS, M.Hum DARMA PERSADA UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF LITERATURE ENGLISH DEPARTMENT JAKARTA 2014 CONTENTS 1. Contents 2 2. Background 3 3. Chapter I: Introduction 4 a. Summary 4 b. Theory 4 1. Pride 4 2. Prejudice 5 4. Chapter II: Analysis 6 a. Pride 6 b. Prejudice 10 c. Conclusion 18 5. Bibliography 19 BACKGROUND William Congreve (24 January 1670 – 19 January 1729) was an English playwright and poet. Congreve was born in Bardsey, West Yorkshire, England (near Leeds). William Congreve wrote some of the most popular English plays of the Restoration period of the late 17th century. By the age of thirty, he had written four comedies, including Love for Love (premiered 30 April 1695) and The Way of the World (1700), and one tragedy, The Mourning Bride (1697). Unfortunately, his career ended almost as soon as it began. After writing five plays from his first in 1693 until 1700, he produced no more as public tastes turned against the sort of high-brow sexual comedy of manners in which he specialized. He reportedly was particularly stung by a critique written by Jeremy Collier to the point that he wrote a long reply, “Amendments of Mr. Collier’s False and Imperfect Citations.” A member of the Whig Kit-Kat Club, Congreve's career shifted to the political sector, where he held various...
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...Dispositional, Biological and Evolutionary Theory Newspaper Article Jamie Ragland PSY/ 405 Professor Robert Irizarry October 12, 2015 University of Phoenix Abstract Why are dispositional, biological and evolutionary theories important? What are the differences between the three styles of theories? What are the strengths and limitations of each of these theories? Dispositional theory assumes that there are a finite number of personality traits that can be measured, evaluated and observed. Biological theory suggests that genetics are responsible for personality. Evolutionary theory asks how the evolved mind and present – day environment connect to shape human behavior. Dispositional Theories Dispositional theories explain the relationship between traits and personality. Two of the most well-known dispositional theories are Allport’s Psychology of the Individual Theory and Trait and Factor Theories. Gordon Allport, Hans Eysenck, Robert McCrae, and Paul Costa Jr are the more common of the dispositional theorists. The assumptions vary from those of the other theorists. However, just as the other theories, the dispositional theories provide a basis for the study of personality. Retrieved from: http://intothedepthsofthehumanmind.blogspot.com/2013/05/theoretical-perspectives-dispositional.html Dispositional Theory Limitations “All theories have strengths and limitations. One criticism of Allport’s theory...
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...Compare the presentation of Abigail in ‘The Jew of Malta’ and with that of Jessica in ‘The Merchant of Venice’ and explain the dramatic purpose they fulfill. ‘Beautiful Abigail and Jessica serve to contrast with the hyperbolic representation of Judaism presented by their fathers.’ Jessica and Abigail both have a variety of different similarities and differences. Both are from wealth obsessed, single parent families that are controlling and manipulative. Their fathers are seen as protagonists throughout both the plays and similarly are both from a Jewish background. This makes the audience prejudge them as inferior characters with possible sinful traits. On the other hand, both are accepted by the remaining characters in which believe in the Christian religion. As well as similar backgrounds and basic character personalities they also portrait the stereotypical Jewish actions towards situations. In Elizabethan times Jews were discriminated and prejudged in the status focused society. They were accused for stealing, adultery and other Christian sins. In the play, both the father-dependent daughters commit the sin of stealing. Abigail steals from the nunnery to retrieve her fathers’ misplaced wealth. ‘Thus father shall I much dissemble…then father here receive thy happiness.” She describes the money as her fathers ‘happiness.’ This indicates that her reason for completing the sin was to fulfill her fathers’ desire. This shows dramatic purpose because it allows the audience...
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...literary society. While establishing his self nationally he also had a job temporarily as an elevator operator. He also gained ideas from the slavery stories that his mother and father occasionally told him. He first published his literature when he was 16 years old. He also created a newspaper based on the black community. After finishing high school he could not go right into college due to his lack of tuition funds. However, some of his work were seen by his teachers other college professors. He also gained friendship from Fredrick Douglass who found him a job and set him up to read some of his work. A lot of his work explained a lot about how he felt about the life of African Americans. The poem “We wear the mask” uses “the mask” to conceal what he says in the poem about the struggle of African Americans for equality. This poem if understood correctly can relate to any type of frustration or hurt. There are three things that help exemplify the...
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