Premium Essay

Interaction and Speaking Skill

In:

Submitted By noceino
Words 2073
Pages 9
This essay will explore the five hypotheses that comprise Stephen Krashen’s model for second language learning. It will define each hypothesis and discuss a number of practical implications of Krashen’s model for the classroom. The implications will focus primarily on the “Input Hypothesis” and the “Affective Filter Hypothesis” which are the cornerstones of his model. This essay will also briefly discuss some criticisms of the model.
Krashen’s Theory for Second Language Acquisition Krashen’s theory consists of five hypotheses: 1) The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis; 2) The Natural Order Hypothesis; 3) The Monitor Hypothesis; 4) The Input Hypothesis; 5) The Affective Filter Hypothesis. The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis states that second language learners develop their ability in the second language in two ways: acquisition and learning. Acquisition is generally subconscious. People are not usually aware of their increasing proficiency. They acquire a “feel” for the language and have little conscious knowledge of the rules of that language. Learning, on the other hand, is a more formal process which is aided by rules and error correction. Krashen (1994) summarizes: “In everyday terms, acquisition is picking up a language. Ordinary equivalents for learning include grammar and rules” (p.52). The Natural Order Hypothesis states that “students acquire (not learn) grammatical structures in a predictable order” (p.52). In other words, some structures are acquired earlier than others. An important component of this hypothesis is that the acquisition order is different for the first language than for the second language. Although individuals differ in their exact order of acquisition there can be said to be an average order and a natural order. Importantly, this does not imply that teachers should teach language in order of acquisition. In

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Btec Level 3 National Health and Social Care

...BTEC Level 3 National Health and Social Care Unit 1 Developing effective communication in health and social care This mandatory unit enables learners to understand effective communication within health or social care settings, some of the many barriers to effective communication and ways to overcome them. Learners will gain the necessary interpersonal skills to communicate with a range of people within the sector and will have the opportunity to identify and analyse the effectiveness of their own communication skills. This is a 10-credit unit and can be taught in 60 guided learning hours, with learners also expected to complete non-supervised individual study time. This is a mandatory unit for all qualifications. On completion of this unit, learners should: LO1 Understand effective communication and interpersonal interaction in health and social care LO2 Understand factors that influence communication and interpersonal interaction in health and social care environments LO3 Understand ways to overcome barriers in a health and social care environment LO4 Be able to communicate and interact effectively in a health or social care environment Unit contents The scheme of work for this unit (page 13) links to the following resources to help you deliver Unit 1. LO1 Lesson plan LO2 LO3 LO4 AS10, AS11, AS12 LP Activity sheet AS1, AS2, AS3, AS4 AS5, AS6, AS7, AS8, AS9 Stretch and support AS1, AS2, AS3, AS4 AS6, AS8, AS9 ...

Words: 7382 - Pages: 30

Premium Essay

Materials for Developing Speaking Skills

...Materials for Developing Speaking Skills According to Bygate, Speaking skills maybe viewed into 2 basic aspects: 1)Motor Receptive Skills- involved mastering of sounds and sructures not necessarily in any particular context. 2) Interaction Skills-involves making decisions about what and how to say things in specific communicative situations to convey the right intentions to maintain relationships. More research on language awareness suggest s that the teaching sequence does not have to be structured before the communication of meanings, but content –based activities can help learners to experience and and respond to meanings.Arguably, speaking skills are best developed when learners learn eventually to take control of their own performance from an insider persperctive rather than constantly dictated to by an outsider manipulation. As viewed by Tomlinson, second language teaching materials can be treated not only by writers, but also by teachers and learners. In other words, the act of developing materials should be understood beyond the act of writing scripts for coursebooks, and in fact can bedynamic, creative process which stretches from the writers desk to real classroom. Tomlinson’s perecption coincides with Nunan’s vision that communication should be seen as process rather than a set of products. It is also closely related calls the “process syllabuss”. According to this syllabus, when materials are scripted by a writer, they appear in the form of a predesigned...

Words: 2393 - Pages: 10

Free Essay

Biology

...What Are Interpersonal Interactions? When you are around other people, you are interacting. Imagine that anything you do with others is interacting. Regardless of whether you are talking to them, working together on a project, sitting in a meeting room, or having a conversation, you are practicing interpersonal interactions. Interpersonal interactions also include things like relating to one another and exchanging feelings, and they can be both verbal and nonverbal. So, let's break down the concept better by looking at both verbal and nonverbal interpersonal interactions and the skills involved in those interactions. Verbal Interactions When you speak to someone else, you are expressing verbal interpersonal interactions. You can speak in soft tones, loud tones, and tones that include emotion such as anger or excitement. Therefore, verbal interpersonal interactions involve tone and volume. Also involved in verbal interpersonal interactions is word choice. When you speak to someone like a doctor, for example, you will explain things that involve words such as why you are feeling ill and how long the symptoms have been occurring, and you will most likely ask questions related to your illness. If you were feeling sick and feverish, you might explain that you have been tired and achy and ask questions about how you can feel better. Your word choice includes the words that you choose to express yourself. There are skills that are involved in verbally interacting with others...

Words: 1108 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Computer Games In Language Instruction Essay

...and engagement with the game and improve motivation to learn the fundamental material (Tobias, et al., 2011). The history of computer games as an instructive tool is relatively short. The entry of computer games into learning and instruction began in the 1980s, when the design and construction of the games themselves was a popular way to learn about computers (Games & Squire, 2011). However, it was not until the 1990s that the computer game began to be a common tool for instruction. In the mid-1990s, commercial edutainment games were used commonly, and then they were disappeared in the mid-2000s due to the poor management of the sector’s leaders (Games & Squire, 2011). Nowadays, digital game-based learning, focusing on an emphasis of interaction and learning, is more common than only edutainment games (Games & Squire, 2011). Computer games have been used in language...

Words: 2182 - Pages: 9

Premium Essay

Unit 1 Communication

...UNIT 1: DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION IN HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE The role of communication and interpersonal interaction in health and social care. Naima Zaka Assignment Brief- Part 1: Unit 1- Developing Effective Communication in Health and Social Care Title- The role of communication and interpersonal interaction in Health and Social Care. Due to poor media coverage on the quality of care and provision in Health and Social Care environments. I have been asked to work undercover by the Health authority to report on effective communication and interpersonal interaction. |Type: Effective |Log 1: | | |I entered the doctor’s room and sat down on a chair; he looked up to greet me whilst asking me how I was| | |doing. I replied by telling him how I was feeling, I told him about the pain in my head, and how it was | | |effecting my sleep and my daily routine. Whilst I was telling the doctor my problem he was looking | | |straight at me making eye contact, he would nod his head at times to show his understanding. After I’d | | |finished he asked me a few questions whilst listening to me answers the doctor was taking notes and | ...

Words: 2834 - Pages: 12

Premium Essay

Factors That Affects the English Speaking Competencies of the 2nd Year College Students of Tomas Claudio Colleges

...FACTORS THAT AFFECTS THE ENGLISH SPEAKING COMPETENCIES OF SELECTED SECOND YEAR COLLEGE STUDENTS OF TOMAS CLAUDIO COLLEGES S.Y. 2016-2017 An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to the Faculty of College of Education and Liberal Arts of Tomas Claudio Colleges Morong, Rizal In partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Secondary Education Valerie Dianne S. Alimpolos Nicole Mae C. Barba Erdy T. Picones May 2016 Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction Education is a bridge from misery to hope. It is a tool for daily life in modern society. It is a bulwark against poverty, a platform for democratization, and a vehicle for the promotion of cultural and national identity. For everyone, everywhere, education is the road to human progress and the means through which every man; woman and child can realize his or her full potential. Teachers impart their knowledge by transmitting information through communication. Teachers will do a better job if they communicate well with their students. As stated in the 1987 constitution, Article XIV, section 7 which provide that: “For purpose of communication and instruction, the official languages of the Philippines are Filipino, until otherwise provided by law, English” Communication is a complex process, any stage of this process; things may go wrong, making the communication less effective. This constitution conveys that our...

Words: 3951 - Pages: 16

Free Essay

Gay-Lingo

...address someone. Speaking may be forced on him in the way but we still say that he wants or intends to speak, otherwise he would keep silent. According to Maybin (1992: 56) says that communication is an exchange between people, knowledge, information, ideas, options, feeling so there must be concept, ideas, in the fellow speaker of what they are going to say. The speakers have a basic competence in communication their ideas. The able to communicate their ideas, the students will be given opportunity to practice their English. According to Micheal (1998: 103) language is a symbolic system used by communicators to construct and convey information. Good languages developed by a system, set of rules followed by the wearer. According to Nunan (1991: 47) Speaking is one of four skills of English. It can help people to understand something from other interlocutors of language. Speaking will be focus for the first section on speaking. It involves fluent and accuracy expression meaning, the exercising of pragmatic, or communicative, competence and the observance of the rules of appropriate. Communication is a collaboration venture in which the interlocutors negotiate meaning in order to achieve their communication. According to Widdowson (1985: 57) that speaking is an oral communication that gives information involves two elements, they are; the speaker who gives the message and the listener who receives the message in the world, the communication involves the productive skill of listening...

Words: 3249 - Pages: 13

Premium Essay

Importants of Effect Communcaion

...Developing effective communication in Health and Social Care P1- Explain the role of effective communication and interpersonal interaction in a health and social care context What is interpersonal interaction? Interpersonal interaction is a term for encompassing how people relate to one another. Interpersonal interactions includes things like people relating to one another and exchanging feelings, this interaction can be both verbal and non-verbal. What is effective communication? Effective communication is skills that we develop and learn over time, these skills help us communicate with others better. Although, effective communication skills are usually developed as people grow up, a lot of the skills required to communicate effectively with someone is worked on over time, such as adjusting your tone of voice. Effective communication can be, making eye contact with someone, being aware of your body language, using the preferred language of the individual you're speaking to and adapting your vocabulary. All this can be achieved by learning the individuals communication preferences Different ways of communication- in a health and social care setting there is a variety of methods of communication methods that could be used when care workers are communicating with Service Users, some of which include: Verbal communication- Verbal communication is the process of two individuals share information through the use of speech. In order...

Words: 517 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Chapter 1

...CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Research . Speaking is one of four language skills, which is basic function of language as communication instrument. Students who study at the school which use certain language will be a good speaker, different from students who study at the other school. They will get difficulties in using English to speak each other; it is caused by condition of school environment and media that is used in teaching them. To make the students have strong interest in teaching and learning process especially in learning speaking, the teacher should take the best approach, method, and strategies. Then, the teacher can use media in teaching of English language, method are used to help the students for speaking to make interaction between the teacher and students. 1.2 Research Question Research questions of this study are as follows, they are: 1. How is the implementation of picture series technique in learning narrative text improving students’ skill in speaking? 2. How can picture series technique in learning narrative text improve students’ skill in speaking? 1.3 Research objective In this study, the objectives of this study are: 1. To describe the implementation of picture series technique in learning narrative text to improve students skill speaking skill 2. To identify the improvement of students speaking skill in learning narrative text. 1.4 Limitation of the Research The authors limit on the following...

Words: 476 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Ffa Speech Contests

...Organization is speech contests, which gives its members valuable life skills. Students gain a variety of skills from participating in these contests that help them to be successful throughout school and future careers. FFA speech contests teach students study and memorization skills, how to present themselves in front of an audience, how to think on their feet, and how to be confident in everyday situations. Preparation for these speech contests teach research and memorization skills. FFA speeches must be delivered in six to eight minutes by memory, and are followed by five minutes of questions...

Words: 786 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

123456

...Assignment 3 – M3 This group interaction involves care workers from Monica Court and I will be discussing the progress of the residents who are maintained within the care home, I will also be discussing the medication throughout the care home and the plan for the medication. I also spoke about whether or not the clients feel comfortable throughout the care home when discussing their personal needs. It will also be suggested on whether or not it will be necessary to have training days once a month to help to improve the professional standards throughout the care home itself. Dave was the manager and was running the group interaction and Nicola and Marie are the senior care workers. Everybody spoke formally to ensure that it was understood that what was being discussed was serious and improvements needed to be made. Context- In the group interaction the people were involved was Dave who is the manager and Nicola and Marie who are the senior carers throughout the home. They are going to be discussing how the care home can be improved and what parts of their professional careers will need to be put in, in order to ensure that the service users throughout the home are getting the best professional care of which is possible. Verbal listening and responding skills-Throughout this case study the language in which I used was effective and formal as I understand that this kind of language used in an interview can ensure that the other care workers in the interview understand that the...

Words: 648 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

P1, Unit 1

...and interpersonal interactions in a health and social care. I will be using examples such as formal and informal communication as well as language, culture, proximity and the role of verbal and non-verbal communication. Communication can be defined as the imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium (www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english /communication). An example of communications in a health and social care setting would be in a hospital if a patient was in need of something they would have to communicate through talking in other to have the health care professional help them what they are in need of. Similar to that is interpersonal interaction which can be defined the techniques people use in order to communicate and maintain effective relationships or communication is the process by which people exchange information, feelings, and meaning through verbal and non-verbal messages: it is face-to-face communication.( www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/ interpersonal-communication.html) An example would be a doctor working in a hospital is likely to interact with work colleagues, patients and other people during the course of the day. In other for communication to be effective a person must put to use their interpersonal skills. These interpersonal skills includes being a good listener and listening to the person speaking and well as responding to show them that you understand what they are saying. Another skill associated with interpersonal...

Words: 1356 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Communication

...of communication especially among youth. Socializing becomes colossal because of the tools that help people to mingle and communicate with others such as instant messaging, e-mail and comment posting in particular to online social networking. This trend is growing. Nowadays, people, especially teenagers are highly interested in this kind of communication either as a form of socialization or as a means of self-expression. With just a click away, one can have the opportunity to connect with millions of users across the world. These only show that online users are really into a society of popular social networking and spending too much time for this does not also exempt the possibilities of acquiring the effects of it to the communication skills of youth particularly the students. Online services that are based around the building and reflecting of social relations among individuals are said to be popularly used by frequent online users in sites such as Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, and Friendster. They vary slightly but still possess a common feature, which enable users to create a profile within a website and allows them to interact with each other through the aid of...

Words: 3710 - Pages: 15

Premium Essay

Demonstrative Communication Paper

...shared thoughts, feelings, needs and other expressions through words. The process of communicating sometimes requires interpersonal skills, listening, speaking or questioning any ideas. The use of communication can be used in areas of life including work, home, school or other public places. Communication is important because it builds relationships and human interaction whether it is verbal or non verbal. Marketing, education and entertainment media uses communication to connect with the world regardless of the industry. Many facilities and enterprises require ways to communicate with public to promote or sale their businesses or services. Body language, voice tone and facial expressions are all examples of demonstrative communication. Verbally communicating to an audience is letting them know of their awareness through interpersonal communication and public speaking. In the business world, people may have to communicate with different people from other races, age groups or cultures. Sometime certain verbal skills are needed to communicate with these groups. With non-verbal communication, people use movements, gestures and body languages to display their thoughts, desires and intentions to other people. Written communication is another popular way to communicate which is normally done through emails, letters, reports and articles. Good writing skills are required for this type of communication especially in a business setting or professional environment. Demonstrative communication...

Words: 753 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Unit 1

...One to one communication In the one to one interaction I had to do role play of a situation that took place in an elderly home, in the interaction the role alternated and me and my partner was able to get a feel and understanding of what it was like to be in that situation, in the interaction our speaking and listen skills were assessed by our teacher and our partner so we were able to see what we did wrong so that we were improve our skills and understand what skills are needed in a health and social care setting, my speaking was strong when I did the interaction, but I was hesitant at times and my body language wasn’t showing that I was very comfortable with the situation that I was In, when I was acting as the care worker it had to deal with someone’s son the thought that his mother’s bag had been stolen, in this situation I had to be careful with the way that I dealt with the person, in the conversation I had to use my body language, tone of voice, touch, proper language, proximity and good listen skills, these skills were used to hap defuse the situation and the anger that the person was feeling, in the situation my I had to be very understanding and listen carefully to what was being said so that I could respond in an appropriate way, when I was trying to calm the individual it had to use eye contact and positive and open body language to show that I was trying to be nice and help with the problem, as I used these methods to deal with the situation It was said that my non-verbal...

Words: 931 - Pages: 4