...concerned with the study of social morality and philosophical reflection of norms and practice (Burckhardt and Nathaniel 2003). These ethical issues are those based on basic and essential to social values that include respect for life, liberty and to be cared for. There will be a demonstration of understanding the theory of deontology while recognizing the importance of ethical principles in relation on the delivery of individual patient care. Informed consent will be highlighted in detail to provide validity and factors involved. A reflection will be provided to detail the understanding of how ethical theories contribute to the ethical decision making process in clinical area. Also a brief discussion will be given to show what has been gained from producing this essay. Consent can be defined as an agreement to allow something to happen based on full disclosure of facts needed to make an intelligent decision (Hazel 2002). This includes the knowledge of risks involved, benefits and consequence of refusal. Informed consent not only requires that a person be given all relevant information required to reach a decision regarding their treatment. According to (Dimond 2002). The person should have the capacity of understanding the relevant information and does in fact give consent or a procedure is performed on a patient without informed consent the trust might be liable in the court of law . The following factors should be considered to have valid consent the person should be...
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...Understand person-centred approaches for care and support Person-centred values individuality; rights; choice; privacy; independence; dignity; respect; partnership; autocracy Person-centred approaches person-centred planning (PCP), particularly in relation to vulnerable individuals, e.g. individuals with learning disabilities, physical disabilities, mental health issues; person-centred thinking skills; total communication; essential lifestyle planning and person-centred reviews; Carl Rogers’ theoretical background to person-centred therapy; the four key principles of rights, independence, choice and inclusion; reflecting the unique circumstances of individuals; embedding person-centred values; the importance of individuality; appreciation of individual rights; enabling individuals to make decisions and choices; the importance of privacy; empowering individuals to maintain independence and dignity; treating individuals with respect; respecting persons’ diversity, culture and values; awareness of risk-taking in person centred approaches, enabling individuals to make informed decisions and understand the consequences e.g. the harmful effects of smoking, the benefits of taking prescribed medication, the advantages of immunisation Care and support documenting where day-to-day requirements and preferences for care and...
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...Health Literacy "It has long been recognised that people with less well developed literacy, language and numeracy skills (LLN) also have poor health outcomes." (DfES 2006). Poor basic skills impacts on the ability to navigate the healthcare system. It makes it harder, if not impossible, for individuals to make choices about their treatment and their ability to make healthy lifestyle choices. Health Literacy is the ability of individuals to make informed decisions about their health. Everyone needs these skills, but those with poor LLN skills are more at risk poorer health literacy, poorer health outcomes and greater health inequalities. Health literacy involves basic health knowledge and a range of skills including: • the ability to find and read health information; • the ability to comprehend and evaluate health information; • the ability to communicate verbally with health professionals; • the ability to assimilate the above to make better informed personal decisions on their health. Within a health context these skills are needed in order to: • navigate and access the healthcare system and use services appropriately; • communicate health needs effectively; • make empowered choices and decisions about both healthy lifestyles and treatment options; • understand and follow treatment instructions; • both communicate and understand essential information in routine...
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...This is predominantly correct for health care, where there is a fundamental defeat amongst health care providers. "Business and health care do not mix," it is said. (Epic, 1999-2011) When care is delivered and financed by a corporation, and established by business employees (and their families) as a substantial part of benefit, this proposal is unsustainable. This uncovers an un-integrated methodology to health care ethics. The shocking Tuskegee project for example, conceded for more than 40 years from 1932 - 1972. In Tuskegee Alabama, black men were dying of syphilis as physicians examined the development of the disease so it could be studied. It took until 1972 when a leak to the press lead to the termination of the project. In the early 1940s the establishment of the drug penicillin proved to be a successful cure for syphilis. However, the experiment prolonged; even in 1947 when penicillin had become the typical treatment for syphilis. The actions taken at Tuskegee are of importance even today because of the many advances made in medical science. In 1973 an ethics committee panel found that the men had agreed willingly to be observed and treated. However, there was no verification that researchers had given informed consent to them of the study or the real purpose. Men had been misinformed and had not been given any of the facts necessary to provide informed consent. Unquestionably at the moment of care, the physician should have the importance of the patient's welfare in mind...
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...the Study In the rapidly changing system of health care, many different factors have affected and changed the perception about how health care is practiced today. The rights of patient are also affected. Patient rights have now become the center of attention in practice of medicine. Today, concerns about patients’ choice and the respect for their preferences, values and the access to medical care are getting more complex. The patients’ expectations are becoming higher and now they always want everything best (Rafique & Bhatti, 2014). Nurses are subject to numerous ethical and legal duties in their professional role, including the imperative to maintain patients’ privacy and confidentiality. Beginning in 1893, nurses take the Nightingale Pledge “I promise to do all in my power to maintain and elevate the standard of my profession, and hold in confidence all personal matters committed to my keeping and all family affairs coming to my knowledge in the practice of my calling” (Gretter, 2012). The duty continues today, with hospital policies, state regulations, and federal law aimed at protecting patients’ confidentiality. Critical care providers are often privy to confidential information in the course of clinical practice. The dilemma may arise when confidential information is requested by family members or friends of the patient. Although at times it seems that regulations and laws are so stringent that any disclosure of health care information is forbidden, it may be necessary...
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...The essay will define confidentiality its importance to nurses as a profession and the Nursing and Midwifery Code of Professional Conduct. It will further look at possible dilemmas that could arise in course of practice between the nurse colleagues and the clients. Examples will be based on my clinical placement 1 at Blackfriars Work Centre. Confidentiality is keeping secret, the shared information depending on the situation arising. Dimond (2002) define confidentiality as one of the values of good practise that is concerned with protecting the private information obtained about the patient and client during the period of professional practice. Importantly all nurses including midwives have legal and professional responsibilities to respect the rights of patients and clients and treat them equally. NMC (2002) states that as a registered nurse, midwife or health visitor, you must protect confidential information. Clause 10 UKCC (1992) further states that health professionals should avoid from divulging such information without the client’s consent or a nominated person advocating on his behalf unless the disclosure is required by court order, in the public health interest and in the best interest of the patient. In addition, confidentiality as part of the social, ethical and moral basis of working in care setting is further explained in the NMC (2002) clause 5.1-5.4. In clinical setting, preserving confidentiality is view as the key to establish trust, promote good relationship...
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...It was based on ethics reasoning rather than on faith all the philosophers who followed would base their ideas and theories about morality and facts Why do many people consider Socrates to be a martyr for truth and integrity? Socrates is considered by many to be a martyr for truth and integrity because of his courage and adherence to traditional beliefs. He was charged with charges of atheism, treason, and corrupting the youth of Athens – all death penalties, just for questioning tradition. Even in spite of all the powerful people he offended, no one seemed too eager to kill him and his cell door pretty much remained open for him to escape. Yet, when his execution day arrived, he drank his cup of poison and died. Socrates was determined to force the people of Athens to accept responsibility for their choice of comfortable superstition over logic and reason. What is the primary focus of the virtue of ethics theory? The primary focus is one’s character, especially the personal disposition to act well in various circumstances. What really guides our behavior as humans is not ultimately self-centeredness or explicit commitments to moral rules or results but rather the deep patterns of each of our personalities and behaviors. . Explain the basic concept of a right. The basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are considered to be entitled, often held to include the rights to life, liberty, equality, and a fair trial, freedom from slavery and torture...
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... b) Sexual abuse is the involvement in sexual activity without consent; it can be direct (being forced to perform sex acts) and indirect (being forced to watch sexual activity). c) Emotional/psychological abuse, any action that damages an individuals’ mental health such as bullying which can result in distress. d) Financial abuse is the theft or misuse of an individual’s money or personal possessions. e) Institutional abuse is the mistreatment of an individual by the authorities or people within an institution. f) Self-neglect is when an individual fails to care for themselves and meet their basic needs for food, medical care and personal care. g) Neglect by others means failure to meet an individual’s needs for personal care, food, medical care, cultural or religious needs. 1.2 Physical abuse; multiple or minor bruising on the body, oddly shaped burns and scalds on skin, marks on skin from being slapped or bitten, broken bones of unexplained falls and misuse of medication. Sexual abuse; touching someone in a sexual manner without consent (contact), non-contact sexual abuse includes sexual talk, forcing a person to watch pornography without a person’s consent. The person may feel coerced because the abuser is in a position of trust. Emotional/Psychological abuse is difficult to identify as it usually hidden, any action that damages an individual’s mental health such as threats, humiliation, bullying and swearing can result in sadness...
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...progress with the approach and treatments that help prevent or minimize the effects of Alzheimer’s (alzheimer’s.org 2011). Since so many elderly Americans suffer from this disease, organizations like the Alzheimer Association were developed to provide those affected with support and education on the disease. The mission of the Alzheimer’s Association is “to eliminate Alzheimer disease through the advancement of research; to provide and enhance care and support for all affected; and to reduce the risk of dementia through the promotion of brain health” (alzheimer’s.org 2011). The Alzheimer Association is the largest private and not for profit funder of Alzheimer research with a vision of “A world without Alzheimer’s”. The mission and vision of the Alzheimer’s Association suggests that the organization follows ethical practices and has core values. The association is an advocate and is dedicated to serving the community and the many Americans who suffer from the disease by fighting for research, initiatives for care, and prevention at the federal and state level (alzheimer’s.org 2011). Ethical principles, Role of Ethic Values and Goals There are many ethical principles according to the article on the website ascensionhealth.org. The website listed about...
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...assignment is to discuss how the module content and practice experience has contributed to my development as a nurse. It will involve reflecting on a particular episode of care delivery to a patient by me and my nursing mentor whilst on my 5 week placement and how I felt that the Foundation to nursing practice module helped equip me with both the knowledge and skills. In education for health-care professions it is recognised as an essential tool for helping students to make links between theory and practice and enables you to develop your knowledge and skills towards becoming a professional. Reflective practice is noted as being fundamental to development as a professional. To protect anonymity and maintain confidentiality the patient focused on this assignment will be known as patient A, furthermore consent was gained from patient A and they were provided with clear information on what would be included in this assignment and where informed that no recognisable information would be given, this is done in accordance with the Nursing & Midwifery Councils Code of Professional Conduct (2002) guidelines. Nursing assessment is considered to be the first step in the process of delivering individualised nursing care which is defined by A Dictionary of Nursing (2008) as care that is planned to meet the particular needs of one patient, as opposed to a routine applied to all patients suffering from the same disease. Every person is an individual...
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...NM1704: Applying a model of nursing roper, logan and tierney model This essay explores the preoperative care provided to one patient in a London hospital during one shift. This care was influenced by the holistic perspective to health. Arsing from the Greek for ‘whole’ this acknowledges physiological, psychological and social factors impacting the patient’s condition. (McFerran & Martin, 2008) It seeks to offer treatment inclusive of these factors rather than treating physical symptoms of a diagnosed disease in isolation. This essay will examine this within a Model of Nursing used in my clinical placement area - the Roper, Logan and Tierney model. The identities of both hospital and patient have been altered to maintain confidentiality and comply with the NMC Code of Conduct. (Council, 2008) During my placement I worked on a coronary care unit where I cared for a patient herein called Peter, a 60 year old White British male. Peter was single, lived alone and unemployed. He had a history of low mood and was admitted to a neighbouring hospital suffering symptoms of acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome (acute confusion, delusions and tremors). This arises when an individual reduces or stops alcohol consumption after prolonged periods of excessive alcohol intake. This can lead to tolerance, physical dependence and physical disturbances upon withdrawal due to the central nervous system reacting in a hyper-excitable state. (About.com, 2010) He was transferred to my area...
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...INTRODUCTION This essay is all about discharge care planning and will be discussed in two parts, the first part will highlight patient profile, assessment and discharge care planning with evidence based rationale using a framework based on Roper- Logan-Tierney (2000) model of nursing which involve giving nursing care holistically by using 12 activities of living (AL) and also incorporate nursing process to carry out care plan in this essay, which are maintaining a safe environment, communicating, breathing, eating and drinking, eliminating, personal cleansing and dressing, controlling body temperature, walking and playing, mobilising, sleeping expressing sexuality and dying. Also with the above mentioned framework, factors influencing the activities of living which include biological, psychological, socio-cultural, environmental and political economic will be considered. Also demonstration of how discharges are planned and problems identified will be discussed, which will involve members of the multidisciplinary team (MDT) and their roles in the patients care, education and support for family/carers. The second part will explore how recent health service legislation has influenced this care plan and its impact on caring of older people with long term condition. In this essay, issues on professional values according to Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Code of Professional Conduct (2008), which include consent, confidentiality, respect and dignity will be undertaking. For the...
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...Health Care Communication Methods HCS/320 Health Care Communication Strategies May 18, 2015 Kelly Hernandez Health Care Communication Methods Option 1: Nursing Home Administrator As the Nursing home administrator it is my responsibility to ensure that communication between all staff members’ residents, and family members regarding the new policies of this facility which are in effect immediately. With the purchase of the national group, I will have to make sure that I understand the new policies and determine the best way to communicate it to the entire staff. In addition, I will have to make sure that they are in compliance with the HIPAA rules and regulations which states that all physicians and covered entity know that patient health information is covered. A meeting would have to be set up with the all employees of the facility to explain to them how the new policies and procedures will be implemented, and what they will have to do to ensure they are followed so that the patients can continue to receive quality care. As I meet with the medical staff to discuss the change in ownership, as well as the new policies and how they will be implemented, I will be reminding them that before any information can be given out about a patient a notice of privacy has to be communicated to the patient explaining how we will be giving out this information. We will then submit to each staff member in the form of a memo, and for those who were not able to attend the meeting,...
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...Ethical Health Care Issues In 1953, two scientists James Watson and Francis Click published the description of the double helix structure of the DNA. Little did they know that voyage from the double helix to The Human Genome Project (HGP) would become a reality. Fifty years later in 2003, National Institute Health accomplished mapping of 32,000 genes of the human genome. Gene mapping was a significant research that enabled researchers to focus on gene specific diseases and birth defects. More than 1000 research projects started inward voyage discovery of human kind rather outward exploration of the planets. Clinical research involving human beings have greater potential for risk of misusing the technology. Potential for misusing the genetic research and fear of unknown long term effects on the successive generations have sparked bioethics debates. Like abortion, gene mapping is a very controversial subject and both sides have strong views. For example, should a woman abort the pregnancy based on the abnormal genetic screening results? Genetic technology provides an enormous power within our grips and with this enormous power comes following the ethical standards. Ethical standards should be followed involving human subjects. Genetic screening standards should align with four ethical principles of: • Respect for the human autonomy, dignity, and obtaining informed consent • Genetic screening should cause the minimal amount of harm to the subject • Provides maximum benefit to...
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...Legislations, strategies and procedures to reduce the risk of abuse to adults P4): Key legislations & regulations safeguarding adults work: Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006: This purpose of this act is to help protect vulnerable adults avoid harm and keep them safe from harm’s way, also people who are deemed unsuitable to work with children and vulnerable adults from gaining access to them through their work. However this act gives vulnerable adults their independence. Equality Act of 2010: The importance of this act is to protect all individuals from discrimination within the workplace whether they may be physically or mentally unable. This act legally protects individuals no matter their sexual orientation, age, race, disability sex, and religion /beliefs etc. for example if a service user came from a strict culture and it was seen as against the religion to be washed by a man, managers would have to allocate a woman to her aid in order to respect the service user and prevent harassment and risk of abuse to the individual due to their cultural and spiritual needs. Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974: The purpose of this act is to enable some criminal convictions to be overlooked or ignored after the rehabilitation period. This act applies to individuals who are being re-introduced to society and it also applies to individuals who may not have a lifelong blot on their records because of a relatively minor offence in their past. The police Act of 1997: This act...
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