...diameter of about 12,756 km (7,972 mi). The Earth's interior consists of rock and metal. It is made up of four main layers: 1) the inner core: a solid metal core made up of nickel and iron (2440 km diameter) 2) the outer core: a liquid molten core of nickel and iron 3) the mantle: dense and mostly solid silicate rock 4) the crust: thin silicate rock material The temperature in the core is hotter than the Sun's surface. This intense heat from the inner core causes material in the outer core and mantle to move around. The movement of material deep within the Earth may cause largeplates made of the crust and upper mantle to move slowly over the Earth’s surface. It is also possible that the movements generate the Earth's magnetic field, called the magnetosphere. ------------------------------------------------- Hotspot (geology) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Diagram showing a cross section though the Earth'slithosphere (in yellow) withmagma rising from the mantle(in red) In geology, the places known as hotspots or hot spots are volcanic regions thought to be fed by underlying mantle that is anomalously hot compared with the surrounding mantle. They may be on, near to, or far from tectonic plate boundaries. Currently, there are two hypotheses that attempt to explain their origins. One suggests that they are due to hot mantle plumes that rise as thermal diapirs from the core-mantle boundary.[1] An alternative hypothesis postulates that it is not high temperature that causes...
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...massive gaseous body. As time moved on, the earth cooled down and is still cooling, as of today. As a result of the cooling process, denser materials like iron and sulfur sank to the inside of the earth; whereas, lighter materials like silicates and water floated near the earth's surface. Coming to the topic of our discussion, our planet earth comprises several layers. Starting from the surface, there are four main layers; namely, the crust, the mantle, the outer core, and the inner core. The pressure and temperature increase tremendously when one goes from the outer layers to the inner layers. Let's take a look at each of them individually. The Crust The crust or the lithosphere is the outermost layer of the earth made up of silicate rock materials. It makes up only about one percent of the earth and is the thinnest layer in comparison to the remaining three layers. Most earthquakes occur in the crust, and the average recorded temperature is 870 °C. The thickness and the composition of the earth's crust vary in the land and the ocean. For example; the continental crust is about 32 kilometers thick and composed of lighter materials like granite, quartz, and feldspar. Whereas, the oceanic crust measures about 10 kilometers and is mostly made up of basalt. The Mantle The mantle, the largest layer of the earth, is made up of iron, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, silicone, and oxygen. In fact, most of the earth's mass (about 80 percent) lies in the mantle. The temperature in this...
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...of the sea: our planet's interior. It's made of iron, in some places it's 10,000 degrees F, and plenty of scientists devote their life's work to understanding it. But how exactly do you conduct research on an impenetrable, hostile environment like the Earth's core? Back in the day, scientists and creative types alike used to believe that a whole different world lived below us. Jules Verne imagined a place ripe for adventure with dinosaurs and giant birds, while Edmond Halley thought the Earth was hollow with a couple concentric rings floating around in the middle. As cool...
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...process systems that make up the environment: energy, air, water, weather, climate, landforms, soils, animals, plants, microorganisms, and Earth itself. 3. What are the inner core, outer core, mantle, asthenosphere, lithosphere, oceanic crust, and continental crust? o Inner core: solid iron well above the melting temperature of iron at the surface, but remains solid b/c tremendous pressure (combination of silicon, oxygen, sulfur) o Outer core: molten, metallic iron (fluid) with lighter densities than the inner core o Mantle: 80% of earth’s total volume, rich in oxides of iron and magnesium and silicates (FeO, MgO, and SiO2), • Lower mantle: denser, contain a mixture of iron, magnesium, and silicates, with some calcium and aluminum. • Upper mantle: a high-velocity zone just below the crust where seismic waves transmit through a rigid, cooler layer, divides into three fairly distinct layers: i. Upper mantle ii. Asthenosphere iii. Uppermost mantle o Asthenosphere: (plastic layer) contains pockets of increased heat from radioactive decay and is susceptible to slow convective currents in these hotter, less dense materials. o Lithosphere: approximately 45-70 km thick, and was made up of uppermost mantle and crust o Oceanic crust (denser): basalt, granular and high in silica, magnesium, and iron. o Continental crust (less in dense): essentially granite, it is crystalline and high in silica, aluminum, potassium, calcium, and sodium. 4. What are the relative...
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... | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | I introduction DC data and calculation AD analysis and discussion RC results and conclusion Q1/Q2 quiz/prelab PI principal investigator points PG personal grade Introduction: The purpose of the lab is to study the effects due to magnetic fields in motion and also to determine the qualitative features of electromagnetic induction. Procedure: 1. For the Part 1 of the lab, a solenoid was connected to a galvanometer, as shown in the data and calculations. First, the North pole was inserted into the coil, then in the opposite direction, with the South Pole first. Then, the magnitude and sign of the deflection on the galvanometer was recorded in μAmps. Also, an exact sketch is made of the solenoid, the direction of the velocity, the induced magnetic field, the induced current and the magnetic polarity of the solenoid induced in provided in the data and calculations portion of the report. 2. The magnet was inserted again following step 1, but with a faster speed and everything sketched again. Then, The South pole was inserted first and step 1 followed again for both, slow and fast speed. 3. For Part II of the lab, an electromagnet was constructed with the power supply off. In this set up the primary coil had a larger diameter wire and...
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...brittle rock of the lithosphere suddenly gives way to hot, soft, plastic rock of the asthenosphere. In this layer, rock is so hot and plastic that it flows readily even though it is solid. The asthenosphere extends from the base of the lithosphere to a depth of about 350 km. At the base of the asthenosphere, the mantle again becomes more rigid and less plastic, and it remains in this state all the way down the core. The Earth’s lithosphere consists if crust and the upper mantle. THE STRUCTURE Earth has a diameter of about 12,756 km (7,972 mi). The Earth's interior consists of rock and metal. It is made up of four main layers: 1) the inner core: a solid metal core made up of nickel and iron (2440 km diameter) 2) the outer core: a liquid molten core of nickel and iron 3) the mantle: dense and mostly solid silicate rock 4) the crust: thin silicate rock material Earth's Crust: There are two different types of crust: thin oceanic crust that underlies the ocean basins and thicker continental crust that underlies the continents. These two different types of crust are made up of different types of rock. The thin oceanic crust is composed of primarily of basalt and the thicker continental crust is composed primarily of granite. The low density of the thick continental crust allows it to "float" in high relief on the much higher density mantle below. Earth's Mantle: Earth's mantle is thought to be composed mainly of olivine-rich rock. It has different temperatures at different...
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...The diameter of Venus is 12,104 km (7,520.8 mi) . And the distance from the sun is 108.2 million km (67.24 million mi). Venus is also about 39 million kilometers from earth (24 million miles). Venus is much closer to the sun than earth and is about the same size as earth. The orbit is 255 days 101 days less than earth.Even though Venus is called Earth's twin it is much hotter there, the surface of Venus is actually 872 °F (467 °C).The atmosphere of Venus is a layer of gases surrounding Venus. It is mainly made up of carbon dioxide and is much denser and hotter than Earth's atmosphere. The pressure is about the pressure found 3,000 ft 900 m underwater on Earth.Its atmosphere is mainly made up of carbon dioxide (96%) and nitrogen (3%), with...
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...constant, it's decay products. This is known as "Half Life". Section Two, Part Four Most rocks on earth are much younger than earth itself, but how's that? It's not because the earths rock just up'd and left and new rocks came in, it's because of the earths molten rock. Due to plate tectonics, rocks shift, crumble, and cycle through the earths layers. Old rock is recycled into molten rock, and then cooled to become new rock. The particles in the rock are still as old as the earth, if not older, but the rocks themselves are new. Section Two, Part Five Earth is made up of several different layers. The three main layers are the core, the mantle, and the crust. The crust makes up less than 1% of the earth. It is made up of solid rock, and the earths plates. The mantle is made up of molten rock on which plates float. The mantle contains more than 65% of the Earth's mass. The core is the inner layer of the earth. The core is made of both solid and liquid metals. This layer of the earth contains more than 30% of the earths...
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...has an outer silicate solid crust, a highly viscous mantle, a liquid outer core that is much less viscous than the mantle, and a solid inner core. Scientific understanding of Earth's internal structure is based on observations of topography and bathymetry, observations of rock in outcrop, samples brought to the surface from greater depths by volcanic activity, analysis of the seismic waves that pass through Earth, measurements of the gravity field of Earth, and experiments with crystalline solids at pressures and temperatures characteristic of Earth's deep interior. ASSUMPTIONS: The force exerted by Earth's gravity can be used to calculate its mass, and by estimating the volume of the Earth, its average density can be calculated. Astronomers can also calculate Earth's mass from its orbit and effects on nearby planetary bodies. Observations of rocks, bodies of water and atmosphere allow estimation of the mass, volume and density of rocks to a certain depth, so the remaining mass must be in the deeper layers. Earth's radial density distribution according to the preliminary reference earth model (PREM). Earth's gravity according to the preliminary reference earth model (PREM). Comparison to approximations using constant and linear density for Earth's interior. Schematic view of the interior of Earth. 1. continental crust – 2. oceanic crust – 3. upper mantle – 4. lower mantle – 5. outer core – 6. inner core – A: Mohorovičić discontinuity – B: Gutenberg Discontinuity – C: Lehmann–Bullen...
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...know? The Sun is big enough to hold over 1 million Earths. Many rituals and monuments are devoted to worshipping the Sun and/or marking important times in the Earth's orbit around the Sun. Mercury * Moon * No satellite * Giovanni Zupi * Has magnetic field * Mariner 10 * Revolution: 88 days * Rotation: 59 days Venus * Earth * No satellite * Galileo Galilei * No magnetic field * Mariner 2 * Revolution : 224.7 days * Rotation : 243 or (242 days) Mercury * Roman messenger of the gods * Smallest planet * Shortest year * Core: iron * Mantle: silicates * Crust: cratered terrain from meteors and small comets. Venus * Roman goddess of beauty * Hottest planet * Longest day * Core: iron and nickel * Mantle: unknown composition * Crust: Silicious rocks Mercury * Caloris Basin -largest crater * The sky of mercury is always black because it has no virtually atmosphere to cause scattering of the light * November 3, 1973 – Mariner 10 was launched * Prograde rotation – spin from west to east * Wandering star * Morning star – Apollo * Evening star – Hermes * Mercury was heavily bombarded by comets...
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...lead to misdirected mental energy where the focus is to discuss theories instead of using the theories at hand efficiently. The question is if the diversity in theory is an actual problem or if it just perceived as such? This research identifies the similarities and differences in the theories of Milan Vego and Joseph Strange & Richard Iron regarding CoGs, their sub elements and methods for analysis. The impact of the differences on the practical result is then surveyed by implementing the theories on adelimitated phase of the Falklands War, in order to conclude if the differences have a decisive impact on the product of the CoG analysis. The result of this thesis indicates that the diversity in theory is a perceived problem. The identified divergence does not reflect crucially on the CoG analysis and the variation of the input provided to the operational design is minor. The CoGs and the critical vulnerabilities identified are the same or at least similar, no matter which of the two theories was used in this research. Key words: Centers of Gravity, Military Theory, Operational Art, Operational Design, Milan Vego, Joseph Strange, Richard Iron, Falklands War Swedish National Defence College THESIS 2(55) Major Jonas Andersson 2009-04-06 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1....
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...Mars Since the beginning of time, people have looked at a red dot in the sky we call Mars. In the past few generations, humans have been learning more and more about this red dot, Mars. Thousands of years ago, the ancient Romans looked up at the sky and saw this little red dot. The Romans named this planet Mars after the Roman god of war. They named it this because it reminded them of blood, and blood made them think of the roman god of war, Mars. Mars is the 4th planet from the sun, right after Earth. The average temperature on Mars is -81 degrees fahrenheit and -60 degrees celsius. A day on Mars is 24 hours and 37 minutes long. A year on Mars is 687 earth days. That means that it takes Mars about twice as long as Earth to orbit the sun....
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...UniÕersity of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, ul. W. Pola 2, Poland ´ ´ Received 9 August 1999; received in revised form 17 February 2000; accepted 17 February 2000 Abstract The main objective of this paper is to study and experimentally quantify the cam and follower wear mechanisms of a diesel direct valve-gear. Camshafts are made of nodular cast iron, surface hardened, ion nitrided and nitrosulphurized, and those made of grey chilled cast iron are mated with followers made of chilled grey cast iron and hardened steel. The investigation was carried out on a laboratory bench equipped with an engine head with a camshaft, followers and systems creating the conditions necessary for a routine run of the valve gear. Cam wear was defined by comparing the profile lifts of the cams. The height of the followers was measured using a coordinative measuring machine and a perpendicular optimeter. The rotational speed, valve displacement and the torque required by the valve gear were measured. Camshaft C9 and the thimble shaped followers with regulating plates F6 were also examined in a diesel engine. The effects of the materials the kinematic pair was made of, heat treatment and thermochemical treatment, the cams’ own stresses at the moment-of-friction value, as well as the extent and nature of element wear, were analysed. q 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved. Keywords: Wear mechanism; Cams and followers; Diesel engine; Properties of the materials 1. Introduction ...
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...| CASE 2 | Fortescue Metals Group: The new force in iron ore | ABC 9/12/2011 | Contents Introduction 1 Analyzing the external environment 1 Demographic 1 Economic 1 Socio-culture 2 Political-legal 2 Global 2 Technological 2 External environment conclusion 2 Industry analysis 3 Profit pool 3 Porter five forces 3 Threat of new entry 3 Bargaining power of suppliers 4 Bargaining power of buyers 4 Threat of substitute products 4 Rivalry among competing firms 4 Industry analysis conclusion 4 Competitor analysis 4 Analyzing the internal environment 5 Tangible resources 5 Intangible resources 6 Value chain analyzing 6 Capabilities 6 Core competencies 7 Weaknesses 7 Current strategy 7 Future strategy 8 Concluding remarks 8 References 9 Introduction Fortescue Metals Group: The new force in iron ore is a new company in the Australia with new vision. It was founded in 2003 with the aim of lowest cost producer in order to complete with large players of industry. Its main customer is China. Its lowest cost structure is main reason behind getting huge business from china. It had to faced many challenges in the industry but its strong policies supported company to make its distinct position in the industry Analyzing the external environment Every business/ company has external environment with some positive and negative points. Below is the analysis of Fortescue external environment. Demographic According to information...
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...origin of how the earth’s moon was formed of where it came from. One of these hypotheses states that 5.55 billion years ago the newly formed earth had started to attain its size and had formed its layers. During that period there were still many planets the size of mars and mercury moving around the solar system closet to earth. The theory was that since the earth had formed most its layers that many of the iron minerals had made its way to the core of the earth and the outer layers were made of other types of less dense materials. In theory a planet the size of mars collided with earth in which it vaporized the earth’s atmosphere and outside crust, also vaporizing the crust of the other planet. This in return heated up the planets and caused large chunks of molten masses to shoot out into space. However due to the earths strong gravity pull not all of the molten chunks escaped out into space but however was trapped by earth’s gravity and stayed in place. Over thousands of years this molten mass would eventually turn into what we know today as the moon and to explain the low iron count of the moon. Another hypothesis is that of the Nebular hypothesis. It states that the solar system as a whole started off as nebula cloud of gasses and dust. Which in time a gravitational collapse happened and the cloud started to rotate? This rotation in returned caused the mass to start to heat up due the fact the gravitational energy transitioned into thermal energy. After time the mass starts...
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