...1 The importance of nutrition during infancy and toddlerhood Nutrition is one of the basic building blocks of the human body. From pregnancy through toddler hood the fetus is growing and developing at a faster rate than at any other time in its life. The proper balance of nutrition can be the difference in birth weight, birth defects, and obesity. Too little energy, protein, and nutrients during this sensitive period can lead to lasting deficits in cognition, social, and emotional development. The importance of nutrition in pregnancy cannot be overstated. Proper nutrition, from conception through the first year of life, is a key factor to healthy growth and development in a baby. Not only do we need to be concerned with what is eaten we also need to look at how much is eaten. Good nutrition maintains maternal energy requirements, provides the underlying layer for the development of the new fetus tissues, and builds energy reserves for postpartum lactation. “Recommendations for prenatal nutrition have traditionally been directed at two clinical arenas, weight gain in pregnancy and dietary intake in pregnancy.” (Booker, C.J. 2010) Conversely, over nutrition can have just as negative an affect as malnutrition? Increasing the awareness of infant nutrition is especially critical now as the U.S. faces escalating rates of obesity across all segments of the population. And yet the debate over obesity often ignores the importance of infant nutrition in the first year...
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...APA-formatted reference page to identify the source of your information. |Physical development | |Prenatal, infancy, and |Example: Prenatal exposure to alcohol can cause a number of physical and neurological deficits (p. | |toddlerhood (pre-birth to 2 |89). | |years) |An expecting mother that drinks heavily can put her unborn child at risk for FAS (Fetal Alcohol | | |Syndrome). | |In early childhood (3 to 6 |Some children that are born after being exposed to stress and alcohol may have difficulty with basic | |years) |motor skills, such as walking down stairs, standing on one foot, and getting dressed with little help| | |from an adult. | |Cognitive development | |In infancy and toddlerhood |Toddlers that are exposed to stress can develop problems with sensory integration which can lead to | | |the inability to...
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...Development in Infancy & Toddlerhood GURE 5.21 Acting on the environment plays a major role in perceptual differentiation Crawling and walking change the way babies perceive a sloping surface. The newly crawling infant on the left plunges headlong down the slope. He has not yet learned that it affords the possibility of falling. The toddler on the right, who has been walking for more than a month, approaches the slope cautiously. Experience in trying to remain upright but frequently tumbling over has made him more aware of the consequences of his movements. He perceives the incline differently than he did at a younger age. Summary Body Growth Describe major changes in body size, proportions, muscle–fat makeup, and skeletal growth over the first two years. ■ Height and weight gains are greater during the first two years than at any other time after birth. Body fat is laid down quickly during the first nine months, whereas muscle development is slow and gradual. Parts of the body grow at different rates, following the cephalocaudal and proximodistal trends, resulting in changing body proportions. ■ Skeletal age, a measure based on the number of epiphyses and the extent to which they are fused, is the best way to estimate the child’s overall physical maturity. At birth, the bones of an infant’s skull are separated by six gaps, or fontanels, which permit the skull to expand as the brain grows. Brain Development Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current...
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...The first stage is infancy. This is the stage of less than a year of age, from birth to about 18 months old. According to Erikson, at this stage the crisis that an infant must face is the crisis of trust versus mistrust. Infancy is the most fundamental stage of development because the child will emerge feeling the world will be safe or unpredictable. The most significant social influence is the mother (or primary caregiver). The child will be able to develop a sense of trust through the consistent and regular care provided by the mother. This is achieved by providing a degree of familiarity, consistency, and continuity in the care, the child develop a feeling that the world is a safe place to be, that people are reliable and loving. But if the child cannot resolve this crisis, the child will leave the infancy stage with a sense of mistrust. The child will be apprehensive and suspicious around people. This sense of mistrust will be carried over to the next stage and the child would have a lot of struggles in the next stages of their life. The second stage is the stage of Toddlerhood of 1 to 3 years of age. In this stage the crisis that child needs to resolve is the crisis of autonomy versus shame and doubt. This stage is important because the child will emerge feeling confident and capable or will have self doubt and shame. The most significant social influence at this stage is the parent. The caregiver should be able to show tolerance and firmness. The child should be able to...
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...was born on 1902 and passed away on 1994. Through Erikson’s 92 years of life he was quiet the scholar. He would write essays that were collected by his wife Joan and later published in chapters in a book entitled, Childhood and Society (1950). One of his most famous concepts from the essay was “The Eight Stages of Man”. Which illustrate eight ascending steps on a moving staircase that starts at infancy and goes up to older adulthood. Where the author Jon Snodgrass interacts with their readers is that, Snodgrass gives his own formula to understand “The Eight Stages of Man”. Snodgrass’s formula was LSDT = A & S + PT + CP, which stands for “Life Span Development Theory”, A&S stands for “Age and Stages”, PT is “Psychological Task”, and CP is “Critical Period.” Snodgrass came up with the formula because it is able to summarize fully the concept of Lifespan Development Theory. Erikson’s work would be called “physco-social” because it would include formation of personality. He would explain the age and stage and it would have ego conflict. For example, the first part is infancy which from (0-1), which would be trust...
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...HD 340 – Fall 2015 – Midterm #2 Study Guide Chapter 5 through 7 ~ Infancy & Toddlerhood ***In addition, to merely knowing definitions, make sure you can apply the terms to situations, knows pros & cons (if applicable), etc… Please feel free to email me or visit office hours if you get stuck on anything on the guide. Chapter 5 • Cephalocaudal trend: from the Latin for “head to tail.” During the prenatal period, the head develops more rapidly than the lower part of the body. Birth: head takes up ¼ of total body length, legs only 1/3. By age two, head 1/5 and legs nearly 1/2 • Proximodistal trend: when growth proceeds from “near to far.” From the center of the body outward. The head, chest, and trunk grow first, then the arms and legs, and finally hands and feet. During infancy and childhood, the arms and legs continue to grow somewhat ahead of the hands and feet. • Sex differences in growth: infancy, girls are shorter and lighter than boys and higher ratio of fat to muscle. Sex differences persist through early and middle childhood and are greatly magnified at adolescence. Children of the same age differ in rate of physical growth – some mature faster than others. • History of breastfeeding & cultural variations: breastfeeding now more common in industrialized nations. 77% of mothers in America begin breastfeeding after birth, but more than one third stop by 6 months. • Benefits of breastfeeding: provides correct balance of fat and protein. Ensures...
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...Me and my 2 sistersAll of the pictures that I have as a baby are in Ecuador. This is because this is where I lived for a majority of my infancy and toddlerhood. I was able to retrieve this picture of me and my sisters two years ago when I visited. The picture on my cover is when I had my Quinceñera in Ecuador 2 years ago. This is when a women in South America or Central America comes to the age of 15 and is introduced to society as a lady. I was able to have my whole family there. | | | Who We AreBrittany Nazareth Jaramillo Webster3014 Greenwood Park CircleAlbemarle, NC 28001Cell- 704-305-8354 | | | | | | | Chapter 1: My roots | By: Brittany Nazareth Jaramillo Webster | | Brittany: Originally the ancient duchy of Bretagne in France. Celtic Bretons emigrated from France to become the Bretons of England. Birth Date: 09/18/1997Place of Birth: Long Island, NY (Stony Brook University Medical Center)1997President Clinton starts his second term in office on January of 1997 | | | 1997…Microsoft becomes the world’s most valuable company valued at $261 billionSecond deadliest tornado kits Texas killing 27 people Civil court jury find O.J Simpson guilty In August of 1997, Steve Job returned to Apple, Inc. Macbook in BostonIn March of 1997, scientists cloned Dolly the sheepBritain gave up control of Hong Kong in July of 1997In September of 1997, Mother Teresa died within a week of Princess DianaMore than 120 countries signed a treaty to get rid of land minesIn...
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...infant's senses, reflexes and motor abilities grow. The second stage that ranges from two through seven years of age is the Preoperational Stage. In this stage the child only sees the world through their point of view. The Concrete Operational Stage is the third and this stage occurs when the child is seven through eleven. It’s also known as the preteen stage and they start to think logical. The last and final stage of Piaget’s development is the Formal Operations Stage. The age is from fourteen or sixteen till death, and in this stage the teen can understand past, present, and future (Myers, 2014). In class today we learned about Erickson’s Stages of Psychological Development. Infancy is his first stage and if the infant's needs are met then they development trust throughout this stage. The toddlerhood stage the children learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves. When kids learn to do tasks and carry out plans, this is the preschool and third stage. Their elementary school stage, they learn pleasure of them completing task. The 5th stage, which is adolescents, teens work at refining themselves to become who they want to be. The 6th stage or young adulthood, people struggle to form close relationships for imitate love. The middle adulthood stage or 7th, people discover a sense of purpose to the world. The final stage is late adulthood where they reflect on their lives, they may feel satisfied or feel failure (Myers, 2014). Also this week we talked about the process...
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...looked at very similarly across most age ranges with increases in cognitive thinking and functioning later on. Developmental Analysis Development has many definitions, varying from gender, age, and even culture. We all experience changes and growth at various times throughout our life that help us transition into the next phases. It is a natural process for humans to age and grow, but also learn from their environments and mistakes. The various stages marked by Erikson often pinpoint vital phases in an individual’s life where challenges are sought out. From the time of infancy until very old age, an individual is constantly developing and changing. There are challenges often brought about with each new stage and older age, but with each phase knowledge is also gained. Infancy From the time of conception until birth, infancy is a very important time for not only the mother but also the infant. Infancy alone offers a rapid rate of growth and development not only of the infant but also the brain within the first year. The brain has relatively strong plasticity during this time, so it is important during this time to receive cognitive stimulation to increase development and thinking. I do not know much about the details of my mother’s pregnancy because I was adopted when I was a toddler. I was told that she was younger when...
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...Nigora Raufova Psych 150 “Babies” Reaction Paper The film is showing four beautiful babies: Ponijao from Namibia, Mari from Tokyo, Bayar from Mongolia and Hattie from San Francisco. All four babies are surrounded by different macrosystems but display similar developmental patterns regardless of their upbringing. All these children still must go through the same developmental milestones. In the first year of life babies undergo dramatic changes, many of these are observed in this film. All four babies are living in their own microsystems, each very different from one another. Ponijao has a big family consisting of several siblings, Bayar lives with his parents and a brother, and Mari and Hattie are the only children for their parents, which is a typical situation in developed countries. We see the babies going through the Sensorimotor Stages as soon as they were born, they all were breastfed, which is a sign that they had sucking reflexes that are connected with rooting reflex and breastfeeding. There was an episode where Babinski reflex shown: Mari was sitting in her highchair and a family cat playing with baby’s feet. I noticed that Mari had all possible toys to help her to develop mentally and physically, but she also can be seen playing with CDs and cellphones. On the other hand Ponijao was happy to play with sticks, stones beads and a plastic bottle. I saw Bayar unrolling toilet paper and feeling very happy when he finally got to its base, which he immediately put...
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...The Development of Language and Communication from Infancy to Preschool 510: Early Childhood Development Cleveland State University Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine how language and communication develop in early childhood, from in uerto through preschool. And how language is the expression of human communication through which knowledge, belief, and behaviors’ develop, and experiences are explained and shared. Other areas to be examined is the developmental milestones functional skills that are age specific tasks that children achieve during various levels of development, infant brain development, and attachment. Although each milestone is age appropriate, children development varies from child to child taking in to consideration every child is unique. Introduction In a study conducted (2009) on babies language learning starts from the womb. From the first day a newborn cries they already bear the mark of the language their parents speak. In another dramatic finding of this study is that not only are human neonates capable of producing different cry melodies, but they prefer to those melody patterns that are typical for the ambient language they have heard during fetal life, within the last trimester of gestation. Even through prenatal exposure to their native language was known for some time to influence newborns, scientist now believe that it happens much earlier than the preconceived notion that surrounding language affected sound production...
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...Theories of Socialization Introduction to Sociology October 20, 2010 Understanding socialization can be a very challenging process which can lead to several theories. There were a few good thinkers from the mid 1800s to the late 1900s that developed a few good theories to understand society. Sigmund Freud, developer of the “Psychoanalysis” theory, believed the humans have two basic needs or drives that are present at birth. One is the need for sexual and emotional bonding, which he called “life instinct” and the second is an aggressive drive that we all share called the “death instinct”. In his theory the human personality has three parts; the “id” which are the human’s innate, pleasure-seeking drives which are typically unconscious and demand immediate satisfaction, the “ego” which are our efforts to balance innate, pleasure-seeking drives and the demands of society, and the “superego” which are the demands of society in the form of internalized values and norms. This was called the elements of personality. Another great thinker was Jean Piaget who developed the “cognitive development” theory. Piaget theory is based on human cognition, how people think and understand. He developed this theory by identifying four stages of cognitive development. The first is the sensorimotor stage, this is the level of human development at which individuals experience the world only through their senses; this will be in the first two years of a child’s life. The next is the preoperational...
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...If we use Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development we can see where Pat early physical delay impacted her socioemotional progress, which have unable her to form proper attachment to people in her life. Through the first stage of development, infancy (to 1 year), Pat didn’t obtain the consistent, predictable and reliable support from her parents. “Infants avoid attachment or show insecure attachment, marked either by anxiety or avoidance of trusting relationship,” (Myers, D. G., 2014 p. 140). Therefore, Pat developed a sense of mistrust of the adults in her life. By the second stage, toddlerhood (1to 3 years), Pat wasn’t able to develop physically, since she had a difficulties with the mobility of her legs. She would be unable to assert...
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...or construct some form of attachment outside the home, perhaps through interaction with a teacher or mentor. This paper will “BRIEFLY DESCRIBE HOW PARENTS AND TEACHERS CAN HELP TEACH SOCIAL COMPETENCE”. Erikson (1950) provided another important theory related to social competence; his psychosocial theory of personality development emphasized the interplay between the social and emotional domains. Erikson highlighted the importance of the person resolving a series of conflicts where interpersonal relationships play an important role. In infancy, the conflict is Trust versus Mistrust. Erikson hypothesized that an infant will develop trust through interaction with a warm, available, and responsive caregiver or the infant will develop mistrust through interaction with a negative or unresponsive and unavailable caregiver. Subsequently, it is this development of trust in infancy that allows an individual to succeed in the next stage of toddlerhood called Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt. In this stage, the toddler is more likely to develop a sense of his independence and control over his own...
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...Symptoms and Diagnosing of Autism Spectrum Disorder Stephanie R. South University of Cincinnati Abstract This paper explores the symptoms and how to accurately diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism is classified as a psychological condition that starts in adolescence. Psychology classes, specifically an introductory course, briefly cover this condition and its diagnosis. This paper will provide a great knowledge and understanding of diagnosing Autism. There are many symptoms and signs exhibited in children diagnosed with Autism. There is no clear answer for why or how this disorder occurs, making it hard to properly diagnose those afflicted. It is extremely important for the child’s caregiver to be proactive and seek out medical expertise at the onset of behavioral issues in their child. Diagnosing the child at a younger age can ensure proper treatment and interventions for him/her. I have chosen to write my paper on the symptoms and diagnosing of Autism. This disorder is mysterious, but also fascinating. Being a mother, I worry all the time about new and strange afflictions that are attacking our children. To be proactive in our children’s lives, we must be knowledgeable and observant for the early warning signs or symptoms. Throughout the research process of preparing my paper, I have gained a greater comprehension of this disorder and the first indicators that has prepared me to act promptly for the sake of my children. In the last decade, Autism has gained...
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