...Heart disease, also known as the “silent killer” is one of the number one causes of death in both men and women in the United States, claiming approximately one million lives annually. More die of heart disease than AIDS and all cancers combined and by 2020, heart disease will be the leading cause of death worldwide. Types of heart disease include congenital heart disease, cardiomyopathy, angina, congestive heart failure just to name a few. The most common of all heart diseases is coronary heart disease also known as coronary artery disease. What is coronary artery disease? Coronary artery disease happens when the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle become hardened and narrowed. This is due to the buildup of salt, fat, cholesterol and other material, called plaque, on the inner walls. This condition is known as atherosclerosis which leads to blockages. This process leaves the heart with a lack of oxygen and blood forcing it to work harder (high blood pressure/hypertension). As the heart continues to do this, the wall of the arteries weakens and becomes very fragile. At this stage, one of the arteries may rupture and form a blood clot that clogs up in the artery and block the pathways for blood to flow through to the heart muscle resulting to a heart attack. There are various factors that may cause the damage to the coronary artery such as smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes or an inactive lifestyle. What is the normal homeostasis of...
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...Homeostasis Day to day, we are exposed to many external stressors in the environment. These might be exercise, stress, anxiety, weather, changes of location. To survive these changes, our internal body is able to intelligently adapt. The maintenance of a constant and steady internal environment is controlled by homeostasis. P5 Explain the concept of homeostasis Describe homeostasis. For this, you must cover: * Definition of homeostasis * Internal environment- THREE systems that need to be regulated (water levels or waste products; body temperature; blood glucose) * Concept of negative feedback as a regulatory mechanism Websites: http://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/biology/homeostasis http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa_pre_2011/homeo/homeostasis1.shtml M2 discuss the probable homeostatic responses to changes in the internal environment during exercise Identify and describe the homeostatic mechanisms and how they regulate a steady internal environment during exercise. Summarise - you do not have to explain this in lots of detail. You must cover: * heart rate and how this is controlled by the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve system). The effects of increased body temperature and adrenaline on heart rate * breathing rate and how this is controlled by the respiratory centre, diaphragm and intercostal muscles * body temperature and how this is controlled by loss of heat by the body...
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...been diagnosed with hypertension and I would like to give you a little information and helpful tips to living with this disease. First off, hypertension is more commonly known as high blood pressure. It affects your cardiovascular system by forcing the blood against your artery walls throwing off your hearts natural homeostasis. More simply put, the smaller your arteries have become, due to fat and plaque buildup, the harder it is for your heart to push the blood through them, and the more tired it becomes. In order to correct your hearts natural homeostasis we need to work together to get your blood pressure back down to normal. Homeostasis refers to your body’s feedback system, or loop. First a stimulus disrupts your homeostasis, in this case it stimulates your heart and causes your blood pressure rise because of nerves, or exertion. In normal homeostasis, the baroreceptors in the blood vessels would send a message to your brain and your brain would tell your heart to relax. In your case, the high blood pressure isn’t a sudden onset, the plaques in your arteries have been building for years, and at this point your body’s homeostasis can’t not correct the issue on its own. This is where the medication will come into play, it will help fill that gap in the homeostasis process and your body will begin to return to back to normal. Your heart is one of the most important organs in your body, so the tips I will give you may seem like a hassle, but they are very important...
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...Section A- What is Homeostasis? Homeostasis is the name given to the body’s internal control mechanism. It maintains (looks after) the body’s temperature, water balance, blood urea level and glucose levels. Homeostasis is “maintained by control systems that detect and respond to changes in the internal environment” (Ross and Wilson, 2010). Homeostasis control mechanisms have three basic components: receptors, control center and effector. The receptors react to change in the environment and send a message to the control center within the brain. The control center, which determines the limits within which the variable factor should be maintained, processes the information it has received. The control centre decides if and by how much the level needs to be adjusted. When it is indicated that an adjustment is required, it passes the information to the effector, whose output is changed. Fig 1. Fig 1 The three basis components of a feedback system are receptors, a control center, and effectors. (Grabowski, 2000) Negative Feedback Mechanisms In systems controlled by negative feedback the effector response reduces or negates the effect of the original stimulus, maintaining or restoring homeostasis (Ross and Wilson, 2010), thus the term negative feedback. Fig 2 Homeostatic regulation of blood pressure is by a negative feedback system. The response is fed back into the system, and the system continues to lower blood pressure until there is a return to normal blood...
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...M2: Explain the probable homeostatic responses to changes in the internal environment during exercise. D2: Explain the importance of homeostasis in maintaining the healthy functioning of the body. Homeostasis is highly important as many processes going on in our body are based on this phenomenon. Homeostasis processes every day in our body are diffusion, osmosis, active transport etc. Diffusion means movement of solute molecules from a section of its high concentration to the low concentration region. Osmosis is movement of water from a mixed solution to a concentrated solution through a semi-permeable membrane. Homeostasis is the balance or equilibrium. How your body works to maintain equilibrium is reflected in how your vital signs vary with activity. Heart rate, blood pressure and respiration are lowest during periods of rest and sleep. During exercise, blood pressure, pulse and respiration increase to meet the increased demand for oxygen and nutrients by your musculoskeletal system. The adjustment of vital signs to match your body's level of physical activity is an example of homeostasis in action. Homeostasis is the regulation and maintaining of the body's internal environment. These levels need to be controlled so that the body can function properly, for example enzymes work at optimum temperatures/ pH levels around the body, so in order to function the internal environments must be controlled. Levels which are controlled tend to oscillate between high and low about...
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...Every time a person goes to the doctor’s office, the patient always gets their blood pressure checked. Checking your blood pressure is important because a normal blood pressure helps send the blood back and forth from the heart and the tissues in the body. Doctors do this by checking the flow of your blood, using a sphygmomanometer. Homeostasis plays a big role in maintaining your blood pressure. Homeostasis regulates the inside parts of the body to function normally. It uses negative feedback to help keep everything running smoothly. Homeostasis is important because if a variable of a cell deviates away from the norm, the cell cannot function. Negative-feedback mechanisms are what help homeostasis bring a cell back up to its normal state....
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...System Interrelationship and Disease Assessment David Norton BIO 210 Professor Price The Interactions between the Circulatory system and the Respiratory systems are: • Oxygen is an essential part of the metabolic process of nearly all cells in the human body. Oxygen is gathered through the respiratory system and transported through the body via the blood and circulatory system. • The circulatory and respiratory system work together to eliminate waste product carbon dioxide • Circulatory and respiratory systems are connected in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs. • The Circulatory and respiratory systems are both controlled by the brain and the process of breathing and heart pumping is an automatic...
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...Case Study 1 Joseph’s Story Joseph’s story B. Assuming Joseph’s heart has stopped, what cellular processes and membrane functions are going to be affected by the loss of oxygen, blood glucose, and waste removal? The heart must pump blood throughout the body and carry oxygen and glucose to all the organs of the body to maintain life or homeostasis. Without blood flow and the ability to produce ATP the blood will thick, making it harder to flow. The body and the cell’s within the body will die (www.ptdirect.com, 2015). C. Which intracellular organelle have membranes as part of their structure? How would the breakdown of the membranes of these structures affect the function of Joseph’s heart? All intracellular organelles have membranes, (www.Nature.com/scitable/topicpage/cell-membranes-14052567). Cytosol consist of ATP that transfers nutrients to the cardiac muscle and throughout the body (Anatomy and Physiology third edition, pg. 76). Without ATP being carried to the cardiac heart muscle through the cytosol it cannot receive proteins and nutrients. The function of the heart if affected and the cell membranes are damaged and can die. D. Two important pieces of information- the instructions Joseph’s body needs to repair itself and his predisposition for vascular disease- are both contained within the cells on which structures? Joseph has a family history for cardiovascular disease. The predisposition is within the power house of the cell called mitochondrial DNA (Anatomy and...
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...Pressure Homeostasis Homeostasis in the ability of the body to keep an internal environment that is constant, regardless of outside influences. Blood pressure remains within normal limits through the utilization of both rapid and slow mechanisms. Working together, the mechanisms strive to maintain an approximate blood pressure of 120/80 mm Hg. The baroreceptor reflex is one of the most important fast acting homeostatic mechanisms involved in regulating blood pressure. This contains receptors, sensory nerves, and the medulla oblongata and motor nerves, all working together. Another rapid acting mechanism in the regulation of blood pressure is the secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine by the adrenal gland. Baroreceptors, are found in certain places in the walls of the heart where they are able to sense any change in blood pressure. After the baroreceptor sence a change the sensory nerves are activated and send a message to the medulla oblongata, which is located in the brain. Depending on the signal received the medulla oblongata then decides whether to increase or decrease blood pressure. The motor nerves of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system are activated to carry out the adjustments needed to maintain blood pressure. Sympathetic nervous system kicks in if the blood pressure is low and needs to increase. The nerves in the sympathetic nervous system supply an electrical system to the heart, and will increase the heart rate to...
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...stress I would like to give is care giver stress. Care Giver Stress Homeostasis – the tendancy of biological systems to maintain relatively constant conditions in the internal environment while continuously interacting with and adjusting to changes originating within or outside the system. (medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/homeostasis.) The composition of the internal environment is maintained within narrow limits, and this fairly constant state is called homeostasis. Literally, this term means 'unchanging', but in practice it describes a dynamic, ever-changing situation kept within narrow limits. When this balance is threatened or lost, there is a serious risk to the well-being of the individual. There are many factors in the internal environment which must be maintained within narrowlimits and some of these are listed in Box 1.1.Homeostasis is maintained by control systems which detect and respond to changes in the internal environment. A control system (Fig. 1.3) has three basic components: detector, control centre and effector. The control centre determines the limits within which the variablefactor should be maintained. It receives an input from thedetector or sensor, and integrates the incoming information. When the incoming signal indicatesthat an adjustment is needed the control centre responds and its outpu to the effector is changed. This is a dynamic process that maintains homeostasis. (Ross and Wilson) page 5Adrenaline and noradrenaline Noradrenaline is...
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...Hypertension also is known as High Blood Pressure is a chronic disease where the pressure of the blood in the arteries of the heart is continually elevated. Hypertension begins when the blood in the small vessels (arteries) in the body become narrow and causes the blood in those vessels to pressurize against the walls of the arteries. It causes the heart to work harder to keep up with the pressure and the heart to become weaker over time. Over time the weak heart can cause trouble to the other organs such as the brain, eyes or kidneys. Hypertension can be started due to a disease in the kidneys in some people. The normal rating of the blood pressure can be above 120 over 80 and less than 140 over 90. Hypertension can be a life-threatening...
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...Homeostasis The conditions inside the body must be controlled within narrow limits. This is called homeostasis. These conditions include water content, ion content, and body temperature and blood glucose concentration. Homeostasis aims for normal functions and values from the body, such as temperature and blood glucose levels. When those values are either lower or higher than normal, homeostasis brings the functions back within normal values. Internal environment Concept of negative feedback Homeostatic Mechanisms for regulation of the Heart Rate Heart Rate The medulla controls the heart rate. It sends and receives messages in the form of chemicals or hormones from the thousands of nerves running through the medulla, in an area called the medullary pyramids. The medulla constantly receives messages from the nerves, which are communication pathways from muscles, organs and other parts of the body. Heart rate is the number of heartbeats per unit of time, typically expressed as beats per minute (bpm). Heart rate can vary as the body's need to absorb oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide changes, such as during exercise or sleep. The measurement of heart rate is used by medical professionals to assist in the diagnosis and tracking of medical conditions. It is also used by individuals, such as athletes, who are interested in monitoring their heart rate to gain maximum efficiency from their training The beating frequency (heart rate) is controlled by the balance of stimulation...
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...This assignment is based upon stress, the bio-psychosocial approach on how stress can affect health, well-being and the maintenance of homeostasis. There are many definitions of stress but the majority of definitions put emphasis on the relationship between the individual and the environment. This is called the bio-psychosocial approach. When treating patients the Practitioner should take a more holistic approach when determining the type of treatment that is required, this would include taking into account the patients lifestyle, environment and social support. The World Health Organisation states that ‘Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’. (WHO 1948). Stress can be defined as any type of change that causes physical, emotional or psychological strain. However, there are many types of stress and not all types of stress are harmful or negative. One theory is that stress is the result of a persons appraisal process. The assessment of whether personal resources are sufficient to meet the demands of the environment. Stress has been identified as being the individuals ability to adapt to the environment (Lazarus and Folkman 1984; Lazarus and Launer 1978; Pervin 1989). There are two types of stress response which Lazarus (1966) made a distinction between, these are psychological and physiological stress. Lazarus stated that physiological stress is a response to a physical damage already incurred...
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...u03a1 Heart and Lungs Dr. Henry Zeidan 10/30/12 Todd Jones The heart is a hard working muscle responsible for pumping blood throughout blood vessel via continuous rhythmic contractions. It exists in all living things having a circulatory system (Maton, 1993). Function of the Heart The right ventricle The right ventricle is the pumping chamber of the pulmonary circuit. The mechanism of the right ventricle is that, deoxygenated blood flows to the right atrium from veins that are in the body then to the right ventricle via tricuspid valve. Thereafter, blood is transferred to the right ventricle in diastole. During this period, a process known as systole occurs. During ventricle contraction, blood transfers from the right ventricle via pulmonic value to main pulmonary artery that is the only artery in the body, which carries deoxygenated blood. From this process, blood flows to the right and left pulmonary arteries. This blood then becomes oxygenated via capillaries found in the lungs then the blood moves to pulmonary veins and then to the left part of the heart. When blood moves out of the left part of the heart, it moves systematically to the veins, where it gets back to the right atrium, and repeats again. In the pulmonary circuit, blood absorbs up oxygen from the lungs while, in the systemic circuit, the oxygenated blood is dispersed to body tissues. Gas exchange within the lungs Gas exchange within the lungs involves the distribution of oxygen from the lungs into...
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...Case Study: Josephs Story B. Assuming Joseph’s heart has stopped, what cellular processes and membrane functions are going to be affected by the loss of oxygen, blood glucose, and waste removal? The body needs the heart to always keep pumping, this is a vital part of the entire human body. When the heart stops cellular process is affected. All cells are burning up ATP. Carbon dioxide is building up in the cells and PH levels aren’t balanced. Glucose is needed to start the process for the glycolysis and oxygen is needed for mitochondria. Carbon dioxide is the byproduct and needs to be released. So the cells will begin to die and all transport pumps will come to a halt. Cells begin leaking, Na is leaking into cells and potassium is leaks out. The body’s cells will die if ATP cannot be sustained. C. Which Intracellular organelles have membranes included in their structure? How would the breakdown of the membranes of these structures affect the function of Joseph’s heart cells? Every intracellular organelle has membranes, with ATPase’s transferring calcium from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle cells. Without the membrane the levels would just rise without channels in the membrane to regulate them causing an overload that would attack cytoskeleton. If the structure is broke down the hearts function is affected. Calcium and ATP will stop moving calcium from cytosol into ER of the heart muscle cells. The buildup of calcium causes protease to...
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