...demarcation problem as distinguishing science from pseudoscience. It is compelling that it cannot be inferred from multiple statements that a scientific law is true. Science proceeds by forming hypotheses and deductive inferences that show the hypothesis to be false; this is falsification. Presumptions in science are unjustifiable and Karl Popper’s method of hypothetico-deductivism is logical. Alan Chalmers’ scientific reasoning is inductive and he believes scientific method produces reliable knowledge through the application of inductive reasoning (SCIE1000 Lectures Notes (2015), p. 188). Science is not a body of facts, however, it is merely a method of critical thinking using evidence to justify hypotheses. Induction...
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...law provides conclusive proof of the law’s truth. If a law is true, certain consequences will follow. In the end the student inquires about the seeming regularity of nature, and asks whether or not that gives us reason to believe the predictive accuracy of science. At this point the philosophy professor points out that Hume was also concerned about what justifies our belief that nature is regular. According to Salmon, the basic question that Hume is trying to answer is how do we acquire knowledge of the unobserved. Salmon does not think that the problem of induction should cause us to give up doing science because the foundations of a subject are usually established after the subject itself. THESIS : In this paper, I will argue that the rational response to the problem of induction is that the scientific method involves predicting the results of future tests on the basis of the results of past tests. The induction is the difference from...
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...Question # 04 Explain the processes of deduction and induction, giving an example of each. Induction and deduction are two different reasoning strategies. In other words, they are two different ways to figure out the solution to a problem. DEDUCTION Deduction is the process by which we arrive at a reasoned conclusion by logically generalizing from a known fact. In other words, you start with a rule and then apply it to new situations. For example, we know that all high performers are highly proficient in their jobs. If john is a high performer, we then conclude that he is highly proficient in doing his job. Another example, the sign at the amusement park says "Adult Admission- $5" Therefore, I bet if I, an adult, try to enter I will be charged five dollars. INDUCTION Induction is a process where we observe certain phenomena and on this basis arrive at conclusions. In other words, you start with your own experience and then generalize a rule. For instance, we see that the production processes are the prime features of factories or manufacturing plants. We therefore conclude the factories exist for production purposes. Another example, the last few times a person takes green tea he sees that losing his fat. Now he thinks having tea he lost his fat. Both the deductive and the inductive processes are applied in scientific investigations. Question # 05 If research in the management area cannot be 100 percent scientific, why bother to do it at all? Comment on this statement...
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...and combined in a specific way in order to be able to make sense of them and to build science. This can be exemplified by referring to the metaphor used by Poincare, the bricks have to be placed in a certain way in order for them to be able to form a house, otherwise, if they are randomly placed they will just form a mound of bricks. Science is defined as the knowledge attained through study or practice (Science Made Simple). This can be related to reasoning, as in concrete, inductive reasoning, which goes from the particular to the general. Additionally, perception also plays an important role in science if we consider that science contains observations. Moreover, mathematics, is an additional area of knowledge which is inextricably linked to science. Natural Science would not be viable without mathematics, in fact, scientists often refer to mathematics as the language of science. The natural sciences use reason to function. From the definition of science stated above, one could argue that scientists only use inductive reasoning as it goes from the particular to the general and science is based on observations. However, it is a fact that Scientists also use...
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...research methods by describing and comparing the foundations of quantitative and qualitative research for each of the following elements, using this template. Limit your response of each item to 100 words. * Nature of research: scientific and philosophical underpinnings The scientific and philosophical underpinnings need a foundation for inquiry to conduct research. Quantitative and qualitative research methodologies consist of three philosophical underpinnings, which is identified as: objectivism, subjectivism, and constructivism. The different philosophical foundations and scientific of quantitative and qualitative methodologies have different ontology and epistemology. In quantitative paradigms have an ontology and epistemology of, where the observer and the observed are considered separate and independent. Whereas, qualitative the ontology and epistemology is multiple, socially and psychologically constructed phenomenon, where the observer and the observed are connected to each other (Gelo, Braakmann, and Bebtka, 2008). * Approach to inquiry: induction versus deduction According to Christensen, Burke, and Turner (2010) (p. 7), induction is a process that involves going from the exact to the universal. Inductive reasoning...
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...that research method and terminology plays a major role in the academic and law enforcement field. These research methods and terminologies used daily with the police officers or detectives for investigation cases. Effective research methods and terminologies also used by attorneys or paralegals in criminal justice field to open and close cases in the court. Research methods are the tools that identify the issues in criminal justice from its point of view and base on the nonscientific problem or issue. “Knowledge is why people create reality and describe by Comte. This paper tells different type of research methods that are applied in the criminal justice field and how the terminology involved with these types of research methods. Scientific Research in Criminal Justice In many criminal justice fields, the law enforcements start to gather the documents and data information. They begin to observe the information or facts about the crime. Many of them use a systematic method to check the information such as asking questions about who, what, where, when, why, and how of the crime. They begin to gathering the piece together, by the facts and determining if there is enough evidence for the case. The hypothesis takes a part of the case to help gathering the information for the crime. The hypothesis used to form a theory to what happened and how it occurred in the scene. The hypothesis plays a big part of criminal justice and that why most law enforcements like using it because...
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...Algie Brodnax DQ’s Chapter 2 Dr. Ward A. 1. Concept- A briefly stated clear idea around which an ad or marketing campaign is organized. Construct- Is more complex ideas that we as humans form in order to summarize observations about things that we cannot see directly. 2. Concept is just an idea, while a construct is more of a complex idea. 3. Concept is required for idea and brainstorming. Construct is wanted for how to build what and where. B. 1. Deduction-The process of reasoning from the general to the specific, in which a conclusion follows necessarily from the premises. Induction- The process of deriving general principles from particular facts or instances. 2. Deduction is a process to get to the conclusion while a induction draws up a conclusion from one or more particular facts. 3. For research deductions is needed for understanding the general to the specific. Induction is looked-for so research groups can process a conclusion. C. 1. Operational Definitions- When applied to data collection is a clear, concise detailed definition of a measure. Dictionary Definitions- Is to determine or identify the essential qualities or meaning. 2. Operational Definitions will allow you to generate data for detail measures while dictionary definition defines the essential for a research projects qualities or meaning. 3. Operational Definitions is required for research for data collection and measurements. dictionary definitions is required for research...
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...There are many different aspects that comes together to form the scientific method. There are six major areas that the scientific method include. These general areas include, asking a question, construct a hypothesis, to do some background research on that topic, test your hypothesis by doing an experiment or two, analyzing your data and drawing a conclusion, and communicating your results. These six categories get broken down into even more specific areas. The scientific method is essentially important because it helps us solve problems and answer questions efficiently and effectively. The first and most important area of the scientific method is to ask a question. There would never be anything in the world to support with facts or learn more about if people never came up with questions. There are numerous questions that lead to support huge things that are very vital to everyday life for you and myself. What shortly follows asking a question is to then concoct a hypothesis. A hypothesis is an idea or thought about how you believe things work, I believe it’s easier to think of it as a scientific guess or assumption. A hypothesis must be testable so you are able to demonstrate observations or facts that support your hypothesis. You can have a hypothesis that involves supernatural effects, but your hypothesis cannot be tested. Therefore, if a hypothesis is not testable then you do not have any supporting facts for your hypothesis, resulting in your hypothesis being incredible...
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...Mid-Term Assignment Penny S. Weaver Kaplan University Mid-Term Assignment 1. What are the methods of inquiry & how are they used in criminal investigation? After researching through the chapters that we have been reading, I believe that the methods of inquiry is basically finding out and utilizing the concepts of the five W’s. I do believe after all of the reading that they are the: who, what, when, where, why, and also how a crime was committed. You basically using what I call the five methods to reconstructing a crime that has been committed. As an investigator, it would be my responsibility to use the five methods to the fullest of my potential along with gut instinct and plain common sense. Of course using your gut instinct and common sense will get to certain places, you always have go with the evidence that you have because that is what a case is mainly about. Evidence, such as DNA, is rock solid along with fingerprints. I believe that when you are using the methods of inquiry that you are really gathering facts and evidence for a case that you are investigating. Using the methods of inquiry is how I believe that an investigator would use to gather all of the information that is needed to find out what type of crime was committed, who committed the crime, when did the crime take place, where did the crime take place, why did this crime happened and also how did the crime happen. You are reconstructing a crime, so you have to have all of the facts...
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...Running Head: Eight Elements of Thought and Reasoning Yehuwdah Yodhhewawhe Eight Elements of Thought and Reasoning G00099693 HU260 Strategies for Decision Making November 10, 2013 Eight Elements of Thought and Reasoning The purpose of this assignment to expound on four real distinct categories of reasoning which consist of deductive, inductive, adductive or inference, and analogical. The first category of reasoning involves deductive reasoning which consist of consist of implication and consequences, and interpretation and inference. Deductive reasoning is one of the two basic forms of valid reasoning; it commences with an assumed hypothesis or theory, which is why it has been called 'hypothetical-deduction; this assumption may be well-accepted or it may be rather precarious - nevertheless, for the argument it is not questioned. The basic idea of deductive reasoning is that if something is true of a class of things in general, this truth applies to all members of that class. One of the keys for sound deductive reasoning, then, is to be able to properly identify members of the class, because incorrect categorizations will result in unsound conclusions. Moreover, inferences are interpretations or conclusions that you come to. Inferring is what the intellect does in attempting to figure something out. Implications are claims or truths that reasonably follow from other claims or truths. On the other hand, implications follow from ideas, and consequences follow...
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...I am a man All men have hair I am a man Therefore I have hair Logic definitions Logic = science that evaluates arguments Argument = group of statements, with premises claimed to support conclusions [also inference] Statement = sentence that is either true or false [also proposition] Premise = statement setting forth reasons or evidence Conclusion = statement that the evidence is claimed to support or imply Arguments and non-arguments Arguments must have a factual claim and an inferential claim. The following are not arguments: · warnings or advice · belief or opinion · loosely associated statements · factual reports · explanations · illustrations · conditional statements Deduction and induction Deductive argument: the conclusion is claimed to follow necessarily from the premises. Inductive argument: the conclusion is probably true. Unfortunately, in most arguments the distinction is not explicit. We then need to evaluate the argument according to: 1. special indicator words 2. actual strength of inferential link 3. form of argumentation Some forms of deduction...
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...QUESTIONS 1. In terms of basic research and applied research how would you categorize Sam’s study? Why? This study can be categorized as Applied research, as this entire research is focusing on to identifying the effect of personality and emotional reactivity on the financial performance of day traders. So it tries find a solution for a particular problem. 2. Purposiveness, testability, and objectivity are three hallmarks of scientific research. Use Sam’s study as an example to discuss these hallmarks. Purposiveness: Any scientific research should have a definite and specific purpose. Without a purpose, a search will be a meaning less exercise. It is like sailing in the waters without having a destination. The purpose here is to identify what is the effect of personality and emotional reactivity on the financial performance of day traders. Testability: Scientific research lends itself to testing logically developed hypothesis to see whether or not the data support the educational conjectures or hypothesis that are developed after a careful study of problem situation. Hypothesis here used are: H1: Extreme (positive and negative) emotional responses to market events have a negative effect on the trading performance of investors. H2: Successful traders tend to be emotionally stable introverts who are open to new experiences. Objectivity: The conclusion drawn through the implementation of the results of data analysis should be objective. That is they should...
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...In terms of basic research and applied research how would you categorize Sam’s study? Why? Sam’s studies used applied research , as Sam is solving specific problems in particular situations. Purposiveness, testability, and objectivity are three hallmarks of scientific research. Use Sam’s study as an example to discuss these hallmarks. Purposiveness : Scientific research must have a definite aim or purpose focus . Here Sam’s succeeded to develop a purpose for the research : “What is the effect of personality and emotional reactivity on the financial performance of day traders.” Testability: Scientific research should test logically developed hypotheses to see whether or not the data supports the hypothesis that are developed after a careful study . Here Sam has derived two hypotheses ,but results from Sam’s study support his first hypothesis only . Objectivity : Refers to a conclusion drawn through the interpretation of the results of data analysis , objectivity is based on facts m derived from actual data .these results indicate that there is a clear link between emotional reactivity of investors and trading performance. These findings suggest that traders may benefit from training in emotion management and coaching. Do you think that the results of Sam’s study are generalizable to other organizations? Why (not)? Yes , Sam’s study are generalizable to other organizations, as Sam was studying the effect of personality and emotional reactivity on the financial performance...
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...works; old school word for science 5. Isaac Newton: Father of modern physics; Bible thumper 6. Robert Boyle: Father of modern chemistry; Bible thumper 7. New School definition of Science: Knowledge gained largely through scientific method 8. Scientism: Ideology; assumes science designates true and ultimate way to solve all problems of nature and man 9. Resolution Loop: Matching up of two things, usually received at different times in such a way to seem to confirm the veracity of the other 10. Hypothesis: Educated guess about a topic based on the data 11. Theory: Hypothesis supported by enough evidence 12. Law: Continued testing of a theory until enough evidence has been gathered to be nearly certain it is true 13. Control Groups: Used to determine cause and effect Multiple Choice: Induction: general statement that is true for all the data; assumes the part we look at applies to the whole Deduction: starts with one or more inductive generalizations and applies to a specific situation Example: All heavenly bodies are made of green cheese. (inductive statement) The moon is a heavenly body. (definition) The moon is made of green cheese. (deductive statement) True or False: Scientific Attitude: o Science must always question and demand evidence o Scientists must be ready to adjust his ideas as new evidence comes to light and must make clear distinctions between what is really known and what is popular Essays: ...
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...Critical Thinking: How to Read and Analyze Arguments Jim Wohlpart Spring 2007 Critical Thinking: A Definition Critical thinking is a mode of thinking where the thinker consciously analyzes an issue or problem, while at the same time assessing the thinking process. Critical thinking presupposes rigorous standards and mindfulness in their use. It depends upon effective communication and problem-solving abilities, as well as a commitment to overcome our inherent egocentricism and sociocentrism. Finally, it improves with practice. (Adapted from CriticalThinking.org) Critical Thinking: Not! I believe I have omitted mentioning that in my first voyage from Boston, being becalmed off Block Island, our people set about catching cod and hauled up a great many. Hitherto I had stuck to my resolution of not eating animal food, and on this occasion, I considered with my master Tryon the taking of every fish as a kind of unprovoked murder, since none of them had or ever could do us any injury that might justify the slaughter. All this seemed very reasonable. But I had formerly been a great lover of fish, and when this came hot out of the frying pan, it smelt admirably well. I balanced some time between principle and inclination, till I recollected that when the fish were opened I saw smaller fish taken out of their stomachs. Then thought I, if you eat one another, I don’t see why we mayn’t eat you. So I dined upon cod very heartily and continued to eat with other people, returning only now...
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