...THE COMPARISON OF CLASSICAL APPROACH AND HUMAN RELATION APPROACH IN ORGANISATION STUDIES 1. What is Organisation and Organisational Behaviour? Organisation is a cooperative interaction dynamic in social system with the purpose of satisfying individual needs (Barnard, 1938). This is not a sole definition about organisation, there are many other terms about organisation such as, Mintzberg (1983) Organisation is "Every organized human activity -- from the making of pots to the placing of a man on the moon -- gives rise to two fundamental and opposing requirements: The division of labor into various tasks to be performed, and the coordination of these tasks to accomplish the activity". Organisational behaviour focuses on the study of the people behaviour within the organisation (Luthans, 1995). The Organisational Behaviour commonly known as the study and understanding of individual and group behaviour, and the path of structure towards improvement of organizational performance and effectiveness (Robbins, 1998). Another term of Organisational behaviour is a major discipline towards description, understanding, and prediction of human behaviour within formal organisation. Organisational behaviour as discipline is the clear recognition that organisations make internal settings that influence the behaviour of people within it and to some point the internal condition of an organisation is influenced by the large components such as economic, politic, social, and technology which...
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...Running head: GREEN TEAM Human Relations and Communications Theories Joy Hilton Mandy D. Edwards Ayesha Wilson Ronte Harris Grand Canyon University EDA 534 July 18, 2012 Human Relations and Communications Theories Human relations, or being able to interact with others, are a must in education. On a daily basis, people within a school system must interact with various individuals including co-workers, parents, students, and stakeholders. The end result of human relations is to make any situation better. Human nature, human motivation, morale and organizations, and informal organizations are all relevant to positive human relations. Over the course of the years there have been numerous changes to the way teachers, students and stakeholders view education. After school programs, data driven education and the way we prepare students are just a few of the things that have been affected since the beginnings of No Child Left Behind. Since there are so many changes, it is imperative that all parties understand the changes that have taken place across cultures. “How a young girl or boy grew up to be an adult in Medievalmedieval times was not the same as their counterparts in ancient Rome or Athens, or today.” (Smeyers & Burbules, 2006) Teachers cannot introduce the same materials in the same way they may have taught thirty years ago. Students have Nintendo Wii’s, playstations and they tend to stay up to date with the latest technology...
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...Communications and Human Relations Theories Essay Blue Group: Ebony Bittings, Hiawatha Blunt, Jaime Kackley, Erin Lawrence-Hennessy Grand Canyon University EDA 575 - Educational Leadership in a Changing World Professor Dale Horner October 17, 2012 Communications and Human Relations Theories Essay Educational leaders who possess effective communication skills are competent in talking, writing, and listening. They are expected to fulfill daily duties professionally. These duties include planning, decision-making, and managing. In addition, they are expected to be role models for students, teachers, parents, stakeholders and colleagues, while ensuring that the learning and work environment is safe, and free from discrimination and harassment ((EDA 575, Lecture Four, 2012, p. 1). The ability to communicate and interact effectively determines an educational leader’s success and the success of the educational organization. The Blue Group will discuss the communication and human relations theories practiced in and applicable to our perspective schools. Expectancy Theory The Expectancy Theory is the belief that the better your efforts are, the better your performance will be. This theory supports the idea that the motivation of the employee is a direct outcome of how much the individual wants a reward. This is a common belief among the staff members at my school. You find many teachers taking on positions that are outside of their job description, hoping to gain the admiration...
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...classical and human relations approaches of management theory. One of the most important human activities is managing. Since the development of the first human civilizations managing has been essential to accomplish aims and objectives and ensure the coordination of individuals Olum (2004). Management is defined as the combination of the skills and talents of individuals concerned with getting things done through people by taking into account the resources for profitable activities Pettinger (1994). In the early twentieth century, Henry Fayol defined management as the process of “forecasting, planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling” Fayol (1949). Subsequently, Koontz and O’donell (1988) suggested the definition of management as “an operational process dissected by analyzing the managerial functions such as planning and organizing”. Over the last centuries management has been studied with the view of establishing what constitutes a successful manager Petinger (1994). The search for applicable principles of management initiated in the last years of nineteenth century in Europe and America Cole (2004). Like any other social practice, at the heart of management is theory that managers can deploy to achieve competition advantage and use more incisive interventions McAuley et al (2007). In addition the basic requirement of managers for meeting the challenges like competition, use of sources and maximum output is the knowledge of management theories Mahmoud and...
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...Theories of International Relations Third edition Scott Burchill, Andrew Linklater, Richard Devetak, Jack Donnelly, Matthew Paterson, Christian Reus-Smit and Jacqui True Theories of International Relations This page intentionally left blank Theories of International Relations Third edition Scott Burchill, Andrew Linklater, Richard Devetak, Jack Donnelly, Matthew Paterson, Christian Reus-Smit and Jacqui True Material from 1st edition © Deakin University 1995, 1996 Chapter 1 © Scott Burchill 2001, Scott Burchill and Andrew Linklater 2005 Chapter 2 © Jack Donnelly 2005 Chapter 3 © Scott Burchill, Chapters 4 and 5 © Andrew Linklater, Chapters 6 and 7 © Richard Devetak, Chapter 8 © Christian Reus-Smit, Chapter 9 © Jacqui True, Chapter 10 © Matthew Paterson 2001, 2005 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright...
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...system exists. The lack of an ordering sovereign authority to oversee relations between states dominates debate between scholars as to whether the world will ever be a peaceful, threat-free environment. In order to eliminate war and conflict, cooperation must characterize states’ behaviour towards one another, a system in which ‘the security of each [state] is perceived as the responsibility of all’ (Wendt, 1999). The question then becomes why, if cooperation leads to rewards for everyone, do states enter into conflict and war? International Relations theorists seek to explain this paradox by examining the obstacles to cooperation. For classical realists, the answer is simple; lust for power and a drive for conflict are rooted within human nature and, since humans are the operators of state actors, state behaviour mimics this nature in its approach to international relations. Neo-realists, by contrast, follow Waltz in his belief that the anarchic structure of the international system causes states to seek security and power, and therefore provides the ultimate obstacle to cooperation. While liberals disagree altogether, offering the counterargument that men are rational, and therefore states choose to engage in conflict in order to pursue state preferences, based on a cost-benefit analysis. The primary obstacle to cooperation for liberals, then, is the clash of interests between states. Realist political theory is largely based on the assumption that all states are self-interested...
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...Original Article Rationality, norms and identity in international relations Ji Young Choi Department of Politics & Government, Ohio Wesleyan University, Elliott Hall 204, Delaware, OH 43015, USA. E-mail: jychoi@owu.edu Abstract This article examines major debates between rationalism and constructivism. It presents that there are politically significant motives of social actions, including norms and identity, which cannot be completely subsumed by the concept of instrumental rationality. These ideational or social-psychological motivations are governed primarily by thymos or affect (the moral or emotional part of the human personality) and/or valueoriented rationality. We need more flexible assumptions about main actors and their motives than those of rationalism to explain appropriately the politics of anger, loyalty and a sense of justice at international levels. However, constructivism’s emphasis on ideational motivations cannot totally replace rationalism in explaining international political life. Constructivism maintains that identity or norms are causally prior to actors’ interests. Yet when there is conflict between pursuit of interests and maintenance of identity or norms, actors’ strong and well-defined self-interests can overrule their contested or unstable identity or norms. In short, causal arrows can flow in either direction between identity or norms and interests. This implies that rationalism and constructivism are complementary rather than competitive...
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...Explain which International Relations theory is best suited to conducting strategic insight? Introduction In this paper, I will give a brief overview about Strategic Intelligence and in the process define the key terms so that there is no ambiguity about the topic being examined. I will define the concepts of strategy, insight and strategic intelligence before moving on to analyze the need for an international relations theory for conducting strategic insight. The paper will then explain constructivism and why it is the most appropriate theory for carrying out strategic insight. Strategy The concept of strategy has been around for as long as there have been organizations and wars. Strategy is a method or plan chosen to bring about a desired future, such as achievement of a goal or solution to a problem. 1Strategy is also about achieving and sustaining a position of lead over rivals through the successive capitalization of known or developing possibilities rather than restricting to any specific fixed plan designed at the onset. It can be said that strategy becomes a central plan through which an organization can affirm its essential continuity while at the same time purposefully handling its adjustment to the changing environment to gain competitive superiority. Strategy can also be viewed as a response to external opportunities and threats and to internal strengths and weaknesses; a means of achieving a long range competitive advantage, and a favorable...
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...Introduction to Neoliberalism/Neoliberal Institutionalism The theory/theoretical framework that is used to examine cooperation between nation-states, which emphasizes the possibility of mutual gains Related terminology 1. Absolute gain: a theoretical option open to political actors based on the belief that decisions will benefit all organisations within a state and/or all member states within an intergovernmental organisation (IGO) Includes all aspects of cooperative behaviour between states; especially power ratios, economic activity and socio-cultural effects 2. Relative gain: a theoretical option open to political actors based on the belief that decisions are only intended to balance power relations between states or increase the power of one state over its rivals Generally disregards economic and socio-cultural considerations, and only allows limited cooperation between states (especially in relations where information about other states’ interests and inclinations is limited) 3. Zero-sum: a relational state wherein a participant's gain or loss is exactly balanced by the losses or gains of the other participants (assuming that total gains of the participants are added, and the total losses are subtracted, the numerical result will sum to zero) Particularly useful in competitive relations, and explains economic behaviour such as opportunity cost and absolute advantage Non-zero sum: a relational state wherein all participants act based upon their respective efficient capabilities...
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...Running Head: BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL ASSESMENT OF ANTWONE 1 Assignment 2:Biopsychosocial Assessment of Antwone Fisher Robert LeVeille October 16, 2013 Professor Rogers BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL ASSESMENT OF ANTWONE 2 Biopsychosocial Assessment of Antwone Fisher Identity Client- Antwone Fisher Age- 24 years Ethnicity – African American Occupation- Seaman with US Navy Referral: Captain Reason for referral: Anger and repeated fighting Background: Antwone was born on 8th of august, 1976 in a correctional facility home for women in Ohio State. Antwone does not know the reason of his mother, Eva mae’s imprisonment. Antwone, never saw his father, Edward Elkins who was killed before Antwone’s birth. In fact he came to know about his father’s last name very recently. After his birth, Antwone was sent to an orphanage by state social services. Antwone states that his mother never came to see him. He says how he always wanted to see his mother and used to fantasize about her but never tried to search her. After spending two years in the orphanage, he was sent to a foster home of Mrs. Tate in Cleveland. In his new home, he experienced some very bitter things. He was beaten and burnt and was also sexually assaulted by Mrs. Tate and Nadine, her relative. Antwone was accompanied by other kids who also faced similar things in the home of mrs. Tate. He was often beaten, tied up in a dark basement. He remembers that how Mrs. Tate, An ardent Christian in BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL...
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...continues to go on individuals’ have started having a sort of understanding when it comes to personality, however, there are still a lot of individuals’ who have their own personal opinion and put their own input in when it comes to these philosophies. Erich Fromm and Melanie Klein’s humanistic psychoanalysis are thought to be the best source of giving important responses. These two peoples’ responses have aided when it comes to the clarification as well as the abuse of certain behaviors and also what influences ones’ behavior. Objective Relation Theory by Melanie Klein Melanie Klein whom was a psychologist strongly believed with the importance of individual relations as well as individual connections. In support of ones’ individual connections and their behaviors, Klein communicated her Objective Relation Theory. The description of importance in ones’ first four to six months in the life of a child is the fundamental suggestion of Klein’s theory (Feist and Feist, 2009). According to Melanie Klein sex and hunger during ones’ childhood are pointed towards an item. By setting some sort of link between things, this will create a basis for a child to connect more to an item. Unfortunately, during Melanie Klein’s childhood she was not given the equal amount of affection...
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...Foreign Policy Module Summative Assessment Question 1: Foreign policy must be formulated in accordance with the national interest’. Evaluate this claim which is attributable to realist thinking on foreign policy. * * According to realist thinking on foreign policy, international relations and politics are formulated in accordance with national interest. This presupposes that the key actors in International Relations are sovereign states that behave similarly regardless of their type of government. As well, a state of anarchy is at the fundamental core of this argument and national interests of egoistic states as the main outward presence in international realm. Classic Realism, originally emerged from the European concert of aristocratic diplomacy. By evaluating this claim, this essay will reassert the position and importance of Offensive and Defensive Realism in our contemporary post 9/11 world. These are respectively neoclassical realism and neorealism. Firstly, a detailed account of realism will be produced highlighting the emergence of national interest as the fundamental feature or goal of sovereign states. This is done either through the maintenance of a status quo or aspiration of accumulating influence. It will be concluded that Defensive Realism or neorealism is the principal theoretical sub-school in according this claim any legitimacy. Secondly, a general evaluation of neorealism in post 9/11 world will be provided; and a comparison, and ultimately an...
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...REPORT OUTLINE: MELANIE KLEIN – OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY: BIOGRAPHY: 1. Melanie Reizes Klein was born March 30, 1882 in Vienna, Austria 2. Youngest of four children born to Dr. Moris Reizes and his second wife Libussa Deutsch Reizes. 3. She believed that her birth was unplanned- a belief that led to feelings of being rejected by her parents. She felt especially distant to her father who favored his oldest daughter, Emilie, 4. During her childhood, she observed her parents working at jobs they did not enjoy. 5. Klein’s early relationships were either unhealthy or ended in tragedy. 6. She felt neglected by her elderly father whom she saw as cold and distant, although she loved and idolized her mother, she felt suffocated by her. 7. Her older sister Sidonie died, she felt devastated and in later years, she confessed that she never got over grieving for Sidonie. 8. After death, she became deeply attached to her brother Emmanuel-teaching her arithmetic 9. She idolized her brother, and this infatuation may have contributed to her later difficulties in relating to men. 10. At age 18, her father died, after 2years, her brother died. 11. When still mourning for her brother’s death, he married Arthur Klein, an engineer –close friend of Emmanuel. 12. She believed that her marriage at 21 prevented her from becoming a physician, and for the rest of her life, she regretted that she had not reached that goal. 13. UNFORTUNATELY...
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...in the study of politics that wrote in a more theoretical sense, as well as the founding father of International Relations. His study on the History of the Peloponnesian War provides awareness of the conflict and various analyses on the causes of the war by observing the strategic interaction between the states, hierarchy amongst the states along with legitimacy and levels of power to determine the pattern of their relations. Although there are undeniably numerous differences between Thucydides era and our world system today, Thucydides persists to influence contemporary international relations, namely Realism, with many realists frequently referring to the Melian Dialogue when advocating a power-based approach. With Thucydides often portraying insights into human nature, many scholars use his findings as a guide that is still relevant today due to the generality of self-interest, fear and power maximisation that still occurs as it did previously. Thucydides’ relevance today has been greatly perceived through his impact upon political realism in his studies concerning the concept of power politics. Whilst political realism expresses the view that international relations is the battle of self-interested states that are involved in the struggle of power politics within a permanent moral-free state of anarchy, Thucydides’ work denotes that international relations is anarchical and dissolute. When analysing the strategic interaction of states and the hierarchy amongst them he...
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...Realism is considered to be the dominant theory of International Relations because it explains the power struggle among states in the international system very well. From the realist point of view, the rule in this system is cruel, or we should say there is no rule in the operation of international relations because the only thing can be relied on is nations’ own power. Power is an important issue in realism. As Thucydides put it thousands years ago, “The strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must”. The power they discuss here is not absolute power but relative power. It’s a concept that should be compared with other states. The interesting thing is that nothing seems to have been changed now. The international environment, in which obligation and personal emotions are set aside and the interests and survival of the states become top priorities, remains cruel as it used to be. Therefore, realists claim that pursuing power for a state is not only to fulfill its ambition but to survive. The question is why do nations need power to survive? To begin with, in realists’ definition, the state is the main actor in the international system. Though it might be city-state, empire, kingdom or tribe that represented the state at times, the point is this basic unit represents the collective will of people. (Dunne) To quest the good life of its people, the state needs power to fulfill the goal. In addition, realists believe the states operate in an anarchic system, in which...
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