...Evaluate the contribution psychological research has made towards our understanding of how children from birth to five learn and develop competencies in the processes of observation, problem solving, exploration, experimentation and prediction, thinking and decision making. Introduction The aim of this essay is to evaluate the developmental theories of ‘Problem Solving, Reasoning and Numeracy’ (PSRN) and an ‘Exploration and Investigation’ aspect of ‘Knowledge and Understanding of the World’ (KUW) in Foundation stage children. This essay will explore Piaget and Vygotsky and their points of view on PSRN and issues which arise from development and it will consider current research and documents relevant to practice and the implications and recommendations for early years practice. Furthermore key concepts of emergent numeracy, mark making, counting and number development will be explored. The skills of observation, problem solving, exploration, experimentation and prediction, thinking and decision making fall into all six aspects of children’s learning and development and these skills led themselves to science and teaching as well as PSRN on which this essay is going to focus on. Theoretical approaches Piaget’s constructivist theory saw children as actively constructing their knowledge of the world, for themselves, and as being active seekers of solutions to problems (Martin 2007). It could be agreed as practitioners acknowledge the importance of child-led activity as being...
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...Advantage or Disadvantage for Pre-School Children Chan Jia-Qi Janice, Chan Kar Kei, Darius Shu Chen Keong, Naik Shiang Jen, Siau Yeu Jiun, Wong Chin Hui, Yap Huey May School of Communication Taylor’s University Index 1.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………… 3-5 1.2 Research Questions …………………………………………………………… 5 1.3 Methodology Selected ………………………………………………………… 5-6 1.4 Data Analysis / Findings ……………………………………………………... 6-13 1.5 Final Discussion of Insights ………………………………………………… 13-15 1.6 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………...15-16 1.7 References …………………………………………………………………... 16-17 1.8 Appendices ………………………………………………………………… 18-29 1.1 Introduction Today, children are spending most of their time being occupied by iPad, iPhone and pad-based gadgets that have the access to the Internet. According to Romeo (2003), the emerging in technological development had allowed computers and touchscreen devices to be added into our lifestyle. For example, touchscreen devices like iPod, iPad, Samsung Tab and etc are used to check emails, surf the Internet, connect with people, either for work purpose or personal purpose, and also used in education purposes in pre-school and colleges. Anderson mentioned this in his research in 1999, “The computer has become recognized tool in education of young children, particularly where it is used to promote problem-solving skills and social interactions amongst children” However in Romeo’s report, it has...
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...Running Head: The Effects of Parental Involvement The Effects of Parental Involvement on Academic Achievement An Individual Research Project by Diane Higgins To Dr. Belinda Hartnett Research Methods – RES 531 Section 013 In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Education Strayer University Washington, D.C. June 19, 2011 Chapter One: Introduction I. Topic Selected: As a teacher, one of my passions is to make sure that all of my students are able to learn and understand what is being taught to them. Sometimes this process is hindered when the only learning for some students goes on at school. I am a strong believer that students need assistance when they get home from school, so I decided to research on how parental involvement can affect student achievement. II. Description of Topic: Parental involvement plays an important part in a child’s life, not only during the early years, but throughout the school years as well. Parents who play an active role in the education of their child will have greater opportunities to motivate their children to behave more and strive for greatness. Self- esteem may rise as a result of positive reinforcement. An involved parent will also know when his child is misbehaving and be able to correct the problem before it gets out of hand and becomes a regular habit. With proper parental involvement, a child is less likely to feel the need to lash out and misbehave for much needed attention; they'll...
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...“(Kenner, Weinerman) and “Adult learning styles and on-line educational preference” (McGlone). The articles describe multiple aspects of how an adult learns compared to a child and what life experiences adults bring into their educational environment. Adult learning theory is based on the way to adult learners comprehend and learn as they are older adults and not children. This theory also studies how adults learn when studying online. Newer adult learners bring learning styles and life experiences that provide a more critical foundation. Online learning is now the new basis for adult learners. To understand how adult learning theory works, the teacher must first understand andragogy, which is an advanced field of psychology in which the age of the learner, is studied. An andragogy study is a process-focused approach and was not studied until the 1960s and 1970s. Before that, only pedagogy was studied, which is the way that children learn. Children and adults learn completely different. In recent research, it is shown that adults learn best with a self-paced learning environment, which means instruction from the teacher and all of the guidance done solely by the students. Most adult learners are more eager than traditional students to learn since this is normally their second chance at a good education. Most adult learners are more eager to learn and stay goal oriented than traditional students because they have reached a certain level of maturity. In today’s society, most adults...
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...as a parents knowing children are needing to learn from an early age such as five years old. Oregon has the age set at 5 years old, they have to be 5 years old by September 1 or before. Also with some of the standers being raised is that going to cause issues with our children being able to learn at their own pace as we did when we were growing up. Yes things have changed through the years such as standers, also what is used to teach children. Even with new technology that is being used, it is not working for all children. Are you going to be teaching the children by mandated curriculum or developmentally appropriate practices? How you know how the mandated curriculum going to affect the children, teachers and most of all the school. If you are going to be using mandated curriculum is there a reason why you are choosing mandated curriculum. Can you tell me pros along with cons in between mandated curriculum and (DAP)? I am asking these question’s due to the fact I have been looking into Developmentally Appropriate Practices (DAP). Along with looking into mandated curriculum trying to see the differences between them and wanting to understand why the standers are set in the way they are. While I know these standers are set to meet the needs of the children. Some of these standers are set to a stander that not all the children are going to reach if only using text-books for learning. While as we know in the younger years of a children’s life they learn at a faster rate than...
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...Affects of Video Games Vs. The Benefits There are many questions about video games and how they affect children. I believe that video games are harmful to children in many ways. Many studies have tried to prove that they are harmful, as well that they are also beneficial to children. It is difficult to understand which argument is the truth behind the research. I believe that the harmful effects are greater than the benefits. The benefits that the children can learn through video games can also be taught to them other ways besides just video games. Video games are not the only way to teach the children values and how to live properly. Video games are damaging the way that our children think and act, as well as harming their bodies by teaching them wrong morals about themselves and others. The first way that video games are harming our youth is psychologically. There was a study published in the Journal of personality and Social Psychology that children that were playing video games were reported to be more aggressive than those of children that do not play video games. Previous research has documented that playing violent video games has various negative effects on social behavior in that it causes an increase in aggressive behavior and a decrease in prosocial behavior. In contrast, there has been much less evidence on the effects of prosocial video games. In the present research, 4 experiments examined the hypothesis that playing a prosocial (relative to a neutral)...
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...play is the child's language. Therefore, children play out their problems, experiences, concerns, and feelings in a manner that is similar to the process of talk therapy. This paper provides practical information about play therapy, a discussion of the skills needed by the psychologist/counselor, how to involve parents in the treatment process, and a review of play therapy research studies. Play Therapy in Elementary School An Overview of Play Therapy Play therapy is to children what talk therapy is to adults. Play is a child’s language, children express themselves best through their natural language—the language of play. Play therapy refers to a method of psychotherapy whereby the child’s natural means of expression, namely plays, is used as a therapeutic method to help him/her in coping with emotional stress or trauma. Therapist use a child's fantasies and the symbolic meanings of his or her play as a method for understanding and communication with the child. Play therapy is used to treat problems that are interfering with the child's normal development. Such difficulties would be extreme in degree and have been occurring for many months without resolution. Reasons for treatment include, but are not limited to, temper tantrums, aggressive behavior, and non-medical problems with bowel or bladder control, difficulties sleeping, having nightmares, and experiencing worries or fears. This type of treatment is also used with children who have experienced sexual or physical...
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...for children In my opinion, television is not safe for children in our society today. The television industry claims that it is not their responsibility to monitor what is readily available to children but that it is the parents’ responsibility. The industry is just there to make money. They are like any other corporate business in America, they only produce what sells, and right now the market for adult themed shows is much higher than children’s programs. Adult cartoons are being produced at a rapid rate. However, parents say they cannot be held completely responsible for what their children are watching on television and their main responsibility is to provide for their family. Studies have shown that there is a link between the amount and context of what is being viewed and an earlier sex rate in teens, sleeping difficulties in children, and the family structure being destroyed. Is the television that we as adults find humorous harmful to our children? This is important issue for society because the children are our future. How they grow and learn will affect our world for generations to come. It is the responsibility of the community to learn how to educate and inform community members on how to raise children to the best of their ability. It is a compelling issue for me because I have always been interested in how children learn and how it affects society. Knowing that one day I might be a mother has made me want to learn everything I can about children and how they...
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...than in any other age group. During this age, children begin to develop a sense of identity and begin to question their life experiences and their biological parents. School-aged children at this age go through numerous significant developmental changes. Much of their identity is derived from their family and peers in their lives. However, for adopted children, developing an identity is more complicated than non-adopted children. They have to assimilate two separate families and biological backgrounds as they explore how they fit in and the person they are growing up to be. Many of these children often face self-esteem issues and self-worth, and that is what makes them different from other children. A majority of adopted children have difficulty building social relationships with those around them and this can lead to depression, low academic performance, and even aggression. It is clear to see why adopting a younger child would be much simpler, but older children need homes, as well. Research 1 For many decades, adoption has become a highly successful solution for many adults who cannot provide for their children. Although adoption is viewed as a solution by those who cannot care for their children due to a variety of reasons, adoption can also be a problem. The common age group adoption plays an effect on are middle-aged children. Adoption influences the behavioral, social, and psychological functioning of children. Children from ages 6 to 8 are commonly seen in special...
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...Are Children Smarter Because of the Internet? The internet has become a vital part of everyday life from young to old people, and for most children and teenagers, using the internet has joined watching television and talking on the phone as the normal for everyday life. According to a 2005 Pew Research Center report, 87 percent of 12 to 17 year olds are now online. That is a lot of exposure to information, and at the same time misinformation to an easily impressional demographic. So it begs the question, are children smarter because of the internet? So how do we define what “smarter” actually means? Smarter can mean many different things to different people. Smart is often defined as the general mental ability to learn and apply knowledge to manipulate your environment. But other definitions include the ability to evaluate and judge, the ability to comprehend complex ideas, the capacity for original and productive thought, the ability to learn quickly and learn from experience, and even the ability to comprehend relationships. Intelligence or smarts are measured by an Intelligence Quotient or IQ test, which has shown increases in IQ from generation to generation. The Flynn effect is research that was conducted by James Flynn, who discovered that IQ scores increased from one generation to the next for all countries in which the data has existed. His research has shown that countries have seen generational increases between 5 and 25 points. A potential cause of IQ gains...
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...Health problem Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a known to be a complex brain disorder found among children during their brain development stages. An individual having difficulties in social interactions, verbal and nonverbal communications, and behavioral challenges can characterize autism spectrum disorder. The Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has estimated the “1 and 68 children has been identified with an autism spectrum disorder and about 1 in 6 children aged 13-17 has developmental disability” (CDC, n.d.). Several children are not recognized to have a developmental disability until after entering grade school. The signs children that may not have been identified with developmental disability are shown when they have...
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...benefits; the most important one teaching young children the necessary learning skills they need to grow socially, and developmentally; children are growing and learning every day so the earlier they start their education the better. The need to provide more children early education is huge, no matter what the family income is. Every child deserves to have a chance to excel in their own future. This paper will address the benefits of early childhood education and the different types of programs available. The positive affect that can happen to children attending early childhood education centers such as head start, pre-k, or a local daycare center are extraordinary. The need for this early education is crucial to children’s futures. “Research shows the benefits to the child include improved readiness to learn, improved early literacy, decreased need for remedial or special education placement, and improved cognitive development. Long term, research shows a stronger likelihood to graduate from high school, improved academic confidence, and more participation in post-secondary education.” (Pennsylvania Economy League, 2009) Children’s early years are so critical. There development, socialization, and language skills are developing and are very important to develop strong. How children develop depends on the skill obtained in there early years. Research has shown that, “quality early learning opportunities –where children learn how to learn- is increasingly recognized as an essential...
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...Teaching English to Young Learners: How They Learn and the Pedagogical Implication Rojab Siti Rodliyah (rojab.siti@gmail.com) UPI Bandung There is now a growing tendency among Indonesian people to introduce English to children starting from the early age, through either formal or informal education. This can be seen from the mushrooming of bilingual and international schools where English is used as the language of instruction as well as the increasing number of English courses aimed especially for children. Sometimes people hold a misconception regarding teaching English for young learners, in which they believe that the earlier the kids learn a foreign language, the better it will be. As a matter of fact, this assumption is not completely true. Only when handled with care will the teaching of foreign language to young learners succeed as expected. Otherwise, this will not gain a significant effect on children’s language development. This paper will elaborate some principles on how young learners learn a foreign language, which should be the foundation of the way the teaching English to young learners is conducted. Some theories on how children learn will be drawn on, followed by a discussion on the pedagogical implications. This paper is expected to give insights to English teachers in general and teachers of English for young learners in particular, about the importance of taking into account the aspects related to the way young learners learn in designing their teaching learning...
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...University of Phoenix Material Research Plan As part of your research plan, you must first draft a research question for your research paper that will guide the rest of your writing. A research question, which is more specific and focused than a general topic, is the question that your research paper will answer. For example, if your general area of interest is social security, a possible research question might ask, “How can low-income families save more money if the United States had a reformed social security plan that includes personal retirement accounts?” As you develop a research question, remember that you need to research sources to support your topic. Do not pick a one-sided question that will limit your research. Instead, develop a research question that lends itself to further exploration and debate—a question you genuinely want to know the answer to. Try to pick a research question that is neither too broad (covering too much) or too narrow (covering too little). It should be broad enough to be discussed in a short research paper. Part 1: Complete the Research Plan |What is your general topic or area of interest? |Bullying | | | | | | ...
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...was to gain knowledge of Applied Behaviour Analysis and its effectiveness in working with children with Autism. My focus questions ask • What are the key principles underlying Applied Behaviour Analysis and how and why it benefits children who are autistic? • What is involved in setting up an Applied Behaviour Analysis program in the classroom environment? Both focus questions have helped me to investigate ABA, implement strategies that ABA employ and reflect on the program as a whole. I became part of a withdrawal program established for the purpose of intensive early intervention based on the principles of ABA. Harris, (2002 p19) explains “Applied Behavior Analysis takes basic principles in behaviour science and emphasizes the intensity that is needed for particular children”. As I progressed through my journey I discovered that ABA was indeed an extremely effective intervention program for autistic children. I felt that the whole process was a huge learning curve which in turn has had positive affects on my future practice. PARTS OF THE REPORT Rationale Explains why I embarked on this particular topic, process I used in decided topic, list of research strategies to achieve aims, Kemmis & McTaggarts (1988) Action Research Planner model Process -What were the key principles underlying Applied Behaviour Analysis and how and why this benefits children who are Autistic, discussion of trials, repetition and prompting. -What is involved in...
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