...On May 14, 1796 Edward Jenner tested his vaccine. Edward Jenner was known as the “Father of Immunology” due to his discovery of the smallpox vaccine. Edward Anthony Jenner was an english scientist(www.famousscientist.org). Jenner was able to use his observation skills, notice a small detail and create a vaccine for a disease that killed almost 300 million people. Therefore, Edward Jenner is remembered to save more lives than any other medical doctors. Edward Jenner was born to Stephen Jenner and Sarah Jenner on May 17, 1749. Jenner’s father was a preacher for the parish and he “passed away when Jenner was 5 years old” (www.famousscientist.org). Following his father's passing, Edward was taken care of by his mother and his brothers and sisters. As a young child, Edward would wander around and observe plants, animals, and collect fossils. Edward was able to go to school at the age of 8, as he was going to school he decided that he wanted to become a doctor. Edward received “training at Chipping Sodbury, he was an apprentice for Daniel Ludlow, a surgeon.(www.famousscientist.org). In 1770, after 7 years of studying under...
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...microscope, Edward Jenner pioneering vaccines, and Louis Pasteur discovering germs (Rhodes, 2014), it was obvious that science was beginning to advance in the 18th and 19th centuries. Today’s “common knowledge” was just being discovered during that time period. People were curious how things worked and how to improve the lives of others. Even though it took a while for a theory to be accepted in the scientific community, little was known about science or microbiology. It was believed that illnesses were caused by outside influences like bad air or divine punishment (Disease Warriors, 2006), when in actuality the rise of contagious diseases and infections were caused by many people crowded into a small area with little to no sanitation (Rhodes, 2014). Today, with the knowledge that was discovered in the 18th and 19th centuries and other technologies we are allowed to expand our knowledge even further. When Edward Jenner discovered the first vaccine, he did not know if using the puss from cowpox would even work as a vaccine, but he tested his theory on a healthy boy (Disease Warriors, 2006). In today’s society, testing like that would not be allowed to happen to any human, especially a child. Scientists today have developed more vaccines, cures and antibiotics because of the beginning research done by those in the 18th and 19th centuries. Antibiotics are used to cure many different types of illness, but they are too strong and can kill off the good microbes with prolong use (Eisen...
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...contact with an infected person. -Schools are the perfect spreading grounds for infections -Incidence of common childhood illnesses such as polio, measles, tetanus, etc has significantly declined since the advent and use of vaccines. These diseases are unheard of nowadays. Picture of polio in africa eradication Pictures of polio graphs Slide 2 What are vaccines / how do they work? -Vaccine: a substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide immunity against one or several diseases, prepared from the causative agent of a disease, its products, or a synthetic substitute, treated to act as an antigen without inducing the disease. -Vaccines are a safe and cost-effective way to maintain public health and prevent diseases. -Discovered by Edward Jenner more than 200 years ago -Several ways of developing a vaccine -Possible options are to: Inactivate the virus, weaken the virus, use part of the virus/bacteria. Can be injected or induced orally. -Another option is to not get vaccinated, however this is not the smartest option. Slide 3 Possible side effects and disadvantages -Just like with most things, vaccines can be detrimental. -Rare for most vaccines, however some vaccines have higher likelihood of side effects -Influenza and HPV vaccines have low...
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...Vaccines have double the human life expectancy for over 150 years and have eradicated diseases like smallpox and soon polio could be the next disease to be eradicated from the world. The concept of vaccines has existed around the world for hundreds of years. One of the first methods of vaccinations was known as, variolation (Nazarko, 2013). Variolation was popular in China as well as other countries in the Middle East during the 10th century. Asians and Middle Eastern people collected samples of dry tissues from the scabs of smallpox survivors and would put it into healthy people’s bodies. The process of variolation consisted of making a wound on a person’s arm and inserting the dry tissues scabs in the wound to contract the virus and obtain...
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...Valley forge is one of the battles in Pennsylvania that happen in 1778. 10,000 people to 12,000 where at Valley Forge. It was noth west of Philadelphia where the continental army stayed in the winter,also the area was named after an iron forge located at nearby valley creek. In some cases one out of third of the people did not have shoes in Valley forge. Womens in Valley forge they helped the soldiers with food,water,and supplies and etc. Valley Forge was a military camp in southern Pennsylvania.The American Continental army spent the winter of 1777-1778 during the American Revolution War. 2,500 men died from a disease and exposure.George Washington was the leader of the camp.They had to deal with cold,wet,and snowy weather,Only...
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...Vaccines: The Right Choice? Alex Hauke Walmart Pharmacy Abstract This research paper takes an in depth look at the question of whether vaccines are the right choice when it comes to your health and staying healthy. Opposing views say that vaccines are unsafe and pose more risks than benefits, this paper explores those claims using rebuttable sources and helps readers to better understand vaccines and what their benefits and risks are. Most believe that the benefits of vaccines far outweigh the risks but some still have doubts and some very rare cases of vaccines causing disease have added to this doubt. This paper explores the world of vaccines in an effort to educate the less knowledgeable. Research Findings Introduction The history of vaccines begins with the long history of infectious disease in humans, and usually it is reported that the origin goes back as far as Hippocrates, the father of modern medicine, 400 B.C. He described diphtheria, mumps, and epidemic jaundice among other conditions (Hussein, et al. 2015). The earliest methods of immunization and protection against smallpox dates back to about 1000 A.D., and are attributed to the Chinese. It has been said that the son of a Chinese statesmen was inoculated against smallpox by blowing powdered smallpox sores into his nostrils. Another way of inoculation was the removal of fluid from the sores of an infected person and then rubbing it into a cut or scratch of a healthy individual. It took almost six centuries...
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...What is a virus and how does it work? Before you read about vaccines you should have a little bit of an informational back around of what the vaccine was invented for; and that can also be known as a virus. A virus is a small infectious agent that can reproduce only surrounded by the cells of other organisms. There an epic debate in the sicftic community on where they alive or not most believe they are not because are not made of cells, cannot reproduce on their own, do not grow or undergo division , do not transform energy , lack machinery for protein, synthesis are so small that they can only be seen with an electron microscope. Viruses are composed of nucleic acid, proteins and, in some cases, lipids as well. Nucleic acid, which can be either DNA or RNA, encodes the genetic information that is necessary to make copies of the virus. Often viruses can be passed on by touching , Body fluids such as blood, saliva and semen can contain the infecting organisms and transmission of such fluids, for example by injection or sexual contact, is important, particularly for viral infections like hepatitis or AIDS. How do vaccines work? During the small pox epidemic Mr. Edward Jenner noticed that the milk maids who caught the cowpox virus didn’t catch smallpox. Later in 1796 he created a small serum with a weaker form of the small pox virus the (ect. The Cow Pox) so that the body knew to recognize the virus before it did any major damage. Mr. Jenner’s pioneer vaccine had opened the gate-way...
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...Tam Le Professor Weinshiboum ENGWR 300 April 8th, 2010 Essay#2 Smallpox 2010 In today’s world it would be amazing if you had a friend or a family member who has smallpox and how sad it would be, especially if she or he was your close relative. That is what happened to my coworker’s Barbara. Barbara’s brother actually died from smallpox. She says that her mother told her that “in 1950 one day her brother didn’t feel well then he ran a high fever and the family sent him to the hospital. A few a days later his skin turned red, then it developed red spots and pustules all over his body.” His throat also felt very dry and irritated, so then the doctors knew that he had smallpox. Therefore, they sent him home to prevent him from infecting others. Not long after he left the hospital, he died at home. From the day it started to the day he died it was three weeks. Not long after that another brother had the same symptoms and he died within three weeks. Although there has not been a case of smallpox for over 30 years, Americans need to be educated about the disease as well as the vaccine and learn what to do in case of an emergency outbreak of smallpox. Smallpox was one of the first diseases that people a found vaccine for and one of the deadliest diseases that humans can contract. When someone first gets smallpox, they start with a fever, headache and back pain, and then they have an eruption on the skin that leaves the faces, arms and legs covered with dimpled scars, or...
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...helminths) and the viruses, which are microscopic but not cellular. While bacteria and archaea are classed as prokaryotes (Gr. pro-before+ karyon-nucleus) the fungi, algae, protozoa and helminths are eukaryotes (Gr. eu-true or good+ karyon-nucleus). Microorganisms are present everywhere on earth, which includes humans, animals, plants and other living creatures, soil,water and atmosphere. Microorganisms are relevant to all of our lives in a multitude of ways. Sometimes, the influence of microorganisms on human life is beneficial, whereas at other times, it is detrimental. For example, microorganisms are required for the production of bread, cheese, yogurt, alcohol, wine, beer, antibiotics (e.g., penicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol), vaccines, vitamins, enzymes and many more important products as shown in the Tables 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3. Many products of microbes contribute to public health as aids to nutrition, other products are used to interrupt the spread of...
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...hemochromatosis absorb and utilize iron more quickly than bacteria can. These advantages support the theory that hemochromatosis has been selected for through evolution. 7) What benefit does being a carrier of the CF gene provide? A person that is a carrier of the CF gene means the person has only one copy the cystic fibrosis gene. Two copies are needed for a person to be diagnosed with the disease. The benefit to being a carrier is immunity to tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is a disease that kills people from the inside out. 8) How are type 1 and type 2 diabetes different? Diabetes is a condition of excess glucose in the blood. Normally insulin is secreted by the pancreas to regulate blood sugar level. Type 1 diabetes is when the body is unable to secrete insulin meaning there are no hormones to reduce blood sugar level. Type 2 diabetes is when the body’s cells are unable to respond to insulin. Insulin is produced but it does not enhance cellular consumption of glucose. 9) How does the human body react to serene cold? The initial human response to serene cold is to shiver. These movements generate heat to warm the body. The next response is to constrict blood vessels beginning at the extremities. By constricting blood vessels, less blood would flow to those regions and stay with the main circulation. This overall generates more heat exchange within the body’s core organs while increasing the chances of frostbites at extremities. 10) What evidence is there that predisposition to diabetes...
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...http://cactus.eas.asu.edu/partha/Columns/04-16-AccidentInvention.htm Innovation through Accident Audrey was born in October 2000. Audrey was conceived with a lot of fanfare, much ado and of blue blood. She was well planned and conceived with high hopes. She had everything going for her—looks, money, fame, fortune, power, hype, high expectations and a perfect incubation. A scant six month later, Audrey died. Her parents wanted it to be a quiet affair, but it was not. The death of Audrey sent shock waves through the community. How can such a tragedy happen? In case you did not get to know or love Audrey, she was not human. She was a much-hyped breed of gadget called the Internet Appliance. A sleek looking thingamajig with a touch sensitive screen that wanted to adorn your kitchen counter. It is basically a stunted computer. It can surf the web, do basic Email, get stock quotes, check up on the weather, and some limited word processing all for a lot of money ($500 to get started, $22 per month henceforth). Alex was going on a vacation, to take time off from his job of growing bacterial cultures in little Petri dishes. He was studying the effects of mucus on Staph cultures in a somewhat grungy laboratory in London. He forgot to wash up his last batch before he went off, and when he came back two weeks later, he saw an amazing sight. A mold was all over the dish, but all the bacteria were dead. To cut a long story short, Alex, or rather Dr. Alexander Fleming, found...
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...Microbiology Mid Term Review What contribution did these dudes make to science and what type of experiments were involved in the discoveries they made? Louis Pasteur- Heat pasteurization- 1st vaccine for rabies. Found alcohol only produced in wine if yeast was present. “Swan necked” flasks experiment for spontaneous generation. Robert Koch- Studied anthrax, Koch’s postulates (germ theory) studied and awarded for TB research. Anton van Leewenhoek- Made the 1st lens to observe living microorganisms. The lens magnified up to 300x and were free of distortion. Edward Jenner- Studied small pox. Came up with the first vaccine for smallpox. Alexander Fleming- Discovered lysozyme (an enzyme) was found in tears, saliva, and sweat could kill bacteria. What issues and types of instruments are involved in visualizing bacteria and viruses with a compound light microscope? Reflection- transmission-absorption with florescence-refraction. Condenser-is a lens that serves to concentrate light from the illumination source that is in turn focused through the object and magnified by the objective lens. iris diaphragm-regulates the amount of light on the specimen. objective lenses- magnifies ranges from 10x to 40x, ocular lenses. stage- supports the slide for viewing. focusing knobs-moves the stage up and down for focusing. total magnification- take the power of the objective (4X, 10X, 40x) and multiply by the power of the eyepiece, usually 10X. What are the differences...
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...I. Appendix With the outbreak of globalization, the movement of goods, information, and people has been made fairly easy. Unfortunately, however, the movement of infections and diseases has also been made easy. Due to the fact that our world has become very interconnected, multiple organizations have come about to aid these transfers, be it the transfer of information, or public health. One of these organizations is the World Health Organization, a coordinating authority for health was created in parallel to the United Nations and headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. In the 19th Century, there was a massive eruption of diseases, most importantly the cholera epidemic. All around Europe, countries were pushing towards an international health convention to try to address the issues at hand, and while many conventions were finally held, there needed to be something more global to set things right. After the First World War plagued the world, the League of Nations came about and created several agencies to help in aiding the world. One of those agencies was the League of Nations Health Organization. The Health Organization was primarily made to control diseases and try to prevent them. However, their successes came to a halt when the second World War broke out. In 1945, when the war had already ended, the United Nations came about and replaced the former League of Nations. The 61 members of the United Nations all signed the constitution of the World Health Organization in 1946...
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...The DO s Dr. Andrew Taylor Still, 1828 –1917 THE DOS OSTEOPATHIC MEDICINE IN AMERICA Second Edition NORMAN GEVITZ The Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore & London © 1982, 2004 The Johns Hopkins University Press All rights reserved. Published 2004 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 246897531 The Johns Hopkins University Press 2715 North Charles Street Baltimore, Maryland 21218-4363 www.press.jhu.edu Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gevitz, Norman. The DOs : osteopathic medicine in America / Norman Gevitz.–2nd ed. p. ; cm. Rev ed. of: The D.O.’s. c1982 Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8018-7833-0 (alk. paper) — ISBN 0-8018-7834-9 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Osteopathic medicine—United States—History. [DNLM: 1. Osteopathic Medicine—history—United States. WB 940 G396d 2004] I. Gevitz, Norman. D.O.’s. II. Title. RZ325.U6G48 2004 615.5′33′0973—dc21 2003012874 A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Frontispiece courtesy of the Still National Osteopathic Museum, Kirksville, Missouri. For Kathryn Gevitz This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Preface & Acknowledgments ix Chapter 1 Andrew Taylor Still THE MISSOURI MECCA IN THE FIELD 39 1 22 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 STRUCTURE & FUNCTION EXPANDING THE SCOPE 54 69 85 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 THE PUSH FOR HIGHER STANDARDS A QUESTION OF IDENTITY The California Merger 101 115...
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...THE END of POVERTY Economic Possibilities for Our Time JEFFREY D. SACHS THE PENGUIN PRESS N E W YORK 2005 THE PENGUIN PRESS Published by the Penguin Group Penguin Group (USA) Inc.. 375 Hudson Street. New York, New York 10014, U.S.A. Penguin Group (Canada), 10 Alcorn Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4V 3B2 (a division of Pearson Penguin Canada Inc.) Penguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London WC2R ORL, England Penguin Ireland, 25 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland (a division of Penguin Books Ltd) Penguin Books Australia Ltd, 250 Camberwell Road, Camberwell, Victoria 3124, Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) - Penguin Books India Pvt Ltd, 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi-110 017, India ' Penguin Group (NZ), Cnr Airborne and Rosedale Roads, Albany, Auckland 1310, NewZealand (a division of Pearson New Zealand Ltd) - Penguin Books (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd, 24 Sturdee Avenue, Rosebank, Johannesburg 2196, South Africa Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London WC2R ORL, England First published in 2005 by The Penguin Press, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. Copyright ©Jeffrey D. Sachs, 2005 All rights reserved Page 397 constitutes an extension of this copyright page, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA Sachs, Jeffrey. The e n d of poverty / Jeffrey Sachs. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-59420-045-9 1. Poverty—Developing countries. 2. Developing countries—Economic policy...
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