...Child Sexual Abuse Versus False Memory Syndrome People can experience sexual abuse memories from their childhood. These individuals believe that they went through such a traumatic experience of this kind. By remembering how these events occurred in details, these memories are truly experienced by all of these individuals’ emotions and beliefs. Research shows than child sexual abuse memories can occur in the form of repressed childhood experience and/or in the form of False Memory Syndrome. Personally, I identify both of these matters as important psychological and social problems. This is due to the fact that too many innocent children go through sexual abuse by their relatives. With today’s technology, societies are still not able to recognize it, prevent it, and threat it accurately in the timely matter. For instance, those sexual abused traumas cannot be identified easily because of the child emotional bounding to their loved ones. These facts cause children to repress their unacceptable emotional and physical memories into their unconscious mind, which increases the likelihood to develop other psychological disorders. On the other hand, people are mistreated by their therapists and develop False Memory Syndrome. I considered this a serious psychological and social problem. Due to that fact, many professional workers use their educational advantage against individuals who in the need for medical help. These help seeking people’s health and well-beings are highly...
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...To gain understanding of psychology definition and basic psychology concepts is essential to our advancement, there are many psychological concepts, I will be explaining five concepts that I have gained knowledge on during this semester first I will define the concept and I will apply it to a real life situation and how it is relevant to the situation, the five concepts I will be discussion are Groupthink, False Memories, Classical Conditioning, Phobias, Latent Learning. According to Allpsych.com the definition of Groupthink is the tendency for members of a cohesive group to reach decisions without weighing all the facts, especially those contradicting the majority opinion, a good example of this would be a group of teenagers wanting to go out on a school night, and one person suggests a weekend but he is left reserved and goes along anyways, although the one individual does not want to go out on a school night he does not want to conflict, and goes anyways this would be an example of group thinking which is pretty much the de individualization of one person due to them being part of the group. According to dictionary.com false memory syndrome is a psychological condition in which a person believes that he or she remembers events that have not actually occurred, during a traumatic incident such as rape or a murder someone observing it might fall victim to false memory syndrome to the witnesses description this has happened in many cases and some have even wrongly jailed innocent...
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...אוניברסיטת בר אילן החוג המשולב למדעי החברה הקשר בין זיכרון מסולף לשינה ולמצב רגשי סקירה ספרותית במסגרת הקורס: שיטות מחקר | | |מגיש: | | | |יוסי נגר. | סקירה ספרותית זיכרון מסולף או שיקרי קורה כאשר אדם זוכר מאורע אשר לא התרחש. מנקודת מבט מעשית, זיכרונות מסולפים הם איום לתוקפן של עדויות מפי עדי ראיה, מקור מוטעה למידע אוטוביוגרפי בפסיכותרפיה, והצגה מוטה של שיעורים בקונסטלציה לימודית (Reyna, V. F. et al. Cornell University 2006). זיכרון מסולף נבדק, בין היתר, באמצעות פרדיגמת DRM (Deese-Roediger–McDermott). בפרדיגמת DRM, הנחקרים לומדים רשימת מילים (לדוגמא : מיטה, מנוחה, ערות, חלום) אשר מתקשרות לנושא אחד (כלומר : שינה). כאשר הם נבחנים על זכירת המילים שלמדו, הנחקרים לעיתים קרובות שוגים ומציינים את מילת הנושא (Critical Target) כאחת מהמילים ברשימה. בחינת זיכרון מסולף נבדקה באמצעות פרדיגמת DRM במסגרת מחקרים שונים. דוגמא לכך ניתן למצוא במחקרן של קטרינה סוגרו והרלין היינה ( Sugrue, C. & Hayne, H. 2006), אשר בדק את ביצועיהם של ילדים ומבוגרים ברשימות מילים בעלות אורך משתנה (שבע מילים או ארבע-עשרה מילים). נמצא כי אצל ילדים ומבוגרים, זיכרון מסולף ניכר יותר ברשימות הארוכות מברשימות...
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...Elizabeth Loftus: Biography and False Memoires Psy/310 When looking at the field of psychology, we will learn about males who have contributed to the growth of psychology. Some examples of men we study in beginners psychology are E.G Boring, Robert I. Watson and of course Sigmund Freud. There is little mention of females who have contributed to psychology. Why is it that females are not really mentioned in the history of psychology? Females have contributed to the growth of psychology just as men have. A woman that has spent her whole life trying to understand memory is Elizabeth Loftus. We will begin with a short biography and also touch on how she has helped psychology to grow. Elizabeth Loftus was born Elizabeth Fishman on October 16, 1944 to Sidney and Rebecca Fishman in Los Angeles, California (Born, 1997). She was raised in Bel Air with both her parents. Then in 1959 her mother passed away, she had drowned in a swimming pool when Loftus was only 14 years old. Loftus wanted to be a high school math teacher, but after attending a psychology class at UCLA she changed her mind. She continued in school to receive her Bachelors in 1966 in math and psychology. She met Geoffrey Loftus in 1968 while attending graduate school at Stanford, and married him. While attending Stanford she was introduced to the study of long term memory and was very interested in this subject. Loftus got her Masters in 1967. She continued her education at Stanford and got her Ph...
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...Memory is one of the most important attributes that we as humans have access to. Memory involves the power to store experiences and bring them forward into the field of consciousness. However remembering issues as memories that are completely false is known as false memory syndrome (FMS). False memory syndrome can occur when you experience a traumatic or life changing event and you can’t recall the memories you experienced from that day properly but are strongly convinced that they happened to you. most people tend to recall memories not as exact as they happened because of events that occurred prior and preceding it that can alter the way we remember how they happened. However False memories are complete made up experiences that never took...
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...Witnesses rely on their memories to testify as to what they believe is a true account of the event. However, memories have been found to be fallible with no guarantee of corresponding with objective reality (Johnson, 2001). Research has found that false memories (FM), where a person recalls an event that did not occur and mistakes it to be a true representation of that event (Gleaves & Smith, 2004; Johnson, 2001) exists within the realm of eyewitness testimony (ET) (Loftus, Miller & Burns, 1978). This raises the issue of how well does ET reflect reality. Some theories that explain FM include the source monitoring failure theory (Johnson, Hastroudi & Lindsay, 1993), activation monitoring theory (Roediger, Balota &Watson, 2001) and fuzzy trace theory (Brianerd & Reyna, 1998; Reyna & Brainerd, 1995). Due to word count limitations, this paper will explore the concept of FM using fuzzy trace theory, source monitoring errors and the misinformation effect to explain how FM occurs in the context of ET and why ET can never the representation of the complete truth. The FTT proposes that there are two parallel memory traces, the verbatim trace and the gist trace (Brianerd & Reyna, 1998; Reyna & Brainerd, 1995). The verbatim trace stores information item-by-item and is a verdicial representation of an event. The gist trace stores a generalised meaning based representation of an event. The FTT proposes that verbatim trace decays quickly whereas the gist trace lingers in memory longer resulting...
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...Memory Systems Exam PSYCH 640 October 6, 2014 Gaston Weisz Student Name: Class: Cognitive Psychology 640 [Memory Systems Test] Achieved Score: Possible High Score: 100 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. What type of memory stores information for about 30 seconds? A. Working Memory B. Long Term Memory C. Short Term Memory D. None of the Above E. All of the Above 2. What is the estimated amount of neurons in the human brain? F. 1 Trillion G. 450 Billion H. 100 billion I. 895 million J. 1,000 trillion 3. What is the correct explanation for encoding memory? A. Encoding in psychology is taking information into the mind and coding it with brain code and storing the information for later retrieval B. Encoding memory is when memory is recalled to working memory for use and access, then returned to long term memory when the information is no longer required C. Encoding in psychology is the transformation, as well as the transfer of information into a memory system that requires selective attention which is the focusing of awareness on a particular set of stimuli or events. D. Encoding memory is when your brain applies “1’s and 0’s” to information that is collected and placed in long term memory or discarded depending on if the memory is rehearsed or discarded • True or False questions: True False 1. Can a false memory seem real and be perceived as a genuine memory? True False 2. Is long term memory controlled by the hippocampus...
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...Memory Systems Exam PSYCH 640 October 6, 2014 Gaston Weisz Student Name: Class: Cognitive Psychology 640 [Memory Systems Test] Achieved Score: Possible High Score: 100 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. What type of memory stores information for about 30 seconds? A. Working Memory B. Long Term Memory C. Short Term Memory D. None of the Above E. All of the Above 2. What is the estimated amount of neurons in the human brain? F. 1 Trillion G. 450 Billion H. 100 billion I. 895 million J. 1,000 trillion 3. What is the correct explanation for encoding memory? A. Encoding in psychology is taking information into the mind and coding it with brain code and storing the information for later retrieval B. Encoding memory is when memory is recalled to working memory for use and access, then returned to long term memory when the information is no longer required C. Encoding in psychology is the transformation, as well as the transfer of information into a memory system that requires selective attention which is the focusing of awareness on a particular set of stimuli or events. D. Encoding memory is when your brain applies “1’s and 0’s” to information that is collected and placed in long term memory or discarded depending on if the memory is rehearsed or discarded • True or False questions: True False 1. Can a false memory seem real and be perceived as a genuine memory? True False 2. Is long term memory controlled by the hippocampus portion...
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...Diverse Nature of Psychology Name: Course: Institution: Date: The Diverse Nature of Psychology Psychology in simple terms is the studies the minds of human beings and their behaviors. It is difficult to capture about psychology in a brief definition, but topics such as personality development, emotions, motivations and social behavior represents briefly, what psychology explains. It widely entails other scientific discipline and provides appropriate knowledge to solve problems (Pastorino, & Doyle-Portillo, 2011). For example, applications of psychology include mental health treatment, performance enhancement, ergonomics and many other areas affecting daily life of an individual. The different concepts that help to explain psychology include motivation, behaviorism and cognition. How psychological motivation influences Human life. Psychology studies what motivation means to human beings. It explains how secondary motivation to human life and how it influences their behaviors. This intends that human behavior change in different ways and at different circumstances. Motivation is considered an important factor on how people respond to different cases (Elliot, 2008). For example, in an organization where individuals have learned the organization culture and has worked for many years, it is through motivation that they will perform much better than before. It is motivation that encourages a person’s behavior towards their actions. Therefore, psychology major focuses on...
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...sophisticated version of it – actually determine what we believe to be true? Repetition is our way of learning knowledge. Repetition is drilling something to memory, reinforcing the idea in our heads. It is the key to reflexive use (use without conscious thought). Your mind “learns” by repetition and reinforcement. Repetition and its effects on what we believe to be true, play a major role in the way that we accumulate general knowledge. The formula implies that repetition is equal to truth, when really repetition is just repetition. Repetition does not make a statement the truth. But a statement, if repeated often enough, can come to be accepted as truth. This leads us to the question whether a lie can be accepted as truth. From the standpoint of logic, the number of times an incorrect fact is repeated is irrelevant. It is still false. But research has shown that a statement, even an incorrect fact, if repeated often enough, can be accepted as truth. This paper will examine several research studies, influencing variables, and examples from everyday life to identify this occurrence. In addition to this, the possible effects of repetition will be discussed as well. One of the simplest ways to show how repetition causes a statement to be accepted as truth is gossip. First, someone tells a friend a statement, which can be true or false. This friend tells another friend, who tells another friend, and soon this statement is known by everyone, and considered by everyone to be a fact. The...
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...common sense. Naturally, it is difficult to understand why anyone would confess to a crime they didn’t commit. However, false confessions are one the leading causes of wrongful convictions.1 As the Supreme Court of Canada noted in R v. Oickle, innocent people are induced to make false confessions more frequently than those unacquainted with the phenomenon might expect.2 In North America, we can trace the existence of false confessions back to the Salem Witch Trials, where a number of women were persecuted for witchcraft on the basis of confessions that were obtained through torture and threats.3 More recent false confessions have been obtained under psychological duress and not with torture or threats of physical harm.4 Nevertheless, with the developments in law and policies in place to control interrogation methods, false confessions continue to persist.5 This begs the question, are interrogation methods solely responsible for false confessions, or does some of the responsibility fall on the confessor? Scholars and social scientists agree, that it is not solely harsh interrogation tactics that lead to false confessions but it is the combination of these tactics with psychological factors such as, intelligence and personality, which contribute to the likelihood of a suspect providing a false confession.6 While there are currently solutions for avoiding false confessions, they do not adequately address the needs of the most vulnerable individuals who are often induced into falsely...
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...reactions can lead to undue distress and be manifested in psychological disorders such post-traumatic stress disorder as well as anxiety disorders. One source of unwanted emotional reactions is memories of stressful or traumatic events. Past research has found that highly emotional memories can be difficult to forget, and can be frequently brought into conscious awareness without volition. Traumatic memories may well be remembered due to unique organizational and structural features in memory. Whether such memories lack proper coherence and organization, or whether they are overly integrated into the life story, stressful memories appear to differ from everyday memories their structure and organizational features. As a result, once a stressful experience has ended, the experience can continue to affect an individual through his or her memory of the event. In spite of the ongoing controversy surrounding how the organizational aspects of stressful and traumatic events differ from those of non-traumatic memories; most researchers agree that emotion is a central aspect of traumatic events. Many factors influence which moments from our past are remembered best, and the affect experienced during an event is an important contributor. “Flashbulb memories” which are events of emotional significance are more likely to be recalled vividly than mundane experiences, and neurobiological research has confirmed...
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...Study#3 Forensic Psychology: Information Recall / Eyewitness Testimony ABS200 Instructor Clark August 18, 2014 Ashford University Applied behavioral science can be defined as a science that bases its concepts on the observations and learnings of human behavior. Science itself is all observation and learning, we try and try experiments in order to come to one or several conclusions and we observe in order to discover new things. In order to understand behaviors and what causes people do to the things they do we must observe not only the person but their surroundings and daily habits in order to understand them. In behavioral science there are many different sub-sections that can vary from clinical to criminal. Within these different sections we learn by making observations not just of one person but of every person we come across in our work and therefore have to learn how to make treatments based on these observations. In criminal cases, most of the time we are analyzing not only why a person has committed the crime they have committed but what drove them to become the person that they are. In many cases there is a mental illness whether treated or untreated that can cause the person to become unbalanced and therefore dangerous. Other times it is caused by childhood events which cause mental trauma which causes the person to act out in a certain manner. Cognitive psychology goes hand in hand with handling eye-witness testimony. With this type of psychology we use different...
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...The Effects of Cell-Phone and Text-Message Distractions on True and False Recognition Chase Flowers Psychology 201 03-14-12 Flowers 1 Abstract This study reviewed the effects of communication distractions such as cell-phone and texting on true and false recognition. “Participants who tested the study were presented with 24 Deese- Roediger-McDermott (DRM) lists while investigating the presence of absence of cell-phone and text-messaging distractions during study.” The participants were given a list of related words such as mother, crib, and diaper liked to non- related words such as baby. After they studied the list of words, the participants recalled or recognized the words. “Participants not only demonstrate high remembrance for presented words such as crib, but also recollection for non-related words such as baby.” The related words were examples of the true memory and the non-related words were examples of the false memory. “The true memory was highest when the participants were not presented with any distractions during study or DRM words, but poorer when they were required to complete a cell-phone conversation or text message task during study.” The results of this study are examined with respects to both activation monitoring and fuzzy trace theories. Introduction There are about 1.5 billion cell phones currently in used with an average of 75 billion text messages sent monthly worldwide. Although cellular use is great for communication...
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...The Field of Psychology We humans are a strange species and our behavior is often inconsistent. Some of us smile when we're angry, others cry when we're happy. And all of us expect other people to figure out what in the world we are thinking. Not only are we different from other species, we're radically different from each other. Thankfully, our differences can be examined more easily through the lens of psychology—the science that tells us how the mind, brain, and body work together. This lesson introduces you to the field of psychology—its origins, history, key perspectives, research methods, issues, and current trends. This lesson presents the following topics: • What is Psychology? • The History of Psychology • Modern Psychology Perspectives • Types of Psychological Professionals • The Science of Psychology • Ethics of Psychological Research What is Psychology? Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. • Behavior includes outward or obvious actions or reactions such as facial expressions or movement. These actions and reactions are sometimes referred to as body language. John wants to ask Susan for a date, and Susan wants him to ask her out. John worked up his courage, was about to ask her out when he walked by her desk, but Susan looked up with a frown on her face. Assuming that she was frowning at him, John walked quickly back to his own office. Susan, who had a horrible sinus...
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