... The Forces for Change is a framework to help you understand today’s radically changing world and synthesize the breadth of complex, fast changing, interdependent factors Are all changes bad? Change can be uncomfortable and awkward but it can also be positive. FORCES OF CHANGE AND THEIR ACCOMPANYING VALUES FORCES OF CHANGE & ACCOMPANYING VALUES Turbulence Intellectual capital, Intellectual propert, ,information sharing Networking, innovation, R&D INFORMATION AGE K-Economy GLOBALIZATION DEVELOPMENT Autonomy, Pride, Dignity Independence, Indigenization “CultureBound” Customer Focus; Speed, Responsiveness; Continuous Learning; Accurate & Up-To-Date Information Quality; Value Added; Cost Effectiveness; Humanization; Ecological Specialisation; Objectivity; Materialism; SystemsOrientation MODERNIZATION WESTERNIZATION Individualism; Secularism; Freedom Of Expression; Consumerism INDUSTRIALIZATION Mechanization; Rational Thinking; Bureaucracy; Efficiency; Productivity; Mobility; Discipline; Mechanical Time Orientation; Reliability Stable 1800 AGRICULTURAL Revolution Time line Simple division of labor, labor intensive, Collectivism, sharing 2000 FORCES OF CHANGE & ACCOMPANYING VALUES Turbulence Intellectual capital, Intellectual propert, ,information sharing Networking, innovation, R&D INFORMATION AGE K-Economy GLOBALIZATION DEVELOPMENT Autonomy, Pride, Dignity Independence, Indigenization “CultureBound” Customer Focus; Speed...
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...Mike Glaze Park Cakes Understanding the Forces for Change in an Organisation Company overview * Park cakes are a company producing premium cakes and desserts for supply to the major multiples. It consists of two sites Oldham site producing high end speciality cakes and confectionaries and Bolton bakery producing high end market cakes and mid range cakes. * This project is covering the Bolton site which is a medium sized site within a semi built up area consisting of a mix of housing and local small businesses. The site is around 10 acres and has good access and egress and good transport links to major motorways. Having had moderate investment over the past few years the site is in good condition and scores well with external auditors, the site layout is good having a clear intake through production to despatch. Current turnover of approx 45 million with current site capability with current kit and intake despatch capabilities of around 60 million, with around 25% floor space vacant and available to include further investment in new lines. With a permanent highly unionised workforce of around 250 and a variable agency work force of around 100.The majority of equipment is older than 10 years and most operations are semi automated with high opportunity for full automation. With this in mind we conducted a PESTLE analysis to identify opportunities for change within the organisation (see attached) from this PESTLE we identified the following external influences on...
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...Assess the view that religion is a force for social change. (18 marks) Sociologist take different views on the role of religion on society. Functionalist sociologist such as Parsons argue that religion serves to help its members by providing answers and comforting them through challenging period in their life. Whereas Marxist and feminist believe that religion acts as a conservative force for society, in order to prevent social change. Weber argues that religion can be a force of social change. From his study of the ‘protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism’, he argues that Calvinist beliefs helped to bring about major social change, in particular developing capitalism in Northern Europe. Calvinist led an ascetic lifestyle by working long hours, practising self-discipline and shunning all luxuries. As a consequence of their hard work they became wealthier, leading them to take this as a sign of God’s favour and their salvation. Weber argues that the acquisition of more and more money is the spirit of modern capitalism. Therefore this shows that the religious Calvinist beliefs played a major part in the emergence of capitalism into the world. However other sociologist argue that religion is a conservative force as is aims to preserve and stabilises society, which in turn maintains the status quo. Although Marxist and feminist have different views on the role of religion they both agree that it contributes to social stability. Marxist argue that religion is a conservative...
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...Early Modern Europe – Major Forces for Change There are a lot of events that shaped the history of early Europe. Our ancestors had a lot on their plate when they discovered new lands and fought new diseases. One of the early forces that had a major impact were the crusades. The Crusades were a bunch of religious wars that were called on by the Pope and the Catholic Church in order to defend Christianity against the Muslims and get closer to the holy cities and other places in ancient Palestine. So what exactly does “crusade” mean? The word comes from an old French word “crois”, which means cross (if you haven’t guessed it). The crusaders (men who take vows to fight for Christianity) were not usually under a single banner, they all attached a cross to their clothes, but joining a crusade was usually voluntarily (depending where you were from). The Lords would get a notice that the Pope has called a crusade, and if they didn’t have any local problems of their own, they would go and fight the Byzantines. But the King of a country was still the same old mean guy, and if a lord or a noble died while fighting in the crusades, his land was possessed by the king, and other nobles were so righteous that they sold off their lands in order to buy weapons and armor to fight in the crusades. Not everything was so grim, the crusaders were facing a superior force and they had to adapt, they learned for example how to use a compass or how to build better ships. And while warring with other...
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...Religion can be both a conservative force and an initiator of social change”. To what extent to sociological arguments/evidence support this view. The view that religion acts as a conservative force stems from the structuralist theories of Functionalism and Marxism. Both see religion as facilitating the existence of society in its current form, although their views do differ substantially. For the Functionalist Emile Durkheim, religion, like many other social institutions, acts in the same way as one of the body’s vital organs, in that it “keeps society alive”. In other words, religion has a number of functions that serve the purpose of maintaining social stability and harmony. For example, functionalists believe that through the act of collective worship in the form of religious practices, religion helps bond and unite individuals; it acts as a “social glue” that promotes value consensus and social solidarity. Functionalists see religion as a conservative force in that it helps to integrate individuals and allows them to realise the “collective conscience” (a set of moral codes and values). In contrast, Marxists see religion as acting as a conservative force by preventing revolutionary change. In Marx’s words, “religion dampens the flames of working class revolution”; acting as an “opiate” which makes a life of ruling class oppression more bearable. For example, Engels claimed that the appeal of Christianity lies in the hope of “salvation from bondage and misery”. Those who...
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...Climate Change is a long-term shift in the statistics of the weather affecting production and consumption patterns. [1] Today, we are living in a globalized world where huge changes in production and consumption patterns have dramatically affected not only the economy and the environment, but also our social conditions. [2] Changes in the climate will have an enormous impact on employment and the labor market in general. First, over 1 billion people are employed in the agricultural sector which is the second greatest source of employment worldwide after services. It is clear that climate changes such as extreme weather events, increased incidence of droughts and floods, variability in rainfall patterns, and degradation of lands will have an influence on the agricultural sector. With this, many millions of people working in the agricultural sector will have to face change in the way crops are produced or even look for new pastures elsewhere. The agricultural sector will decrease in size because of the negative effects of climate change. Nowadays, typhoons come and go and so is true with the scorching heat. These extremes damage plantations. This is the time where we are already getting too much of what we wanted. Gone are the days where there is enough rainfall, average temperature, and nice environment. Climate change upsets farmers because most of their crops are wrecked by typhoons and the increasing temperature. With that, there is a tendency that the number of farmers...
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...MAJOR FORCES THAT HAVE DETERMINED THE DIRECTION OF THE CHANGES IN THE EDUCATION SECTOR A foundation has been laid down for the development of sustainable education worldwide. There has been specialize in literacy and skills therefore enabling the expansion and development of the education sector in Kenya and therefore the world at large. Over the years Kenya has noted plenty of changes that have helped improve the education system considerably within the last decade. I’ll begin with a significant ground changer that was the introduction of free primary education. 1. Introduction of Free Primary Education Unfavorable political and economic conditions in Africa throughout the 1990s hindered the expansion of the basic education that was undergoing numerous reforms. As noted, throughout the 1990s basic education went through numerous reforms however the unconducive political and economic conditions at the time were unable to support its growth. Having to rely on restricted resources and donor funding, the government experienced difficulties maintaining academic standards. Afterward the standard of education deteriorated and there was a rise within the numbers of school-age kids who weren't receiving formal education. Figures as an example show that huge school dropouts were recorded which out of about one million students who registered in standard one in 1993 and in 1998, but half a million got to standard eight (Oketch...
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...SCHOOL OF BUSINESS DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION DSM 601 Strategic Management MBA PROGRAMME MARCH 2011-03-17 ASSIGNMENT TWO; ‘HOW INDUSTRIAL FORCES MAINLY TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES HAVE KILLED THE CINEMA INDUSTRY.’ PREPARED BY ANNE. N Introduction The cinema industry in is one of the biggest recipients of the negative impact of industrial changes. Currently the industry is literally falling. Opinions may differ on the exact cause of downfall of the industry. Cinema owners, contractors and spectators were unanimous in their view that, changing buyer life styles, cable network, complaints of obscenity, costly tickets, mobile, internet, computers, DVDs and dish antenna have together contributed to the decreased number of cine-goers in recent years Most cinema halls’ property has been bought or is hired by Pentecostal churches in the country which is now redeveloping the buildings as a worship centers’, others have been converted to shopping exhibitions for clothes and mobile phones. a) Technological changes The range of products that are available for consumers to buy is constantly changing. Consumers of only 40 years ago could not even dream of personal computers the internet, mobile phones, quality sound home theatres and even air conditioned cars just to mention but a few. By researching into and developing new products, some businessses have created huge new and profitable markets. Some examples...
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...Asses the view that religion was mainly a conservative influence but today is more of a force social change (33 marks) Weber sees religion as a form of social change as he believes it brought about modern capitalism. He uses the example of Calvinists. Calvinism was a new religion formed where they believed God had predetermined idea of who would go to heaven and who would hell. This caused panic within the believers and as a coping mechanism they lived and ascetic lifestyle and reinvested their money to prove that they were worthy to be one of the chosen souls that got to heaven. This created modern capitalism as Calvinists would work to the top and reinvest their money into themselves instead of disrupting wealth equally, forming a class society. One criticism of Weber is that it was not the Calvinist belief system that brought about the capitalist attitudes that he claims but rather an alternative to earn money as they were excluded from society and professions. However that could be countered as other religious minorities were excluded and didn’t exceed bringing about modern capitalism like Calvinists did. Functionalists however would completely disagree with Weber as they see religion as a conservative force as they believe it maintains social stability. It is argued that religion performs this function by creating value consensus so people are less likely to pursue their own selfish interest, bringing a risk of society collapsing. For example in the biblical scripture it...
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...Assess the view that religion was once mainly a conservative influence but today is more a force for social change (30 marks) In the past religions role as a conservative force was portrayed by the monarchy, ruling the divine rights in medieval Europe, and the Egyptian pharaohs were considered as almost God-like figures and so no one questioned their authority. Feminists and Marxists both agree that religion is a conditioning device that oppresses people, diluting the demand for social change to protect the interests of the men and the ruling class. This is partially supported by the Functionalist approach, Durkheim expressed the belief that religion provides social cement, reinforcing traditional beliefs chosen by religious moral code; such as the 10 commandments for Christianity, for the good of society. However there are numerous examples of ways where religion has acted as a force of change, such as the war in Palestine, the wars in former Yugoslavia and in a positive way, the actions of religious leaders, such as Ghandi and Martin Luther King. In today’s society religion has acted as both a conservative force and a force of social change, as shown by ‘Islamic Fundamentalists’ in Iran and Afghanistan, and Christian fundamentalism reintroducing the teachings of creationism in the US. Religion is also seen to be a conservative force because it functions to preserve things as they are, it stabilises society and maintains status quo. Most religions have conservative moral...
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...Sociologist Kurt Lewin developed a 'force field analysis' model (1951) which describes any current level of performance or being as a state of equilibrium between the driving forces that encourage upward movement and the restraining forces that discourage it. Essentially this means that a current equilibrium exists because the forces acting for change are balanced by the forces acting against change. The driving forces are (usually) positive, reasonable, logical, conscious and economic. The restraining forces are (usually) negative, emotional, illogical, unconscious and social/psychological. Both sets of forces are very real and need to be taken into account when dealing with change, or managing change, or reacting to change. Forcefield Analysis restraining forces (against change) current equilibrium driving forces (for change) Increasing the driving forces is not enough for change, as the restraining forces remain in place, and as long as they remain in place it becomes harder to use the driving forces. An analogy is when you push against a spring; the more you push, the harder it becomes and as soon as you stop pushing the spring reverts to its previous position (after having sprung past that point). Therefore unless both the driving and restraining forces are balanced a kind of yo-yo effect results; a change and then a reversion back, and then a change, and then a reversion back, and then a change, et cetera, et cetera. It’s important...
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...Throughout life, change is inevitable. Even when change is desired, it can be difficult to follow through. Creating a force field analysis (ffa) can assist someone who is trying to change something in their lives, whether is be personal or business related. In this paper, I will describe the concept of force field analysis as well as create an ffa for an issue in my life that I would like to change. I will also describe how the restraining forces impede my progress and develop an intervention strategy to enhance the driving forces to make change possible. Force field analysis is a very useful tool that was created by social psychologist Kurt Lewin in the 1940’s. In any situation, there are both driving and restraining situation. Lewin wrote that "An issue is held in balance by the interaction of two opposing sets of forces - those seeking to promote change (driving forces) and those attempting to maintain the status quo (restraining forces)". It helps when implementing change by dissecting both of these forces. Driving forces are the forces that drive the change. These forces are what initiates the change in the first place, and is likely to keep the plan going the will result in the change. These changes could be pressure from outside sources, or financial incentives. They are what to keep in mind when restraining forces arise during the change process. Restraining forces are forces that restrain the driving forces. These forces can include conflict, hostility, and resistance...
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...Discuss the models of strategic change. The pace with which organisations face change together with its workers have been increasing tremendously for many years now. According to Julia, B. and Veronica,H.(2008), “change has become a way of life, in any part because organisations are experiencing many different types of changes”. Many schools of thought have come up with ideas or models which identify the phases of change in organisations and the best way to implement them. Some of them include the Force field analysis and the Continuous improvement models of change. Force field analysis The Force field analysis model was originally developed by Kurt Lewin in 1947 which is now the most commonly used method to “map a plan for goal achievement” (Fred, B.and Steven, C.2010). This approach uses the idea that in a change process, there are both the driving and restraining forces that will either enhance or inhibit the progress to change. Driving forces are those forces that push for and promote change and which will obviously produce positive results while restrainers are forces that will block the intended positive outcomes or make change more difficult. Examples of driving forces are customer complaints, long waits of service, increased efficiency, new technology, among others. Some restraining forces include fear of change, lack of knowledge or skills, lack of training and motivation. This is diagrammatically represented below: BEFORE CHANGE ...
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...Sociologist Kurt Lewin developed a 'force field analysis' model (1951) which describes any current level of performance or being as a state of equilibrium between the driving forces that encourage upward movement and the restraining forces that discourage it. Essentially this means that a current equilibrium exists because the forces acting for change are balanced by the forces acting against change. The driving forces are (usually) positive, reasonable, logical, conscious and economic. The restraining forces are (usually) negative, emotional, illogical, unconscious and social/psychological. Both sets of forces are very real and need to be taken into account when dealing with change, or managing change, or reacting to change. Forcefield Analysis restraining forces (against change) current equilibrium driving forces (for change) Increasing the driving forces is not enough for change, as the restraining forces remain in place, and as long as they remain in place it becomes harder to use the driving forces. An analogy is when you push against a spring; the more you push, the harder it becomes and as soon as you stop pushing the spring reverts to its previous position (after having sprung past that point). Therefore unless both the driving and restraining forces are balanced a kind of yo-yo effect results; a change and then a reversion back, and then a change, and then a reversion back, and then a change, et cetera, et cetera. It’s...
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...• FIVE FORCE MODEL IN THEORY AND PRACTICE: ANALYSIS FROM AN EMERGING ECONOMY • FIVE FORCE MODEL IN THEORY AND PRACTICE: ANALYSIS FROM AN EMERGING ECONOMY ABSTRACT For thirty years, the five-force model of Michael Porter has been used as a standard tool to analyze and determine industry attractiveness. In a recent interview to mark thirty years of the theoretical framework, Porter reaffirmed his faith in the model, quoting examples from the airline and steel industries. The model along with the others that Porter has developed, such as the value chain, strategic groups and national competitive advantage, continue to influence strategic thinking in profound ways. And yet, one cannot help observing that perhaps the time has come to re-examine these models in the light of empirical evidence. This paper attempts to argue that the usefulness of the five-force model is limited in emerging economies as compared to mature markets. A longitudinal study of the IT Enabled Services Industry in India demonstrates that with low entry barriers, a high degree of competition (industry rivalry), bargaining power of buyers (Fortune 100 companies), bargaining power of suppliers (large manufacturers of hardware who force technological up gradation at regular intervals), and the absence of clear differentiators (or close substitutes being offered), the industry should have been very unattractive according to the five-force model. On a practical level though, the paper shows that ...
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