...company address] [Type the phone number] [Type the fax number] [Pick the date] [Type the company name] [Type the company address] [Type the phone number] [Type the fax number] [Pick the date] Hashir Khan Hashir Khan Contents Introduction 3 Information 3 Written information 3 Images 3 Verbal Information 3 Multimedia information 3 Diagrammatical (Flowchart) information 3 Symbolic information 3 Statistical information 3 Data 4 Information VS Data 4 Quantitative Data 4 Qualitative Data 4 Quantitative Data Vs Qualitative Data 4 Primary Data 4 Secondary Data 4 Primary Vs Secondary sources of information 4 Internal Information 4 External Information 4 Internal vs. External Information 4 Purpose of information 5 Operational support 5 Analysis 5 Decision making 5 Marketing and sales 5 Communication 5 Flow 5 Analysis of Information 6 Decision Making 6 Gaining Advantage 6 Sources of Information 7 Sales department 7 Finance 7 Marketing 7 Operational support 7 Production 7 Human resources 7 Research and Development 7 Administration 7 Purchasing 7 Bibliography 8 Introduction This report is about the different departments within a business and describes what each department’s role is within an organisation. This report also explains the different types of information and shows how each department within an organisation uses information to help with its role for the business. Information ...
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...the last 12 months. It shows revenue generated, expenditure incurred, fiscal deficit, internal and external borrowings and also the resource gaps. Public Finance Act, which is amended in 2012 which serves as the main documents for the government and reference document for the constitution. The Minister of Finance shall produce the Annual Financial Statements as prescribed in the Financial Rules and Regulations and the AFS shall be prepared for each fiscal year within six months after the close of the fiscal year. Once the fiscal year close the government will start with the preparation of the Annual Financial Statements starting from 1st June and within six months (31st December) the governments have to produce the documents and submit to the Royal Audit Authority to get audited and certified before submission to the government. And within three months after the completion of the consolidated annual financial statements, The Auditor General will give an audit opinion on the Annual Financial Statements of the Government. For the completion of the information for the MoF the information shall be collected from various source like: Bank of Bhutan (BoB), Department of Revenue and Customs, Department of National Budget, Gross National Happiness Commission, National Statistical Bureau and Other Agencies. More over the AFS shall also include the following statements and schedules: 1. Budget vs. Actual and Financing: This statement presents approved budget and estimated resource...
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...accounting theories and policies. The international financial reporting standards also help to keep the accounting practice effectively, efficiently, and correctly. The efficient management will be built if the organisation follows the international reporting standards accurately. As a mandatory course unit of myself I need to prove my understanding about the financial systems and auditing through this report. I will gradually demonstrate my understanding on the purpose, use, importance of accounting records, accounting systems, computerised accounting system, manual accounting systems, business risk, audit risk, internal and external control systems, importance of auditing, and planning audit assignment as well as preparing audit report in the body part of my report. Task One Purpose and Use of Different Accounting Records Accounting records represents the management of all source of information in different records books. These records are ledger, journals, bank statements, adjusting journals, statement verification, invoice, brochure, and etc. The purpose and use of different accounting record in the following. Purpose To illustrate the purpose of accounting records we chose main two types of accounting record. These are journal and ledger. The journal represents the original entry. The purpose of journal entry is given below. * Knowing the date of transaction * Determining the accounting effect * Recording the right amount of money...
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...Initial public offerings Initial public offerings Keith Broomfield Jr Trident University FIN501 Strategic Corporate Finance Professor: John Halstead Summer 2013 Keith Broomfield Jr Trident University FIN501 Strategic Corporate Finance Professor: John Halstead Summer 2013 Module 1 Case Module 1 Case 1) What type of IPO should AVG use—a traditional IPO or an online auction? Based on your analysis and findings, what would you recommend to the executives of AVG? Explain your reasoning in detail. As I understand the formula/process. Most IPO's are underwritten by an investment banking organization that specializes in providing venture capital to launch an organization toward a public offering. Once the valuation of the company whose public offering is being considered is established then shares are created. These shares represent a certain value or stock domination as based on the company's worth through their product, service or manufacturing capability as identified by the Investment Banking Firm. In other words what current market share does the pending IPO company have, their current net worth and the future of their product and the market they currently affect, oh yes and do they have a proprietary product or patent and what's their competition about. This is a rather simplistic formula and for the sake of time will work for now. Those initial shares are first offered to large institutional investors. These institutions are capable of providing large capital...
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...has to make, you will have to take into consideration a number of aspects of the business i.e. competition, customers, location. In this assignment I am aiming to formulate a report to show the process of starting a new business and to look at different areas of an existing organisation. I am focusing on a bricks and mortar business. A business plan is usually drafted by start-up businesses a range of information can be found in this document. Task 1 1.1: Discuss a range of decisions to be taken * What source of finance to use to start the business * How to find suppliers * The location * What strategies to put in place to deal with the competition Finance There are different sources of finance available for starting up a new business. The organisation needs to know the range of sources of finance and how it will affect the business in the long and short term. Sources of Finance could be Internal or external. Information on sources of external finances are available in different forms e.g. if it’s a bank loan information can be found on the banks website, leaflets or from a bank personnel. Information includes rates of interest to be paid on bank loan over what period of time. Suppliers The relationship between an organisation and its supplier is very important, as suppliers ensure both the price and quality of the product you sell. The supplier’s price dictates how much you sell your product for and the amount of profit you make. Information on suppliers...
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...Counter Party Credit Rating Under Basel II-A Challenge for Finance Managers 1 WELCOME Counter Party Credit Rating Under Basel IIA Challenge for Finance Managers 2 Discussion Summary 1. 2. 3. 4. Basel Vs. Risk Management BaselBasel-II Road Map and Objectives BB Guideline of Basel-II implementation BaselCounter Party Rating by ECAI in determining Capital Adequacy of Corporate 5. How to face ECAI by counter parties for good rating 6. Question and Answer 3 Basel Vs. Risk Management • Basel from the view point of Risk Management • Relating to Capital Adequacy of Banks • Reflecting Risk management in Operation of Banks/FIs 4 Risk Management in Banks- Why? © Banks are highly leveraged. © Bank Directors and Senior Management are the agent of shareholders. © International survey reveals that the the Bank Management does not adequately consider the risk management information in strategic decision making. 5 CEO and Directors of Financial Institutions are currently facing … Two Major Challenges 6 Two Challenges First v Creation of Value for the Shareholders v Need to deliver ever increasing returns as per the Expectation of the shareholders Second Keep the Capital without Erosion 7 First Challenge Senior management believes that Superior Risk Management can create value to the shareholders But not Sure - HOW. 84% of the managers believe that the risk management can improve price earning ratios and reduce cost of capital which again...
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...Question-1: What is finance? Ans: Finance is the life blood of every corporation. In the era of modern trade and commerce, business firm have to decide from where they will raise fund, where they will invest and how much of the profit will be distributed among the shareholders. “Finance” Came from Latin word “finis” means “dealing with the money”.finace is called the art and science of managing money. At the micro level, finance is the study of financial planning, asset management and fund raising for business and financial institutions. At the macro level, finance is the study of financial institution and financial markets and how they operate within the financial systems in both the domestic and global economics. Scholar’s view: “Finance consists of providing and utilizing the money, capital rights, credit and funds of any kind which are employed in the operation of an enterprise.” _George R Terry “Finance is concerned with the process, institutionsmarkets and instruments involved in the transfer of money among and between individuals, business and governments”. _Lawrence J Gitman From the above discussion, it can be said that finance is the process of financial planning, identification of sources of fund raising, investment of fund, protection of fund, distribution...
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...out all the earning that they received to the shareholders as dividend. Since the company need to reconstruct its process, the retained earning is one of the item needed to estimate the new cost of retained earning which also comprises Long term debt (LTD), Preferred Shares (PS) and Common Shares (CS) in the capital structure. Retained Earning is important as it is a profit that company keep or retain and did not pay out as dividend for company future growth or expansion. Retained Earning has opportunity cost that associated with it because rather than keeping the money within, its better to get it invest or make something useful with it. If TSI deciding on how to finance a new project, they need to minimize the distribution of dividends to shareholders by using ‘pecking order’ theory where internal source of capital will be more preferrable rather than...
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...methods, small businesses tend to use the cash-basis of accounting, whereas the accrual method is a requirement for large business with revenue more than 5 million. Uniformity of accounting information is important when making decisions for or about a business. A hierarchy of sources provides structure for the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Along with the hierarchy of sources, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) identify qualitative characteristics to distinguish between useful and inferior information and to ensure accounting information assists in decision making. Qualities of Accounting Information There are internal and external users of accounting information for decision-making. Internal users are managers within a company that use the information to plan, organize, and run the business, “These include marketing managers, production supervisors, finance directors, and company officers” (Kimmel, Weygandt, & Kieso, p. 6, 2007). External users can be investors, “make decisions to buy, hold, or sell stock,” creditors, “suppliers and bankers use accounting information to evaluate the risks of granting credit or lending money” (Kimmel, Weygandt, & Kieso, p. 6, 2007). External users also include taxing authorities, customers, labor unions, and regulatory agencies. For decision makers to make decisions using the information, they have available, a level of understandability must occur. Understandability allows users to see the importance of the...
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...referred to as government debt. It is a term for all of the money owed at any given time by any branch of the government. It encompasses public debt owed by the federal government, the state government, and even the municipal and local government. Public debt accrues over time when the government spends more money than it collects in taxation. As government engage in more deficit spending, the amount of public debt increases. Public debt can either be: 1.1External debt 1.2Domestic debt or Internal Debt 1.1External debt: Public debt can be made up of all sorts of different types of debt. A great deal of public debt is external debt, which is money that is owed by the government to foreign lenders, either in the form of international organizations, other governments, or groups like sovereign wealth funds which invest in government bonds 1.2Domestic debt or Internal Debt: Public debt is also made up of internal debt, where citizens and groups within the country lend the government money to continue operating. In some ways, this is a lot like lending to oneself, since ultimately the responsibility for public debt falls back on the very people lending money. 2.0Benefits of Public Debt * It is an alternative for financing fiscal budget deficit * Deficit budget raise the recession and public borrowing help the economy not to be fall in recession * Public debt refers to the current outstanding obligations for which the...
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...320 EXAM REVIEW Difference between managers and entrepreneurs? |Characteristic |Entrepreneur | | | | |Manager | |Behavior |Desire for control |Delegation of Authority | |Management Style |One-man show |Management Team | |Driving Force |Creativity & Innovation |Organize and maintain what exists | |Organizational Growth |Rapid Reaction to opportunities |Medium/Long term Strategic Planning | |Organizational Structure |Informal and flexible to adapt to changes |Organized, formal, rigid org. structure | |Decision-making |Based on their intuition and gut feeling |Collect info& seek advice from inside and outside | |Description of Company |In terms of “vision, dream and mission” |In terms of market segments & profitability | |Attitude to Money ...
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...predictions, future, what if statement Common-Size - % statement vs numbers * Compare year to year and versus competitors EBITDA – cash flow Junk Bond – high yield bond (risky) Depreciation – non cash item Ratios (LLAPS) Liquidity = CA/CL Leverage = TD/TE Activity = TS/TA (retail industry) (TAT) Profit = NP/NS, ROA = NP/ASSETS, ROE = NP/EQUITY (investors look at ROE the most) Shareholder = Div + (Share P end – Share P beg) PE Ratio = Stock Price/Proj. NI EBITDA = NI(profit) + Dep. + Taxes ***be able to produce a highly leveraged balance sheet 6—7 ratio (lev) and 1—2 ratio (liq) * Board of Directors * Chairman of the Board * CEO * President * V.P’s of Depts. (functional) * Employees Corporate Strategy * strategy of company as a whole * CEO and Chairman develop strategy and direction * Long range strategy Functional Area Strategy * Short range strategy – change anytime * i.e. * lower prices, reduce production costs, finance the growth of company 1st step of strategy is planning Ultimate objective of a strategy is to develop a sustainable competitive advantage! * Activities tailored to your company Operational Effectiveness – is not strategy Strategy rests on unique set of activities SWOT * Strength (internal) * Weaknesses (internal) * Opportunities (external) * Threats (external) PEST * Political * Economy * Social * Technology ...
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...Franklin Allen Finance Department The Wharton School University of Pennsylvania allenf@wharton.upenn.edu Rajesh Chakrabarti Finance Area Indian School of Business Hyderabad 500 032, India rajesh_chakrabarti@isb.edu Jun “QJ” Qian Finance Department Carroll School of Management Boston College qianju@bc.edu Sankar De Centre for Analytical Finance Indian School of Business Hyderabad 500 032, India Sankar_De@isb.edu Meijun Qian Finance Department NUS Business School National University of Singapore bizqmj@nus.edu.sg Last Revised: December 2011 Forthcoming, Journal of Financial Intermediation Abstract With extensive cross-country datasets and India firm samples, as well as our own surveys of small and medium firms, we examine the legal and business environments, financing channels, and growth patterns of different types of firms in India. Despite the English common-law origin and a British-style judicial system, Indian firms face weak investor protection in practice and poor institutions characterized by corruption and inefficiency. Alternative finance, including financing from all non-bank, non-market sources, and generally backed by non-legal mechanisms, constitutes the most important form of external finance. Bank loans provide the second most important external financing source. Firms with access to bank or market finance are not associated with higher growth rates. Our results indicate that bank and market finance is not superior to ...
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...| Business portal | * v * t * e | In Management accounting or managerial accounting, managers use the provisions of accounting information in order to better inform themselves before they decide matters within their organizations, which aids their management and performance of control functions. Contents [hide] * 1 Definition * 2 Scope, practice, and application * 3 Differences between financial accountancy and management accounting * 4 Traditional vs. innovative practices * 5 Role within a corporation * 6 Specific methodologies * 6.1 Activity-based costing (ABC) * 6.2 Grenzplankostenrechnung (GPK) * 6.3 Lean accounting (accounting for lean enterprise) * 6.4 Resource consumption accounting (RCA) * 6.5 Throughput accounting * 6.6 Transfer pricing * 7 Resources and continuous learning * 8 Tasks/services provided * 9 Related qualifications * 10 Methods * 11 See also * 12 References * 13 External links ------------------------------------------------- Definition[edit] IFAC Definition of enterprise financial management concerning three broad areas: cost accounting; performance evaluation and analysis;...
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...Sole traders A sole trader describes any business that is owned and controlled by one person - although they may employ workers. Individuals who provide a specialist service like plumbers, hairdressers or photographers are often sole traders. A hairdresser trimming someone's hair Sole traders do not have a separate legal existence from the business. In the eyes of the law, the business and the owner are the same. As a result, the owner is personally liable for the firm's debts and may have to pay for losses made by the business out of their own pocket. This is called unlimited liability. Advantages * It is easy to set up as no formal legal paperwork is required. * Generally, only a small amount of capital needs to be invested, which reduces the initial start-up cost. * As the only owner, the entrepreneur can make decisions without consulting anyone else. Disadvantages * The sole trader has no one to share the responsibility of running the business with. A good hairdresser, for example, may not be very good at handling the accounts. * Sole traders often work long hours. They may find it difficult to take holidays or time off if they are ill. * They face unlimited liability if the business fails. http://www.bbc.co.uk/ Partnerships Partnerships are businesses owned by two or more people. Doctors, dentists and solicitors are typical examples of professionals who may go into partnership together and can benefit from shared expertise. One advantage of...
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