...What is the difference between a theory and a model? I suppose this question is asking is the difference between a leadership theory and a leadership model. A leadership theory is an explanation of some aspect of leadership; explanation of the variables and leadership styles to be used in a given contingency situation. A leadership model is a short summary of the theory to be used when selecting the appropriate leadership style for a given situation. What contingency leadership variables are common to all of the theories? For Followers, capability and motivation, for leaders, personality traits, behavior and experience, for situation, task structure, and environment. I have no idea what this means but the chart in the book stated that exhibit 4.1 was the framework for contingency leadership variables. How does the global economy relate to contingency leadership? Contingency leadership style is based on the leader, follower and the situation. Taking someone from a country such as the United States, have him/her try to lead in China the way they would in the United States, could be disastrous. In Contingency leadership it is best to match the leader to the follower or situation. What are the two contingency leadership theory leadership styles? Task and Relationship are the two leadership styles under the contingency leadership theory. Task relates to the job and relationship relates to the employee. Do the three situational favorableness factors of the contingency leadership...
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...Group norms: expected behaviour sanction by a group which regulate and foster uniform member behaviours. Norms develop due to: * Explicit statements * Critical events * Primary Explicit statements: explicit supervisor and co-worker statements can inform about group member’s expectations Critical events: in any group, critical events in a group history set precedents for the future. Primary: See tendency for the first behaviour pattern, a group displays to set group expectations. Group cohesiveness – how much members are attracted to a group, are motivated to staying it, and are influenced by one another. Group development: * Forming: Members try to assess the ground rules that apply to a task and to group interaction. Members seek information about the task, evaluate now group could interact to achieve it, and begin to test how valued their input will be. * Storming: Group members conflict with each other as they find and try to resolve differences of opinion on key issues. Issues might involve task needs and possible resistance. Conflict may arise from how members relate. Members may struggle for leadership if one is not appointed. * Norming: Group members start to build group cohesion, reaching a consensus about task performance and relationship norms. Members idiosyncrasies are accepted and people start to identify with the group members roles are clearer, the group is willing to engage in mutual problem solving. * Performing: Stage when energy...
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...Crime Theories Marcelino Sanchez CJA/204 12-06-11 Frank Juarez Crime Theories The choice theory has an important role to play when considering the reasons leading to a criminal activity. This theory has its own importance while creating strategies for controlling or reducing crime. For this, it is important to understand the theory and how it affects the possibility of someone taking part in criminal activity and how an attempt to control crime would take place under choice theory. Choice theory has derived from the works of early theorists, Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham. The Choice Theory obviously affects how society would deter criminal acts. The choice theory of criminology is also known as the classical theory. The fundamental concepts of this theory are that people select all behavior, including criminal behavior. People's choices can be controlled by many factors such as the fear of punishment or the benefits which are attained by doing the crime or an illegal activity. So it implies that the more severe, certain, and swift the punishment, the greater is the possibility to control criminal behavior. The choice theory in relation to criminology, states about punishment, and its effects on criminal behavior. According to choice theory, punishment should have four main objectives. The first and the most important is to prevent all criminal offenses. The second objective is that when it cannot prevent a crime, it should persuade the offender to commit a lesser...
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...choice theories will be described as well as how they specifically relate to crime. Common models on how society determines which acts are or are not criminal in nature and how they impact choice theories directly will also be made known in this paper. The first topic at hand is choice theories. What are choice theories? According to Wikipedia (2011) “the term choice theory is the work of William Glasser, MD, author of the book so named, and is the culmination of some 50 years of theory and practice in psychology and counseling. Choice Theory posits that behavior is central to our existence and is driven by five genetically driven needs, similar to those of Abraham Maslow: Survival (food, clothing, shelter, breathing, personal safety and others) and four fundamental psychological needs: Belonging/connecting/love, Power/significance/competence, Freedom/autonomy, and, Fun/learning” So in short it is safe to say that choice theories would be perspectives on crime causes states that criminal activities are the after thoughts of a conscious decision or choice. Choice theory is also known as rational choice theory. Rational choice theory is when a criminal feels the need to defy the law even though they know the consequences do not outweigh the benefit of doing so. Choice theory states that there is a central behavior to our existence and this is driven by five needs. These needs consist of responsibility and freedom, significant/power/competence...
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...quality. Poverty is a major issue in America today. according to this article, the poverty rate of white children is four times less likely to live in property than black children. This article talks about how children under the age of 18 in America make up a very large portion of the world’s population. Even though the economy has greatly improved over the past years, the poverty levels for black children have not. A theoretical perspective that can relate to this article would be social equality. Basically social equality is that everyone in a society has equal access to various things such as status, wealth, goods and services. There are two types of inequality, the first is physical inequality and the second is political inequality. Physical inequality is just differences in physical features such as health and age. Political inequality is just differences in people that have more power or money. Political inequality is the one that is going to focused on more. The theoretical perspective social inequality can relate to the above article. Mark Berman states in his article, “Black children are nearly four times as likely as white children to live in poverty, report says” that, “White households essentially had 13 times the median wealth of black households, and 10 times the wealth of Hispanic households” ( Berman 2014). This is a very big issue. White households have a significantly higher median wealth than black and hispanic households. It is obvious that white children...
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...Discussion question 1: Motivational theories exclusive to the United States or more widespread: Motivation is the process of creating zeal among the individual in an organization or in group of task to bring an effective outcome motivation deals with three key elements which includes intensity, direction, and persistence. Intensity describes how hard a person tries. High intensity is unlikely to lead to favorable job performance outcome unless the effort is changeable in a direction that benefit the organization. Motivation has a persistence direction. This measures how long a person can maintain effort. Motivated individuals stay with a task long enough to achieve their goal. (pearson) The motivational theories fall into two main categories such as content theories of m otivation and process theories of motivation where content theories explains the dynamics of human needs such as why people have different needs at different time whereas Process theories do directly explains how needs emerge through deriving the process through which needs are translated into behavior. It explains why people behave the way they do .Content theories of motivation are universalistic theories and they are those theories discussed in this chapter which are not only exclusive to the united states but also more widespread everywhere. And those theories are described below: Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory: This theory is probably safe to say the best-known theory of motivation. According to (Maslow...
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...Choices This paper will identify and describe choice theories and how they relate to crime, and will list and describe the common models in how society determines which acts are considered to be criminal and how it impacted by choice theories of crime. It is easy to understand why the entertainment industry and the media are targeted as the cause of criminal violence, many other explanations for crime are also viable, like genetic abnormalities or psychological differences in individuals. Various patterns of early socialization may cause a person to commit a crime (Schmalleger, 2009). Some types of criminology theories are classical and neoclassical, include the Free will theory, rational choice theory and routine activities theory. Crime is caused by exercise of free will. Prevention is possible with punishment that offsets any gains to be had through criminal behavior. The choice theory was developed in the 18th century by an Italian philosopher and politician. His theory explains the offender’s motivation to commit a crime is purposeful, with the intent of some sort of ego boosts or personal gain. The rational cause theory is when the offender makes the choice to commit the crime upon examining the consequences or benefits. The offender would then plan the crime and the location and the target of the crime. The offender would then execute the crime knowing that it is wrong but still chooses to commit it. The sociological theory is a study of social structures within the offender’s...
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...the lens of Karl Marx Disney’s Pixar film, A Bug’s Life, is much more than meets the eye. The film is not only an animated comedy; it holds deep sociological theory within its plot. Many of the major themes and concepts of the movie can be viewed through the lens of the famous theorist Karl Marx. Marx’s theory is famous for focusing on how society functions. In particular he concerns himself with how capitalism, the working class, and the revolutions create problems in our society. My paper will analyze how Marxian theory and concepts fit into major climactic scenes of the film. The film revolves around the protagonist Filk, a worker ant. The colony is being oppressed by a group of grasshoppers and their leader Hopper. The grasshoppers claim they will provide protection as long as the ants provide the food supply. When the ants cannot supply the food for the grasshoppers, Hopper demands the ants to produce twice as much food as they did before. As a result, the ants will not have enough food to store up for themselves. Filk then travels to recruit warrior bugs to help the ants fight off the grasshoppers. According to Marx, this would free the colony from the constant oppression of the grasshoppers. The major themes of the movie follow Marxian theory. The first relates to Hopper and how the grasshoppers abuse their power and exploit the ant colony. The grasshoppers expect food knowing that the ants cannot produce enough food for themselves and the grasshoppers to consume. In...
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...ransom theory of the atonement was founded by theologian Origen of Alexandria. This theory was very dominant in the early Christian church and has also been called the "Classic" theory of the atonement. It is pulled from several scriptures in the Bible referring to Christ’s death on the cross as a ransom.According to this view, Satan established some sort of control over humanity when Adam and Eve sinned and held humanitycaptive. So, God had to literally “make a deal with the devil”in able to justly free them from Satan’s so called bondage. The deal was, according to the ransom theory, that God paid his Son Jesus Christ to Satan on the cross in order to win back those who were held captive by Satan. This is probably the craziest theory I have ever heard of but to Origen and other theologians and to those who followed them, it made complete sense. They had their own interpretations of Mark 10:45 which says, “For even the Son of Man did not come to be served, but to serve, and to give His life a ransom for many.” According to Origen this scripture reference referred to Christ’s death as a ransom paid to Satan. He believed that the sin of Adam and Eve caused God to abandon humankind to the Devil, who then exerted his power over humanity. When God decided to reconcile with us, he agreed to pay Satan a ransom for our freedom from Satan. The agreed-upon payment was Jesus' death on the cross. After the crucifixion, Satan kept his part of the bargain by releasing us from his power. As we...
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...has been proven based off of the great track record that the club has had over the past 34 years. The Golden Years Investment Club is a club that is primarily made up of middle aged professionals and retirees and a new comer by the name of David Korn. David Korn became a member of the group after attending a presentation by the “Golden Years Investments Clubs” leader Lenn Width. After a year of being in the club Korn started to get frustrated with the way that Width was running the way that the company was investing their money in and it was becoming frustrating. Throughout the year of frustration Korn would bring up more and more of his ideas on where the club should invest. Now yes of his ideas showed of being possibly good choices, but there were a few that would not have panned out if they invested at the time. As time went on and after hearing all of the different investments that Korn wanted the club to invest in Width started to see that he may be losing his power of having the final say and seeing he knew he had to do something to stop that. Width had decided that it was time to get rid of Korn and set up a secret meeting to vote to get rid of him so as though no one would be taking his power of final choice over what is going to be done. At that meeting it came to the conclusion that David Korn was to be out of the club if they were to keep the club running. After Korn was kicked out of the club there it seemed as though were fewer fights that had gone on based off of the...
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...disorganization? Social disorganization is best described as the social breakdown in society that offers an explanation to causation in criminality. Several theories are in place to support the notion of social disorganization as causation to criminal deviance, relating to social aspects: Sutherland’s differential association theory asserts that criminal behavior is learned through created social norms of society. These norms are then perpetuated through the strength of these social ties and the weakening or destruction of lawful relationships, which bond functional social organizations together (Jensen, 2003). He further affirms that criminal activities are more likely to take place in areas where lawlessness is held in higher regards than lawfulness and that criminals are guided by many of the same principles as societies that operate under lawful guidelines, with the exception of the means to which goals are met (Lyman & Potter, 2007). Other theories such as relative deprivation, socioeconomic stratification, and differential opportunity all emphasize the breakdown in society causes undue stress, which in turn causes criminal behavior. Social disorganization is essentially the social collapse of society, where lawlessness becomes the norm, as a result of mitigating social factors. How does social disorganization relate to organized crime and its evolution? Social disorganization and the evolution of organized crime work hand in hand; if criminal members of society elected...
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...INTRODUCTION Consumer behaviour or motivation is the study of individuals, groups, or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, and dispose of products, services, experiences, or ideas to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society. It blends elements from psychology, sociology, social anthropology and economics. It attempts to understand the decision-making processes of buyers, both individually and in groups. It studies characteristics of individual consumers in an attempt to understand people's wants. It also tries to assess influences on the consumer from groups such as family, friends, reference groups, and society in general. Consumer needs are the basis of all modern marketing and constitute the essence of the marketing concept. However, research has shown that consumer behaviour is difficult to predict, even for experts in the field. Thus, in the attempt to understand consumers’ motivation, marketers usually make reference to the theories of needs such as Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs, the trio of needs and Murray’s list of psychogenic needs. In this exposé, we would identify the components of the trio of needs and Murray’s list of psychogenic needs and illustrate them with examples in Ghana. I. TRIO OF NEEDS The components of the Trio needs theory are the following: * Power * Affiliation * Achievement * The need for power Power refers to the individual’s desire to control other people and objects...
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...Taking advantage of semiotics to understand the full depth of Patterson’s work. Not only did Patterson develop and communist society with a minority of rebellion but he also chose to relate the society to one of the largest communist societies to every exist bringing a sense of forewarning to the story, the dark cloud of Nazi Germany hanging over the text. The deliberate choices in names and titles made by Patterson, to assist in the obvious good and bad characters in the book. The utilization of the negative and ominous naming for the N.O. and The One Who Is The One, assists in placing them in the directly into the antagonist role. While Whit and Wisty’s youthful names paired with their positive last name Allgood, paints them in a positive...
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...setting which individual or group holds power to control others, which leads to the larger question of how they use that power. In terms of countries, this group is often a form of government (democracy, monarchy, dictatorship, etc.). In the U.S., for example, the governing body is the federal government (in collaboration with those on the state level), which control the lives of citizens. This questioning of placement and use of power can then be applied to various aspects of society, and pertains to the methods in which the governing power addresses a certain issue or goal. The structure of the governing power and the nature of its actions will often fall under...
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...Karl Marx: The conflict theory Joann Gardner SOC 101 (GSP1237D) Christopher Sites September 21, 2012 INTRODUCTION: The conflict theory focuses on the negative aspects of our changing society. This Theory rests on the premises that the history of society of class struggles, and over Powered with wealth and power, throughout this paper I will explain my personal View of sociology and provide evidence of the conflict theory, which will lead to The reasons for choosing this theory. Karl Marx (1818-1883) argued that it is tension and conflict that motivates us to Think and act differently (Vissing, Y. 2011). My personal view of this theory is that it Argues that the competition of individuals and groups for wealth and power is Fundamental process shaping social structure. There are so many people that are Overthrown with wealth and power until they forget the society and what it faces. Our economy is suffering with no help from those with all the power, rather than Working together to solve the problem, they are fighting against one another, our Attitudes and behavior plays a great deal in the way we think...
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