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Images

Durch die Entwicklung der Gesellschaft zu einer Mediengesellschaft, wird der Radius des eigenen Erlebens vom unmittelbaren Umfeld auf die Welt erweitert.
Daraus ergibt sich, dass wir viele Erfahrungen nicht mehr selbst machen sondern wir sie von Medien zugänglich gemacht bekommen.

Bsp.: Jeder weis über das angebliche Sexualverhalten eines amerikanischen Präsidenten mit seiner Sekretärin bescheid, hat ihn aber nie persönlich kennengelernt.

Um die Flut an Informationen zu bewältigen, müssen sie gebündelt und vereinfacht werden. Die Mediengesellschaft kreiert deshalb eine Art Stellvertreter. Ein solcher Stellvertreter ist das Image

Erste Definition
Ein Image ist die „Gesamtheit der Voststellungen, Einstellungen und Gefühle, die eine Person im Hinblick auf ein Obkekt (Person, Organisation, Produkt, Idee) besitzt“ (Fuchs et al. 1978, S.330)

1. Eigenheiten von Images

nur selten wahrhaftig -werden interessenbezogen u. zielgruppenorientiert konstruiert ---> schliesst Objektivität oder Wahrhaftigkeit aus -müssen nicht wahrhaftig sein sondern nur für zutreffend gehalten werden

-Goffman: Image als Image einer Person -jeder Mensch ist bestrebt gegenüber der Öffentlichkeit einen guten Eindruck zu machen, also ein Image aufzubauen und dieses aufrecht zu erhalten Bsp: mehr Schein als Sein: man versucht beispielesweise selbstbewusst, cool und ruhig zu wirken... ist aber unsicher und aufgeregt --->das nach außen aufgebaute Image ist nicht wahrhaftig

können starke faktische Wirkung entfalten:
-Images sind zwar oft fiktiv, nehmen aber dennoch Einfluss auf die Realität, da sie als vorkonstruierte Bilder („pictures in our head“) auf die Wahrnehmung der Wirklichkeit einwirken
-die Entscheidung gegenüber einem Objekt richtet sich nicht danach wie das Objekt tatsächlich ist sondern danach wie das Individuum glaubt das es ist (vgl. Spiegel 1961, S.29)

sind kollektive Vorstellungen -Menschen setzen implizit voraus, dass andere Menschen gleich wahrnehmen und sich gleich verhalten (Merten, S.48). Deshalb entstehen Images als kollektive Vorstellungen, die durch die Verbreitung durch Medien an Vielfalt und Verschiedenheit verlieren -Abweichungen der eigenen Beobachtung vom Image werden als eigene Fehlwahrnehmung interpretiert und lösen Bemühungen aus das die Beobachtung dem Image anzugleichen (bei Abweichung) 2. Merkmale

Image setzt sich zusammen aus: (vgl. Mertens 1999, S.249)

eigenen Erfahrungen informelle Kommunikation (Erfahrungen anderer) Informationen der Medien (Image)

haben hohen Erinnerungswert

erlauben eine sofortige Gesamtwahrnehmung (S.50) -Bilder ermöglichen eine Vereinfachte und sofortige Wahrnehmung -der Imagebergriff kam mit der Verbreitung des Fersehens und des Films und mit dem Beginn der Mediengesellschaft -durch Bilder können komplexe Dinge einfach und kompakt dargestellt weden -Texte Beispielsweise muss man erst verstehen, es entstehen evtl. Widersprüche ---> mühsameres rezipieren gegenüber der direkten Wahrnehmung von Bildern

müssen nicht wahr sein sondern nur für wahr gehalten werden (S.50) -heute wird der Schein (Image) der Realität vorgezogen, wenn dieser attraktiver ist -“Dem Image gehört die Zukunft. Sein zweck ist, die Realität in den Schatten zu stellen“ (Boorstin 1964, S.171)

können systematisch geplant/ konstruiert werden -die Frage ist nicht, ob etwas wirklich geschehen ist sondern ob es berichtenswert ist

nehmen temporal zu -da sie wie schon beschrieben attraktiver als die Realität sein können, da sie nach Bedarf konstuiert werden können, wächst die Nachfrage nach Images -bei Boorstin nach Pseudo-Ereignissen ---> Reality-Shows

lebendiger, interessanter, attraktiver

bilden nicht 1:1 ab sondern polarisieren und vergrößern positive und negative Eigenschaften -Bsp.: Deutsche Bahn: Nichbahnfahrer besonders negativen Eindruck...von Medien vermittelt. Negativer als die Realität (vgl. Merten 1999)

begünstigen die Personalisierung (in den Medien stark gefragt, da...) und damit die Identifikation mit Objekten

Nachteil: sind instabil und müssen daher gepflegt werden

3. Funktionen

Identizizierung: Fan besitzt die selben Eigenschaften oder will sie gerne besitzen
Differenzierung: Unterscheidung von anderen Personen , Objekten
Profilierung: sich einen Namen machen durch Markanz

wichtig hierbei: der Fan/ Käufer kauft die Leistung nicht danach wie sie ist sondern wie er glaubt das sie ist . Fan liebt die Vorstellung des Stars (Image) und will diesem nahe sein, obwohl er dies niemals sein kann. Dies bedeutet, dass der Star eine Verpflichtung zu Distanz hat. Sobald er keinen Raum für Idealisierung, Spekulierung und Neugier lässt, verschwindet auch der Mythos und die faszination. Ohne Distanz kein Star.

Stellvertreter Funktion (S.52) -Ersatz für Wirklichkeit, Stellvertreter für eigene Erfahrungen -(Merten 1999, S.245,246) Mensch im Gegensatzt zum Tier keine nicht mehr an spezifische Umwelt gebunden und angepasst, sondern hat eine offene Welt um sich und sich deshalb eine künstliche Umwelt schaffen muss. Erfahrungsbereich erweitert sich so stark, dass er nicht mehr nur durch eigene Erfahrungen gedeckt werden kann ---->Mnschen sind abhängig von Informationen/ Erfahrungen von anderen, Medien veritteln diese (Stellvertreterfuntion der Images)

All das wird zu einem Schema gebündelt und daraus ergibt sich das persönliche wahrgenommene Image .Je weniger Erfahrungen oder infomelle Informationen man von einem Objekt hat, je mehr gleicht das persönliche Image dem von den Medien verbreiteten Image. ---->Wirklichkeit wird von Erfahrung in Vorstellung verlagert

----> Vereinfachung, Selektion und Reduktion von Informationen -für Werbung und PR so interessant, da schnell, kostengünstig und zielgruppenaffin hergestelt werde und auch verändert werden können -für den Rezipienten ist die wahrgenommene Realität ob real oder nicht handlungsleitend und wahrhaftig

Strukturierung der Wahrnehmung -bietet eine schnelle Erstorientierung (auch Bildung von Vorurteilen)

Steuerung der Wahrnehmung (S.53) -die Images bzw. Vorstellungsbilder haben eine größere Orientierungs- und Steuerkraft in der Öffentlichkeit als Fakten und Leistungsergebnisse (vgl. Buß 2007, S 229)

Definition -“Das Image […] ist ein kollektiv konstruierter, öffentlicher aber nicht wahrheitsgemäßer Wissensbestand, der im rahmen gemeinsamer […] Erfahrungen und Vorstellungen ensteht und sich aus vielen […] emotionalen Wissensfacetten zusammensetzt, die dem Objekt des Images zugeschrieben, jederzeit verändert und bewertet werden können und vor allem durch die Medien verbreitet weredn.“ (Mertens 2014, S. 53)

Fiktionen ersetzen Fakten (S.56) -neben realen Medieninhalten wie Nachrichten etc. werden immer mehr fiktionale Medieninhalte verbreitet....dem soll durch den Vergleich mit der Reputation nachgegangen werden

Vergleich Ruf und Image (ist aufschlussreich) Ruf: -(Merten 1999, S. 244) hat jemand, den man nicht persönlich kennt, ein Bündel an Informationen über dessen verhalten in der vergangenheit (der Ruf eilt jemandem voraus) -ist die normen und wertegerechte Erzeugung von Erfolg und dessen kommunikative Verbreitung -wird durch jegliche Art von positiver Aufmerksamkeit erzeugt -der Erfolg muss nachprüfbar und öffentlich bezeugt werden können -guter Ruf ist der Schlüssel zum Erfolg f. bspw. ein Unternehmen -ist wegen der nachzuweisenden Echtheitdes erfolges mühsam und aufwendig -verträgt keinerlei Differenz zur Wahrheit und deren Nachweis darf nicht im Ansatz beschädigt werden (Merten 1999, S. 245) Ablösung des Begriffs Ruf durch Image im 20 Jh. als Folger des Vordringens vsueller Medien (Foto, Film und Fernsehen und zuletzt Internet) Stereotyp: -(Merten 1999, S. 244) öffentliche Vorurteile (vgl. Lippmann 1964), allerdings ist Stereotyp dauerhafter als Image, weil sie langfristiger durch die Sozialisation angelegt werden Image: (S.58) -darf Differenz zur Wahrheit besitzen solange nur publikumswirksam konstruiert -gutes Image ist leichter herzustellen, da es keinen nachweislichen Bezug zur Wahrheit benötigt -ein Image muss nicht zutreffen sondern nur gefallen...und dieses Gefallen kann sich positiv auf das Konto der Reputation auswirken -da sie positiv getönt sind und zielgruppengerecht konstruiert sind, verzichtet die Zielgruppe auf Evidenz -Image kann durch Kommunikation so klug konstruiert werden, dass die Öffentlichkeit nicht Unterscheiden kann, ob die Wirklichkeit oder die Kommunikation dafür verantwortlich ist

belastbare Reputation (S.59) -beruht auf Fakten und zahlen -uneinsichtig für die breite Masse und wenig attraktiver unbelastbare Reputation -beruht auf Images, die als Indikator für die Reputation gelten
-nicht wahrheitsfähig
-empfängerfrendlich, emotionale Akzeptanz---> sekundäre Akzeptanz

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