...What? the equator halfway between the poles and another line extending from pole to pole. They then drew a grid of latitude and I-4I-5longitude lines from those geographic reference points, thereby locating any point on Earth using just two numbers. geographic grid: The system of mathematically determined latitude and longitude lines used to determine the location of every place on Earth’s surface. spatial relationships: The close association of human and natural phenomena in place and their mutual interdependence and interaction. spatial perspective: The geographic approach that places location at the center of research, analysis, and explanation. Modern geography is best understood as the study of how the physical and cultural attributes of the earth interact to form spatial or regional patterns Modern geography has improved our ability to explain the world by utilizing four traditional areas of study: • 1. the location of physical and cultural features and activities (spatial distributions); • 2. the relationships between people and the lands that support them; • 3. the existence of distinctive areas or regions, including analysis and explanation of how they came to be formed; and • 4. the physical characteristics of the earth, perhaps the oldest of all geographic traditions. patial tradition: A geographic perspective that emphasizes how things are organized in space, especially spatial distributions, associations, and interactions. man-land tradition: A geographic...
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...Themes and Traditions of Geography Jennifer Friedrichsen Geography 100 4/20/2012 Dr. Siri Nimal Wickramaratne Themes and Traditions of Geography “Geography is the science that studies the relationships among natural systems, geographic areas, society, culture activities, and the independence of all of these over space.” (Christopherson, 2010, p. 4) Over time there have been two attempts that have influenced the basic understanding of geographic information, which allows us to gain additional and improved knowledge as well as appreciation for environmental changes and the different cultures around the world. These attempts are The Four Traditions of Geography and The Five Themes of Geography. Four Traditions of Pattison The four traditions consist of the spatial tradition, area tradition, man-land tradition and earth science tradition. Spatial Tradition is an “academic tradition in modern Geography that investigates geographic phenomena from a strictly spatial perspective” (Pidwirny, 2006). Spatial Tradition focuses on the mapping, positioning, direction, and distance, the characteristics of the form and movement related to these aspects or the distribution of phenomena. Area Studies Tradition is “an academic tradition in modern Geography that investigates an area on the Earth from a geographic perspective at either the local, regional, or global scale” (Pidwirny, 2006). This is the descriptions of different areas or regions. The nature of these...
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...Urban Growth and Decline Decisions made by individuals, groups and governments regarding urban growth and decline, are ways in which each are involved in addressing the issue. Urban growth and decline are the geographical processes that are constantly shaping Australian cities. Managing these issues within a city is a key role of geographers as they work to make cities desirable, efficient and sustainable areas to live. This response will examine range of decisions made by governments, groups and individuals. Therefore this response will explain how decision making by individuals, groups and governments, is involved in addressing urban growth and decline. The various Governments have been involved in the decision making process, in order to address urban growth and decline. There are many government decisions and responses. These include the City-West Redevelopment Program, the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority and the Honeysuckle Development Corporation. The City-West Redevelopment Program was when the government constructed new urban infrastructure in the city of Pyrmont such as roads, lighting, communication, water, sewerage and telecommunication. This government response is highly effective because it brought 22,000 residents as it was an affordable housing program, which built houses which had water views and it also brought a working population of 26,000 people. Another government response is The Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority. This administered the urban renewal...
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...CURRICULUM OF GEOGRAPHY For 4 years BS & 2 years MS (Revised 2009) | | HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION ISLAMABAD CURRICULUM DIVISION, HEC Dr. Syed Sohail H. Naqvi Executive Director Prof. Dr. Altaf Ali G. Shahikh Member (Acad) Miss Ghayyur Fatima Director (Curri) Mr. M. Tahir Ali Shah Deputy Director (Curri) Mr. Shafiullah Deputy Director Composed by Mr. Zulfiqar Ali, HEC Islamabad CONTENTS 1. Introduction………………………………… 6 2. Aims and Objectives……………………… 10 3. Standardized Format for 4-years BS degree programme ………………………. 12 4. Scheme of Studies for BS …………………. 14 5. Details of Courses for BS …………………. 16 6. Elective Group Papers ……………………. 45 7. Scheme of Studies for MS Programme …. 48 8. Details of Courses for MS …………………. 50 9. Optional Courses Model……………………. 56 10. Recommendations …………………………. 61 11. Annexures A,B,C,D & E …………………… 63 PREFACE Curriculum of a subject is said to be the throbbing pulse of a nation. By looking at the curriculum one can judge the state of intellectual development and the state of progress of the nation. The world has turned into a global village; new ideas and information are pouring in like a stream. It is, therefore, imperative to update our curricula regularly by introducing the recent developments in the relevant fields of knowledge. In exercise...
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...ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY Y U K O A O YA M A J A M E S T. M U R P H Y SUSAN HANSON KEY CONCEPTS IN key concepts in economic geography The Key Concepts in Human Geography series is intended to provide a set of companion texts for the core fields of the discipline. To date, students and academics have been relatively poorly served with regards to detailed discussions of the key concepts that geographers use to think about and understand the world. Dictionary entries are usually terse and restricted in their depth of explanation. Student textbooks tend to provide broad overviews of particular topics or the philosophy of Human Geography, but rarely provide a detailed overview of particular concepts, their premises, development over time and empirical use. Research monographs most often focus on particular issues and a limited number of concepts at a very advanced level, so do not offer an expansive and accessible overview of the variety of concepts in use within a subdiscipline. The Key Concepts in Human Geography series seeks to fill this gap, providing detailed description and discussion of the concepts that are at the heart of theoretical and empirical research in contemporary Human Geography. Each book consists of an introductory chapter that outlines the major conceptual developments over time along with approximately twenty-five entries on the core concepts that constitute the theoretical toolkit of geographers working within a specific subdiscipline. Each entry provides...
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...DB 1: Geography posted by Stacy Harris Thu Dec 9 23:48:28 2010 According to yourdictionary.com, Geography is defined as the study of the earth and all of its features. This also includes the human race and the effect that humans play on the earth. NationalGeographic.com states that there are five themes in Geography. These themes are location, place, human/environment interactions, movement, and regions. If I would have not read this article, I would think that location, place, and region are just about the same. But as I read the article, I found this was not the case. Location refers to the latitude and longitude of an exact spot on a map or globe. Places are defined by the characteristics that distinguish them from other places. For instances, the animal population of certain place makes it unique, as well as other features like mountains and even human architecture. Region refers to an area on earth that is unified by a specific attribute. These attributes can be either human or physical and can include things like climate,religious, political, cultural, and many others. Movement is used to study the way people and products move from one place to another through interactions and travel. It is also used to study resources and where they are located around the earth and how these resources are dispersed throughout the world. Human interaction/environment is used to describe the way that people interact with the world around them. This interaction can be both positive and negative...
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...What is Geography? Geography is the study of earth’s surface and the processes that shape it. It is the connection between places. Who are Geographers? Geographers are scientists who study the relationship between people and their environments. Two main branches of geography • Physical geography Study of the physical features and changes on the earth’s surface. • Cultural geography Study of humans and their ideas and the impact of human ideas and actions on the earth. MODERN TECHNIQUES IN GEOGRAPHY 1. Geographic Information System (GIS) Geographic information system is a computer system for capturing, storing, checking, and displaying information identified with positions on Earth's surface. GIS can indicate...
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...f study Methodology Location of study area Presentation and analysis of data Conclusion Bibliography AIM OF STUDY The aim of this study is to discover and describe problems faced by peasant farmers in the geographical area of Ewarton; St. Catherine. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION On Tuesday, December 3, 2013, a field study was implemented in Ewarton in the parish of St.Catherine, Jamaica. The locations of study were scheduled to be Worthy Park Estate in Liuidas Vale and Farmer Roy’s Farm in Ewarton, St.Catherine. The weather was hot and very sunny thus there was no disturbance in this field study .The materials used to carry out the observation were: notebook, pen, pencils, camera, recording devices on phones and textbooks. A few of my friends also students participating in the field study formed a small group to gather primary information using questionnaires and interviews accordingly by conducting informal interviews and written questionnaires . Data was also collected through textbooks and the internet. Our first location was Worthy Park Estate .Worthy Park Estate is a sugar factory and distillery. It is surrounded by Cockpit Mountains and is 1200 ft. above sea level. It is a suitable place for study because it is cooler than most places although quite sunny during the daytime .The climate provides the best growing conditions for the growth of sugarcane it is also considered a commercial farm. Our second location was a subsistent farm owned by the...
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...What is human geography ? Nature of place Meanings Assumptions and expectations Disciple and power relations Developing Location.. whats here why is it here Region (imaginary- formal, function and perceptual) Place Landscape 2.1 What is globalization 2.2 what are the connections between globalization and geographical ? 2.3 why do some people or groups oppose globalization Political geography 3.1 spiritual organization-states nations 3.2 the modern nation-state 3.4 Geopolitics and critical geopolitics. 3.5 supranational organizations and the future of the state Understanding the current world map POLITICAL GEORAPHY study the effect of political actions on humans geography. spatial analysis of political phenomenon moving around people are going around. Ex china going to Afghanistan for resources The study of states- their groupings and global relations. France cannot stand the US.. their relationship is lost Territory, sovereignty, and boundaries TERRITORITALITY a country’s or local community’s sense of property and attachment toward its territory, as expressed by its determination to keep it inviolable and strongly defended (text pg 53) it’s a space of something its our natural action to protect or control our territory.. and meaning of territory. Must all the land be owned? Ex even when we went to the moon we had to plant a flag and say it was ours SOVEREIGNTYexclusive control over territory a principle of international relations(all...
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...Part Two This assignment will provide a justification of the scheme of work created. The scheme of work has closely linked two foundation subjects together, these are geography and art and design. Together, these compliment and enrich the children’s learning through a Take One approach. Take One Methodology begins with an initial stimuli chosen, in the scheme of work created this is a Dutch landscape painting which can be found in the Walker Art Gallery, (See Appendix One.) Using a stimuli is something which Bloomfield, (2000:138) supports, as they ‘are used to enhance children’s understanding.’ From this a plan of potential lines of enquiry should be created around the artefact chosen, (see Appendix Two.) This helps the practitioner to select one key line of enquiry, and from this, clear connections between subjects can be identified. This promotes cross-curricular learning, however Barnes, (2007:245) states that ‘cross curricular teaching is risky.’ This is something which Webb, (1996:93) identifies; however there are ‘no magical formula[s] for incorporating a crucial cross-curricular theme.’ Previous experience has shown that cross curricular practice will come when a wealth of experience and confidence is gained. The two subjects linked within the scheme of work are geography and art and design. Linking these together is something which Bloomfield, (2000:123) identifies as beneficial as ‘geographical understanding can be expressed artistically.’ It is believed by Althouse...
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...English 269: Intro to Cultural Studies 30 September 2010 Cultural Geography Project The small piece of property between Torches on the Hudson and Gully’s Restaurant in Newburgh has become a cornerstone of revitalizing the city’s economy. Although it is only about half a mile long, in less than ten years the enormous facelift that has been given to the area has done wonders for the city’s revenue and tourist appeal as well as provided a much needed aesthetic boost to the waterfront area. Newburgh’s waterfront area has a rare appeal for this particular case study because it has aspects of providing a sense of community in the sense that it is often a focal point for local social gatherings, but it is also a place whose very existence is predicated upon the fact that it generates revenue for the city. As a young kid I can remember days where my father and I would drop my mother off at work and spend the rest of the morning running errands while stopping at the Newburgh Waterfront for lunch. By and large the place was decidedly unimpressive. In fact, there wasn’t much to be seen other than the old rickety piers and the folks ignorant enough of their state to trust their sturdiness (my father and I were quite often included in this class). There were sidewalks to nowhere, not much parking, very little landscaping was done, no shops, just a pier and the few people on it. It seemed, when looked at as a whole, very much like an area that had been almost forgotten by the city...
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...Geography is one of the many disciplines included in the interdisciplinary subject of social studies. It is a vital component of social studies as it helps students develop a mental map of their community, province and country. Developing a personal mental map allows students to imagine and bring together the concepts and information they receive about the spatial organization of society and it relationships with natural resources, disasters, weather patterns and climate. This unit will focus on three major components of Canadian geography each of which will be scaffolded upon the next. The unit will be concerned with the regional and physical geography of Canada and the natural resources found within each region. I chose to introduce regional...
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...Chapter 8 Outline -In 1997, the newly elected Labor party in London gave the Scots (and the Welsh) the opportunity to vote- not for independence, but for devolution. They both voted in favor, taking a major devolutionary step in one of Europe’s oldest and most stable unitary states. - Scotland’s new autonomous status has not necessarily fueled greater calls for independence. - At the heart of most devolutionary moments however, is a strong sense of ethnocultural or economic difference and when sense of difference coincide with conflicting senses of territory, the results can be explosive. - Devolutionary pressures often arise from a combination of sources. - Catalonia produces some 25% of all Spanish exports by value and 40% of its industrial exports. - Economic forces play an even more prominent role in Italy and France. - Italy faces serious devolutionary forces on its mainland peninsula as well one is the growing regional disparity between north and south. The wealthier north stands in sharp contrast to the poorer south. - The most recent of Italian politicians was the Northern League which raised the prospect of an independent state called Padania. The Northern League’s Efforts fell short. - Devolutionary events most often occur on the margins of states. - Distance, remoteness, and marginal location are allies of devolution. - The regions most likely to seek devolution are those far from the national capitol. Many are separated by water, desert, or mountains...
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...AP-Human Geography Essay Geography at the moment is not a prevalent subject within the American school system. Some professors believe this is in part at fault for American’s lack of awareness of the world around them. Many believe it is necessary to educate students on geography, so they are able to fully comprehend current events occurring around the globe. Is what we learn by studying geography important enough that we should consider including it more heavily in students curriculums? Geography is the study of the earth, ranging from the land itself and the people who inhabit it. It’s arguable that without knowledge of the geography one can’t fully understand the events of history. Earths geography largely influenced early human civilization in many ways including where humans settled and what people’s occupations were. It also played a large part on the outcome of early wars. Today basic knowledge of geography is necessary to understand many current events. International peace treaties are hard to understand if you don’t know the interest of the countries involved their neighbors, allies, and international ties. The impact that conflicts between countries have on their neighbors is hard to comprehend if you don’t know where these are located. Two articles written by Charles F. Gritzner, a professor of geography at South Dakota State University, emphasize the importance of geography. In both articles the professor discusses how uneducated most Americans are on the...
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... * Presentation of Data and Analysis...................................7 * Conclusion...................................................................... 16 * Bibliography ...................................................................17 * Appendix ........................................................................18 Aim of Study This study aims to examine what processes have affected the features on the stretch of the coastline at Archer’s Bay, St. Lucy, Barbados. Location of Study Fig 1 A Sketch Map of Barbados Fig 1.2 A Sketch Map of Archer’s Bay St. Lucy Fig 2 A Sketch Map of Archer’s Bay St. Lucy Barbados Methodology: Methodology On Wednesday, 5th November, 2014, a group of geography students from Harrison College visited Archer’s Bay, St. Lucy Barbados to study the influence of wave action on the visited coastal landforms. The data was collected between 10:00 am and1:30pm.The used equipment were : a ruler, a compass, a protractor, a stopwatch, a camera, tape measure, clinometers, ranging poles pencils, a sketchpad and sample bags. To begin with, field sketch maps were drawn using a sketch pad and pencil and photographs were taken of Archer’s Bay using a camera. Next, data was collected to construct a beach profile. Using the ruler, ranging pole, protractor...
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