...Kenxxxx x xxxx xx Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Incident at Boeing simulator operations by Kenxxxx x xxxx xx This report is to bring forth the incident at Boeing Simulator Operations on May 18th, 2008. It is a work related accident and in reviewing the key points that I hope to bring out with this report, it will show that it should not have happened and could have been prevented; as a result of this accident my future has been altered and very uncertain with permanent injuries and a forced changed way of life. First I’ll explain the events leading up to the accident, how the accident happened, the aftermath of the accident, and then how it should have been prevented, as well as, pointing out major flaws in the operation and procedures happening at Boeing Simulator Operations. I was just hired on to Boeing As a Simulator Device Technician Level III on April 25th, 2008 after being away from Simulators for about 2½ years and writing Technical manuals on simulator operation and maintenance for 5½ years before that; See Figure 1 for picture of a Simulator. We were on the second week of doing overtime on the weekends to do hydraulic oil flushing on 2 different simulators that are considered extremely old and the flushing was years overdue; when finishing up on the second simulator (the 757, oldest), all of the hydraulic pumps had been turned ‘ON’ to circulate the oil through the system and after a little while, a pretty bad leak was noticed on one of the Control...
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...Key Terms In a lab experiment there has to be a detailed written page. On the written page you should include purpose, hypothesis, materials, procedure, observations, conclusion, application, and finally a diagram. Purpose is used to describe why the experiment has to be done. Hypothesis is used before the experiment has started; it is an educated guess or can be said as a prediction. Materials are one of the 4 most important pieces in a lab. Without the materials you don’t know what tools to use for the experiment. Procedure is the second most important part in a lab; it is used to describe how to do the experiment. Without the procedure no one would know what to do and I can assume that experiment won’t turn out so good. Observations, observations are split up into two groups quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative is things measured by volume, mass, numbers, and length. Qualitative is what is observed during the experiment using all 4 senses (see, hear, smell, feel). Conclusion is the second last part to write in a lab, it is telling us if the prediction was correct, and what your group noticed. And finally the application, the application is just a comparison or real life example that can relates to the experiment. And then in the end just need to draw a diagram that looks exactly likes the experiment. Now these are just key words that should be used in an experiment most often. Flow rate is just a rate in which the liquid can flow. It is measured in volume (mL)/Time...
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...Definition of terms Allowance * permitted amount of something that is allowed, especially according to regulations. Average selected time * the arithmetical average of all actual times except the abnormal times taken by the workman to compute a task or an element of a task. Avoidable delay * any delay of operator for which he/she is responsible and over which he/she has control. * it refers to delay which the operator may avoid if desired. Condensation * The change of a gas or vapor to a liquid, either by cooling or by being subjected to increased pressure. Critical path method (CPM) * an algorithm for scheduling a set of project activities. Decomposition * The separation of a substance into simpler substances or basic elements. Can be brought about by exposure to heat, light, or chemical or biological activity. * The process of breaking down organic material into smaller molecules that are available for use by the organisms of an ecosystem. Delay * any cause of postponement, interruption, interval, pause or wait until later before doing something. Delay allowance * a time increment including a time standard to allow contingencies and minor delays beyond the control of the workman. Density * is a physical property of matter and is a measure of mass per unit of volume of a material or substance, as each element and compound has a unique density associated with it. * Defined in a qualitative manner as...
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...12/9/2013 Importance of mixing PHC 453 There are very few pharmaceutical products that contain Mixing f i ibl li id Mi i of miscible liquids and suspensions If, a pharmaceutical company wishes to produce a tablet NOR KHAIZAN BINTI ANUAR, PhD Whenever a product contains more than one component, a mixing or blending stage will be required in the manufacturing process. This is to ensure: • an even distribution of the active component • an even appearance • that the dosage form releases the drug at the correct site and at the desired rate The unit operation of mixing is therefore involved at some stage in the production of practically every pharmaceutical preparation. only one component. Generally, several ingredients are needed to ensure that the required dosage form functions as required. dosage form containing a drug which is active at a dose of 1 mg, other components (e.g. diluent, binder, disintegrant and lubricant) will be needed both to enable the product to be manufactured and for it to be handled by the patient. What is a unit operation? = A basic step in a process Various unit operation sequences in tablet manufacturing Definition and objectives of mixing Mixing may be defined as a unit operation that aims to treat two or more components, initially in an unmixed or partially mixed state, so that each unit (particle, molecule, etc.) of the components lies as nearly as possible in contact with a...
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...SIMILITUDE AND DIMENSION ANALYSIS DEFINITION AND USES OF SIMILITUDE • Similitude means similarity • it impossible to determine all the essential facts for a given fluid flow by pure theory alone • we must often depend on experimental investigations. • we can greatly reduce the number of tests needed by systematically using dimensional analysis and the laws of similitude or similarity. • For these enable us to apply test data to other cases than those observed. • we can obtain valuable results at a minimum cost from tests made with small-scale models of the full-size apparatus. The laws of similitude enable us to predict the performance of the prototype, which means the full-size device, from tests made with the model. for example, we might study the flow in a carburetor in a very large model. • A few examples of where we have used models are – ships in towing basins, – airplanes in wind tunnels, – hydraulic turbines, – centrifugal pumps, – spillways of dams, – river channels and the study of such phenomena as the action of waves and tides on beaches, – soil erosion and – transport of sediment. GEOMETRIC SIMILARITY • geometric similarity means that the model and its prototype have identical shapes but differ only in size. • the flow patterns must be geometrically similar. If subscripts p and m denote prototype and model, respectively, we define the length scale ratios as the ratio of the linear dimensions of the prototype to the corresponding dimensions in the model. = ...
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...LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW We can observe the nature of the flow of a fluid by injecting a fine filament of dye into the stream of flow and taking note of what happens to this filament. It was found in experiments that at low velocities the dye filament remained intact and that the filaments made parallel lines in the stream of flow. This is known as Laminar flow (or viscous or streamline). If the velocity of flow is gradually increased, the dye filament is eventually broken up and spread over the cross section of the pipe. This is turbulent flow, in which the particles of fluid are not moving in parallel lines but are moving across the general direction of flow. If a fluid particle in a stream is disturbed, its inertia will tend to move it in a new direction, however the viscous forces from the surrounding fluid will tend to move it in the general direction of flow. If the shear forces are large enough to overcome any deviation, then we have viscous or laminar flow. However, if the shear forces are relatively weaker, and not sufficient to overcome the inertia of the particles, then we have turbulent flow. [pic] Therefore it is the ratio of the inertia to the viscous forces which determines whether flow will be laminar or turbulent. The ratio of the inertia forces to the viscour forces is given by: [pic] c l (Reynolds Number) μ Therefore, it is the Reynolds number which determines whether a flow will be laminar or turbulent. As Kinematic Viscosity...
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...Fluids Lab Viscous Losses in Pipes Objectives: Compare the flow rate/pressure drop characteristics for flow in pipes in the laminar and turbulent regions. Apparatus: The experiment is conducted with the help of a Manometer, with which the pressure drop between two gauge points can be measured. For small pressure differences the water (oil) / air manometer is used, whereas for larger pressure differences the mercury / water (oil) manometer is used. The flow rate of the water is measured in volume per time; the flow rate of the oil is measured with a rota meter. Operating Procedure Before start: Close the valve in the downstream limb of the water/air (oil/air) manometer Switch on the pump Shut the flow control valve until there is no more fluid flow Taking measurements: Open the valve in the downstream limb of the water/air (oil/air) manometer Open flow control valve until a deflection of the manometer is registered Measure pressure difference and flow rate Change the settings of the flow control valve and repeat experiment Theory Viscous friction losses in a pipe can be predicted with the Darcy-Weisbach equation: Δp = f (L/D) (1/2) ρ V² Where ΔP = pressure drop, L = length of pipe, D = pipe diameter, = fluid density and V = mean velocity of the fluid (V = Q/A). The value of the friction factor f is equal to 64/Re (for laminar flow), where Re=VD/v. Also f is equal to 0.316Re-1/4 for turbulent flow. Water – observed | Derived | | | Analysis...
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...tank preserves the volume by allowing the water in the reservoir to overflow into the discharge tank, when the water flow is kept constant. This ensures to that the flow is constant. The effects of small changes in fluid level and volume when overflowing are considered negligible. This constant volume tank represents a pressurized hydraulic reservoir, with constant pressure, making the manometer fluid levels constant and accurate during the readings. If the water levels in the constant head tank were to drop suddenly whilst taking the readings, the pressure will drop and the readings on the manometer would be inaccurate. Question 2: The Hydraulic grade line is a plot of the hydraulic head (which is the head...
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...Drilling is not only for producing pore fluids (oil, water, gas) but also for: Gaining information about the sub-surface; -Allowing injection of fluids; -Exploiting geothermal resources; -Disposing Waste (nuclear waste); -Drilling training/research wells. There are six basic reasons for drilling a well. 1. Information from sub surface is required. This may be to identify hydrocarbon reservoirs, coal seams or other mineral deposits. 2. Allow fluids to be produced from within the Earth. Hydrocarbons are a valuable resource but wells are also drilled for water in arid areas. 3. Allow fluids to be injected underground. Within an oil reservoir, it is sometimes necessary to pump in water to maintain reservoir pressure as oil is produced. 4. Where high downhole temperatures are present at reasonably shallow depths, water can be pumped in to the well to generate steam. The steam drives a turbine to generate electricity. 5. In geologically stable areas, wells may be drilled to dispose of nuclear waste which requires long term safe isolation. 6. Wells may be drilled for training. These wells allow students to practice tripping pipe or casing. Some include a facility to inject fluids at the bottom of the well to simulate a kick. Objectives of Drilling Operations -Minimize the total well cost (i.e. maximize return on investment) -Drill a useable hole (minimize formation damage) -Drill well in a safe and environmentally sound manner. Classifications...
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...Response of Blood Flow through Stenotic Artery with variable Viscosity- A Non-Newtonian Fluid Model A Dissertation report submitted for the partial fulfillment of the award of degree of Master of Science In Mathematics Submitted By Shailja Gautam ROLL NO. 115258 Faculty of Science Dayalbagh Educational Institute Dayalbagh, Agra-282005 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Response of Blood Flow through Stenotic Artery in Presence of variable Viscosity- A Non-Newtonian Fluid Model” submitted to the Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educationl Institute, Agra for the award of the degree of Master of Science in Mathematics, in an original record of the work carried out by Shailja Gautam under my Supervision. Further, this work has not been...
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...Abstract: In this experiment, the velocity profile for a flat plate at zero pressure gradient of a boundary layer at two different stream wise points were acquired. The investigation was also based on and how changes in Reynolds number affect the velocity distribution within boundary layers. Parameters such as the Momentum Thickness, Displacement Thickness, Shape Factor, shear stress and coefficient of friction was also calculated to gain a better understand of boundary layers. The experimental values calculated were compared to the theoretical Blasius for laminar flow and Power Law Solutions for turbulent flow to see how they varied. It was found out the higher the Reynolds number the greater the boundary layer thickness. As the boundary layer progressed the flow went from Laminar to Turbulent. Turbulent flow is more erratic and had a steeper velocity profile affect the shear stress. The momentum thickness and displacement thickness were greater for turbulent flow. Other ideas were examined in the discussions. Content: Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….…2 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..3 Background Theory………………………………………………………………………………………………………..3 Apparatus………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………5 Experimental Procedure…………………………………………………………………………………………………6 Results………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………7 Discussions…………………………….……………………………………………………..…………………….........12 Conclusion………………………………….…………………………………………………...
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...USEFUL FORMULAE - FLUID MECHANICS GENERAL CONSERVATION LAWS FOR STATIONARY, FINITE CONTROL VOLUMES Mass conservation: 0=∀ ∂ρ + ∂t out flows ∑ (ρVA) out − in flows ∑ (ρVA ) in Energy conservation: V2 ∂ρ u + gz + 2 +W = ∀ Q ∂t + V2 ρVA u + gz + ∑ 2 out flows − out V2 ρVA u + gz + ∑ 2 in flows in Linear momentum conservation: ∑F = ∀ ∂ρ V + ∂t out flows ∑ (ρVA V ) out − in flows ∑ (ρVA V ) in Angular momentum conservation: ∑T = ∀ ∂ρ (r × V ) + ∂t out flows ∑ (ρVA (r × V )) out − in flows ∑ (ρVA (r × V )) in Steady incompressible fluid flow in systems with one inlet and one outlet: Conservation law Mass Energy Linear Momentum Angular Momentum Equation (p ) ( ∑ F = m (V − V ) 1 m1 = m2 or ρ1V1 A1 = ρ 2V2 A2 ρ + 1 V1 2 + gz1 − p 2 ρ + 1 V2 2 + gz 2 + u1 − u 2 +q + w=0 2 2 2 ) ∑ T = m (r Vθ 2 ,2 − r1Vθ ,1 ) 1 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND PHYSICAL SIMILARITY Dynamic similarity requirement for flow systems governed by Π-groups Π 1 and Π 2 : (Π 1 )M = (Π 1 )P and (Π 2 )M =(Π 2 )P Useful dimensionless groups in fluid dynamics: Name Euler number, Eu Reynolds number, Re Π-group p ρV 2 ρVL µ Interpretation pressure/inertia forces inertia/viscous forces 1 Froude number, Fr Weber number, We Mach number, M Force coefficient: F ρV 2 L2 V gL ...
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...CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION A hydraulic fluid power system is defined as a means of power transmission in which relatively incompressible fluid is used as the power transmitting media. The primary purpose of hydraulic system is the transfer of energy from one location to another location and this energy into useful work. In this project fabricated model of Multipurpose Hydraulic angle forming machine will describe. Metal forming can be defined as a process in which the desired shape is obtained through the deformation of metals plastically under the action of externally applied force. The type of drive depends upon the length of the stroke needed and loads on the ram. In this project we have applied to the hydraulic force for the angle forming machine. The Hydraulic drive is used when a very heavy pressures is required on the ram this is used for drawing and forming operation .System pressure can be generated in the form of any physical action which results in a compression over the Hydraulic system. CHAPRT-2 BASIC PRINCIPLE 2.1 PASCAL’S LAW Fig no:1 * Pascal’s law states that the pressure applied anywhere to a confined liquid it transmitted equally to every portion of the surface of the containing vessel. * Refer the above fig. When a force is applied to the liquid by a piston, the liquid transmits this force equally to all surfaces of the container. 2.2 HYDRULIC PRINCIPLES There...
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...Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics Fluid mechanics is the study of fluids and the forces on them. (Fluids include liquids, gases, and plasmas.) Fluid mechanics can be divided into fluid kinematics, the study of fluid motion, and fluid dynamics, the study of the effect of forces on fluid motion, which can further be divided into fluid statics, the study of fluids at rest, and fluid kinetics, the study of fluids in motion. Fluid mechanics is very important to engineers when observing flow in pipes, viscous effects of fluids, and the forces that act on a fluid. As a student, I am suppose to demonstrate an adequate understanding of many properties involved fluid mechanics. Some learning outcomes that must be accomplished by taking this class are: * Demonstrate understanding of fluid mechanics fundamentals, fluid and flow properties such as compressibility, viscosity, buoyancy, hydrostatic pressure and forces on surfaces * Apply Bernoulli equation to solve problems in fluid mechanics * Solve fluid mechanics problem using control volume analysis using conservation of mass, energy equation and irreversible flow * Use differential analysis of fluid flow, potential flow theory, viscous flow, Navier Stokes equations to solve problems * Perform modeling and similitude using Buckingham Pi theorem, correlation of experimental data. * Analyze flow in pipes to determine laminar and turbulent flow behaviors. * Apply energy and momentum equations to determine...
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...Mechanical pumps may be submerged in the fluid they are pumping or external to the fluid. Pumps can be classified by their method of displacement into positive displacement pumps, impulse pumps, velocity pumps, gravity pumps, steam pumps and valveless pumps. Positive displacement pump A lobe pump lobe pump internals Mechanism of a scroll pump A positive displacement pump makes a fluid move by trapping a fixed amount and forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the discharge pipe. Some positive displacement pumps use an expanding cavity on the suction side and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pump as the cavity on the suction side expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses. The volume is constant through each cycle of operation. Positive displacement pump behavior and safety Positive displacement pumps, unlike centrifugal or roto-dynamic pumps, theoretically can produce the same flow at a given speed (RPM) no matter what the discharge pressure. Thus, positive displacement pumps are constant flow machines. However, a slight increase in internal leakage as the pressure increases prevents a truly constant flow rate. A positive displacement pump must not operate against a closed valve on the discharge side of the pump, because it has no shutoff head like centrifugal pumps. A positive displacement pump operating against a closed discharge valve continues to produce flow and the pressure in the discharge...
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