...Gender Role Analysis Gender Role Analysis Men and women are different. How different depends on what stereotype one chooses to believe. Although it has been argued that some stereotypes are positive, they are never beneficial. Society creates gender stereotypes and perpetuates them through societal institutions. In this paper the roles of gender will be analyzed regarding education, public policy, and the workplace. How education shapes gender, the gender norms in government, the law, policies, and the role of gender in the workplace will be discussed. Education In many cases the classroom reinforces gender stereotypes perpetuated by society. This can be found in the materials used for instruction, communication between the teacher and his or her pupils and classroom interaction between the genders and with the instructor. Institutions generally have geared textbooks toward males with discussions of famous battles, politicians, and entrepreneurs with very little emphasis on female contributions in society. According to Sapiro, before the 1970s information provided to students “focused on and valued men more than women, indicated to boys and not girls that they should consider doing great things with their lives” (Sapiro, p. 155). Communication and interaction within the classroom also reinforce the stereotypical submissive female and aggressive male roles. Boys are more vocal than their female counterparts in class and instructors give them more potential interaction by...
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...Introduction: Advertising & Gender The adverts are carefully crafted bundles of images, frequently designed to associate the product with feelings of pleasure stemming from fantasies and anxieties (Craig 1997). Advertising can also be defined as a paid for mass-media communication, and a means of managing and controlling the consumer markets at the least cost (Brierley 1995). It is clear that advertisers seem quite willing to manipulate these fantasies and exploit our gender identities to sell products. Gender is a social construct, a dichotomy that exists in all societies (Costa, 1994). It is used to describe the socially constructed differences between men and women, referring not only to individual identity and personality, but also at the symbolic level, to cultural ideals and stereotypes of masculinity and femininity and, at the structural level, to the sexual division of labour in institutions and organisations (Online Dictionary of the Social Sciences). The definition of gender encompasses a great deal. Temperament, abilities and skills, activities and behaviours, ideal types and accepted and unacceptable deviations from the ideal, sensuality and culture based essence of what it means to be male or female, are all part of the gender constructs of a given society. Therefore, marketers perform their activities differently when their targets are male than they do when the targets are female, and consumers’ responses often differ on the basis of gender. Sales personnel...
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...2014 Erica Lloyd Common Differences and Strategies Communication is a part of daily life. Men and women have different ways of communicating which can lead to stressful interactions. This paper will examine verbal and non-verbal communications differences between the genders, types of miscommunications, and discusses the right-of-way concerning gender and status, and provide examples of dialogue among the genders. The author will also include personal experiences concerning miscommunication among the genders, and highlight ineffective communication methods observed, as well as offer effective strategies for solving the situation. Verbal and Nonverbal Communication Men and women employ differing verbal and nonverbal communication styles. These different styles can lead to certain perceptions of stereotypes between the genders. Feminine Style Women use a style that is more engaging and will “promote emotions and understanding in a personal way” (Rawluszko, 2009). A feminine style of communication is polite, involved, and supportive. Women will communicate just for the sake of communicating. The subject matter is less important than the fact communication is taking place. This builds, maintains, and proves the relationship is important (Ivy & Backlund, 2008). Women frequently infuse emotion and their own beliefs in conversations as well. Women’s voice tend to use a higher pitch than men’s. Research suggests that men have the capacity for higher pitch but fear sounding...
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...contribute to other students in the subject of Women in Management later. Throughout the writing of the thesis, I would like to thank several people that have been essential for conducting to my work. First and foremost, I would like to thank my beloved supervisor, Associate Professor Dr. Khairudin Damhoeri for being supportive and for his valuable advices. Secondly, I would like to send a special gratitude to my respondent Puan Nor Rubaiha Mohamed Nor, CEO of Yayasan UEM, UEM Group Berhad. Last but not least, a special thanks goes to my husband, family and friends for putting a smile on my face every single day. ABSTRACT The topic of the thesis is Women in Leadership and Management. This essay concerns the subject of thesis work is to make research of women leadership attributes and management styles. In order to get clearer details about that, I have made some investigations or researches on women leadership starting from definition of it, followed by the data collection in order to strengthen the research topic. Data shows that women continue to increase their share of managerial positions but unfortunately the rate of progress is slow and uneven. Therefore, I decided to examine the barriers experienced by a woman leader and how a woman managerial approach, such as transformational leadership style, can be effective for organization to reach their goals. It is so obvious that leadership is normally dominated by men. While women have some advantages and disadvantages, also...
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... Professor Lloyd SOC/333 Genders in Society April 7, 2013 Communication Differences and Strategies ‘ving feedback on the problem they do not want to listen to women vent about it (Ivy & Backlund, 2008). Women on the other hand, are known to vocalize their issues to bring closeness to relationship through their conversation. Women will also try to express themselves when communicating but they do not realize that they often just sharing their experiences and emotions and not really looking for the solutions to the problems. This will then come across as seeking advice in reality women are just looking for the audience to listen (Sapiro, 2003). When men have conversations they see a means to determine social order and to prove themselves to their audience. While women, on the other hand, often engage in conversations to become more intimate (Sapiro, 2003). It has been found that women tend have conversations to have a close relationships, while men have conversations to find solutions to their problems (Sapiro, 2003). Men also tend to dominate the conversation while women use the conversations to seek out their thoughts, feelings, and beliefs (Sapiro, 2003). As a result when men and women do experience miscommunications it will be a result of not understanding the different communication styles of each other. As it was stated earlier, women will use their communication to help develop relationships while men use communications to help determine their social...
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...HR Policies & Practices: Gender Diversity, Equality, & Leadership Abstract The number of women obtaining higher levels of education and positions in their careers has increased, but the number of women obtaining management and executive positions has remained stagnant. Human resource policies and practices’ follow ethical guidelines, but in practicality are more difficult to apply in the workforce. Human resource practices and policies may be influenced by the overall mindset of a company. The barriers that prevent women from achieving management and executive positions are the same barriers that prevent human resource policies and practices’ from being applied. The gaps in gender equality and wages, created by the barriers, can be discouraging to women from achieving high-level positions. Overcoming the barriers is a task in undoing the mindset that has been instilled deeply within society. Introduction Studies have shown that companies who promote female gender equality surpass their competitors on every measure of profitability, yet women are failing to attain high-level positions. Possible reasons for the persistent wage and gender gap between men and women in senior leadership positions can be found by reviewing current data on women in the workplace, studies on the correlation between gender diversity in senior management and company performance, and literature on gender behavioral differences in the workplace. Women play an increasingly significant role...
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...A Review of the Role of Gender in Conflict Resolution and Leadership The value of effective conflict resolution and leadership skills cannot be understated. As more and more women are moving into decision-making positions, the issue of whether there are gender differences in the ability to manage conflict and to lead effectively has become an important concern. This literature review examines 14 studies that address the role of gender in conflict resolution and leadership. Studies from areas of conflict resolution, negotiation, and leadership are included. Evidence is provided that while women and men are, in fact different from one another, neither outperforms the other in all situations. In fact, while some researchers claim a male advantage in a male-oriented world, others assert a feminine advantage for 21st century leaders. Implications for women leaders are included. Conventional wisdom says that conflict management skills are important if individuals are to function effectively at any level within an organization. They are a particularly important part of effective leadership. As more and more women are moving into decision-making positions, the issue of whether there are gender differences in the ability to use conflict management skills to lead effectively has become an important concern. In fact, some researchers have expressed skepticism about women’s abilities to fit in to the masculine managerial world. As far back as 1979, Powell and Butterfield found that...
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...Tiffany Williams BUS 600 Michael Murphy Gender and Communication July 12, 2010 Gender and Communication I think it’s safe to say that men and women are different in so many ways. We act differently, look different and we communicate differently. These differences can cause conflicts from time to time which often lead to misunderstandings. For communication between men and women to be effective, we must recognize the differences between male and female communication styles. In this paper, I will be discussing the different communication styles between men and women and how these differences play a major role in the workplace. According to Anne Meier (1999, pp. 115-119), “There exist numerous stereotypes in the way men and women communicate”. We will first begin with the most common form of communication….talking. “One of the most common notions is that women talk more than men. Women are also thought to participate in "empty talk," dealing with trivial and unimportant matters. While women's speech is believed to be unassertive and lacking in power, men's speech is viewed as bold and aggressive. Men and women typically talk about different things. In general, women talk more about their feelings than men do, regardless of to whom they are speaking. Women, in conversation with women, discuss personal matters, relationships, family, health and reproduction. Men discuss music, current events, sports, business and other men. Men control the topic of conversation, and...
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...Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation Chelyabinsk State University Faculty of Linguistics and Translation Department of Theory and Practice of the English Language Intercultural Communication Project Stereotypes of gender roles in Egypt and Russia Written by: Elena Yakusheva Group: LIE – 503 Chelyabinsk, 2014 Table of contents Introduction………………………………………………………………………...3 Part one GENDER STEREOTYPES THEORY. …………………………….........6 1.1 Stereotypes: definition and functions…………………………………………..6 1.2 The gender concept……………….. ………………………………………….10 1.3 Gender stereotype: types and functions……………………………………….14 Conclusions on part one………………………………………………...…….......20 Part two. STEREOTYPES OF GENDER ROLES IN EGYPT AND RUSSIA….21 2.1 Research method on the stereotypes of gender roles in Russia and Egypt........21 2.2 The interpretation of the results of the research in Russia……………………21 2.3 The interpretation of the results of the research in Egypt……………………..24 2.4 The comparison of the results and its reasons………………………………...25 Conclusions on part two…………………………………………………………..29 Resources………………………………………………………………………….30 Online resources…………………………………………………………………..32 Appendix………………………………………………………………………….33 Introduction The questions connected with features of a sex of the person and his or her psychological and social distinctions, are among recently the most discussed in society. Today the role of the man and the woman undergoes considerable changes....
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...Case Study 1: Communication Dilemma – Getting Credit Tabitha E. Taylor Professor Bagher Fardanesh MGT 522 – Women in Leadership March 15, 2015 Propose some lessons we can learn from gender communication in business. Some of the main focuses of gender communication in business are the differences and stereotypes of the way females and males communicate. From their use of language, tone, to negotiation skills, men and women have always differed. This mainly stems from the upbringing of girls and boys. There are various lessons society can learn from gender communication in business. Some of the main these lessons can be learned are the following; • Understanding the differences in leadership styles of men and women. • Identifying what types of non-verbal communication methods men and women utilize. • Describing the stereotypes and other biases against women and men in the work place. Men and women have very different leadership styles. Women are classified as transformational leaders. Men are classified as more of transactional leaders. (Reeves 2010) Transformational leaders are more dedicated to building rapport and relationships with co-workers, supervisors, clients, or customers. Transactional leaders are more assertive, direct, and represent themselves in an authority figure image. Men and women utilize different methods of non-verbal communication. Women usually more reserved then males at work. They may simile and nod their head in meetings...
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...several communications concepts including stereotyping, barriers, non-verbal communications, mutual attraction, and self-disclosure. The Love Language video ultimately reveals the reason the female initially seem uninterested and why she was giving the male in the video a hard time; the female is deaf. Social Learning Theory The social learning theory argues that children abandon behaviors when they are punished and repeat behaviors that are rewarded. This process of reinforcement continues throughout life, where men are continually encouraged to engage in masculine behavior and women are encouraged to behave in a feminine manner (Wood, 2007). As children become adults, they transfer these beliefs onto future generations (Basu, 2004). According to this theory, girls and boys assume a passive role rather than an active role in the learning process. We see the social learning theory displayed as the male in the video initiates the interaction between himself and the female sitting next to him. He first tries to initiate a conversation by saying “nice day today, huh”, but he gets no response. He then asks to borrow her pen and then the female lets him borrow her pen. After the initial interaction the male continues to try to initiate a conversation through writing messages on post-it notes, which is reciprocated by the female. This can be seen as a masculine act as described in the social learning theory. Gender Identity Developmental Theory Gilligan’s Gender Identity...
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...#3 The Power of Talk: Who Gets Heard and Why Deborah Tannen’s article essentially points out that men and women have different ways of communicating. Women’s conversational style is more towards developing rapport, providing support, or nurturing in such a way to show how they are attune to communication. This style is conducive towards promoting intimacy and the importance of relationships. On the other hand, men’s conversational style is more assertive, more indicative of independence and the maintenance of hierarchical relationships. This style is important in establishing and communicating the status of a person engaged in communication. Tannen’s views regarding these differences are shared by others. In “Bridging the Gender Gap,” Glaser points out that it is not the fact that men and women play by different rules, but that the problem lies in now knowing what the rules are (n.d.). Tannen noted in her article that differences in communication style for men and women are product of their socialization during childhood experiences. Glaser adds that in the workplace, men do not exclude women intentionally, but that it is men’s assertiveness that may make this perception. Men do not wait to be invited; they simply join in. Moreover, she also states that women have a tendency to be apologetic and to attach qualifiers to their conversation. For example, women would add, “This may be a stupid question…”, “I think this may be the right track…” or “You probably figured...
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...Gender and Communication I think it’s safe to say that men and women are different in so many ways. We act differently, look different and we communicate differently. These differences can cause conflicts from time to time which often lead to misunderstandings. For communication between men and women to be effective, we must recognize the differences between male and female communication styles. In this paper, I will be discussing the different communication styles between men and women and how these differences play a major role in the workplace. According to Anne Meier (1999, pp. 115-119), “There exist numerous stereotypes in the way men and women communicate”. We will first begin with the most common form of communication….talking. “One of the most common notions is that women talk more than men. Women are also thought to participate in "empty talk," dealing with trivial and unimportant matters. While women's speech is believed to be unassertive and lacking in power, men's speech is viewed as bold and aggressive. Men and women typically talk about different things. In general, women talk more about their feelings than men do, regardless of to whom they are speaking. Women, in conversation with women, discuss personal matters, relationships, family, health and reproduction. Men discuss music, current events, sports, business and other men. Men control the topic of conversation, and may use abrupt and direct methods to do so, especially in dyads with women. More...
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...influence of media on gender roles Over the last forty years, the gender roles for male and female have changed quite a bit. In the past, women were often viewed as having to assume the duties of the housewife, while the men are the breadwinner in the family. However, these stereotypical views of men and women alike have changed over time to shape the present. Firstly, in attempt to define the meaning of a stereotype Wikipedia (2009) notes that: “Stereotype is a preconceived, oversimplified, exaggerated, and often demeaning assumption of the characteristics possessed by an individual due to his or her membership in a specific group. [It] usually functions to deny individuals respect or legitimacy based on their membership in that group. They are the hardest to dislodge in situations where a dominant group desires to keep another group subordinate”. The purpose of this essay is to generate an understanding of how gender roles are shaped and defined in society due to an overwhelming amount of stereotyping and the influence of the mass media that has left an undeniable impact on our everyday life. When talking about gender, we are referring to “culturally learned notions of masculinity and femininity” (Tepperman et al., 2007, p. 187). As noted by Tepperman (2007), “From a social standpoint, gender is the social enactment of a biological difference.” The result of this is males are treated as men because they play masculine roles, and females are treated as women because they play...
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...I Define the following terms: Term Definition Stereotypes Stereotypes are oversimplified beliefs in a particular group of people. Stereotypes are usually based on race, ethnicity, or gender. Someone that is judged by their membership in a group instead of on their own individual differences. Prejudice An opinion of belief learned from environmental factors such as friends, relatives, and mass media. Though there are many theories about prejudices and how they are created and approached, most believe that prejudices are taught from a very young age. Labeling theory The labeling theory is the belief that the view of deviance according to which being labeled as a "deviant" leads a person to engage in deviant behavior. The labeling theory explains why people’s behavior clashes with social norms. A person that is labeled may incorporate the label into his/her self-concept. Part II Select three of the identity categories below and name or describe at least 3 related stereotypes for each: • Race • Ethnicity • Religion • Gender • Sexual orientation • Age • Disability Category Stereotype 1 Stereotype 2 Stereotype 3 Race All African Americans are good at sports. All Americans are lazy and obese. All Mexicans are illegal aliens. Ethnicity All Arabs or Muslims are terrorists. All Jews are greedy. All Irish people are drunks. Sexual Orientation All masculine women are lesbians. All feminine men are Gay. All lesbians are liberal democrats. Part...
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