...HANDOUT 13 Internet Resources Muslim Contributions to Civilization: Past and Present I. Islam and Science A. (Article) Science and Civilization in Islam (Seyyed Hossein Nasr) http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/nasr.html B. Overview of Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts (National Library of Medicine Exhibit) http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/islamic_medical/islamic_00.html C. Resource page of Islam SET (Science, Environment and Technology) ( www.islamset.com) http://www.islamset.com/introd.html i. History of Islamic Science http://www.islamset.com/heritage/history.html ii. History of Muslim Pharmacology http://www.islamset.com/heritage/pharmacy/index.html D. History of Islamic Biomedicine (links to many articles on this topic, including chronology of Muslim civilization) http://www.mic.ki.se/Arab.html E. Numbers http://www.islamic-paths.org/Home/English/History/Literature/Arabic_Numerals.htm II. Environment A. Islam and the Environment, theory and practice (Dr. Mawil Izzi Dien) http://www.lampeter.ac.uk/trs/staffgallery/mawil_paper.html B. (Article) Islam and Ecology http://www.crosscurrents.org/islamecology.htm III. History and Civilization A. History of Islamic Civilization http://www.islamset.com/islam/civil/index.html - and http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/islam/islamsbook.html Pg. 1 HANDOUT 13 B. Influence of Islamic Culture on Western Civilization http://www.netiran.com/Htdocs/Clippings/Social/950300XXSO02...
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...Religion and Culture Final Exam Hinduism, Islam (mainstream and Sufism) and Sikhism are complex and fascinating with its diverse culture and rich history. Although all have individual beliefs and practices, the way they all engage with their community hold some similarities. These faiths all have some type of worship and have some form of hospitality that they carry through their community and is dictated by their beliefs. From an outsider’s point of view, Hindus are seen as those in India who worship many gods in the form of idols and wear colorful clothing. After visiting a Hindu temple, I view them as an open and welcoming community who value the Hindu traditions and practices, and the act of charity and hospitality. To Hindus, their temples are open to anyone who wants to visit. They hold many things, acts, and behaviors sacred as they perform devotional rituals in the temple. Hindus often participate in worship and charity-giving to engage those within and outside the Hindu community. The most common worship ritual is puja. In puja, the devotees and the priest gather to give their offerings to the deities. Within puja, there is a series of devotional practices and behaviors when one engages in it. Darsan is the act of seeing and being seen by the deities. This is done with the use of murti, a material in which a deity is embodied in (Rodrigues, 227). To see and be seen by the sacred is to be in their presence of the divine and receive their blessings. This practice also...
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...1. How has Islam shaped conceptions of music for the peoples of the Middle East? In the Middle East, Islam is not just a religion; it is a way of life. Islam’s influence spread in the Middle East music conceptions. For example, the Arabic scale is strongly melodic, based around various maqamat or modes. Also, Mann explains that “under the wide rule of Islam, vulgar lyrics and suggestive dancing by women became illegal. Much post-Islamic music is used in ceremonial dance and recreation. (Mann)” In the Middle East, people may hear their songs of praise and prayer. The “World Music: A global Journey, says that “in addition to being suspicious of the sensual aspects of music Islamic aesthetics frowns on realistic representation in art, especially of the human form, to avoid the temptation toward idol worship. But as with sound, it may not always be obvious to outsiders what is considered art and what is not. (Miller 255)” Because, the influence of Islam has had great impact on people related with music, and people used to meditation, trance, and self-flagellation with one’s a higher sense of God while listening music. 2. What is modal improvisation? Is it primarily a compositional or a freely expressive form of performance? According to Henry, modal improvisation is that “a typical modal tune may have only two or three chords, and each may last 8 or even 16 measures. In one sense, modal playing is much easier than playing changes, since it does not require your brain to do as...
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...1.0 Introduction Music is something that has been around for decades, and it has been a part of human life-style, where we are surrounded with media which consist of not only entertainment but as well as a medium of transporting information. While learning what is ethical and what is not ethically accepted, not only socially but it should also covers religiously, where Islam with no doubt comprises daily life. For this semester covering UNGS 2050, ‘Ethics & Fiqh for Everyday Life’, we would like to take this precious opportunity in researching more in depth the significance of music in Islamic perspective in the view of various scholars. As taken from one of the compiled fatwas responded by the fatwa issued by Sheikh Yusuf Al Qaradawi, in respect in tackling the word “haram” used by various scholars as to be more vigilant in their writings and fatwas that they should observe that Allah is watching over them in all that they say or do. They should also know that this word “haram” is very dangerous. It means that Allah’s Punishment is due on a certain act or saying, and should not be based upon guessing, whims, weak Hadiths, not even through an old book. It has to be supported by a clear, well-established text or valid consensus. If these last two are not found, then we revert the given act or saying to the original rule: "permissibility governing things". We do have a good example to follow from one of our earlier pious scholars. Imam Malik (may Allah be pleased with him)...
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...Chapter 8 1. How has Islam shaped conceptions of music for the peoples of the Middle East? In the Middle East, Islam is not just a religion; it is a way of life. Islam’s influence spread in the Middle East music conceptions. For example, the Arabic scale is strongly melodic, based around various maqamat or modes. Also, Mann explains that “under the wide rule of Islam, vulgar lyrics and suggestive dancing by women became illegal. Much post-Islamic music is used in ceremonial dance and recreation. (Mann)” In the Middle East, people may hear their songs of praise and prayer. The “World Music: A global Journey, says that “in addition to being suspicious of the sensual aspects of music Islamic aesthetics frowns on realistic representation in art, especially of the human form, to avoid the temptation toward idol worship. But as with sound, it may not always be obvious to outsiders what is considered art and what is not. (Miller 255)” Because, the influence of Islam has had great impact on people related with music, and people used to meditation, trance, and self-flagellation with one’s a higher sense of God while listening music. 2. What is modal improvisation? Is it primarily a compositional or a freely expressive form of performance? According to Henry, modal improvisation is that “a typical modal tune may have only two or three chords, and each may last 8 or even 16 measures. In one sense, modal playing is much easier than playing changes, since it does not require your brain...
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...sometimes apparent in many different forms of art. One type of artistic expression that religion is sometimes expressed in is music. Whether it is specifically Christian-based music or secular, musicians of all genres may eventually write a song or sing about their religious beliefs at some point. There is a very broad spectrum of diversity in music. People from all around the world with different backgrounds, race, religion, and style can express themselves in this form. Growing up I was exposed to many different genres of music. Hip-hop, which is classified as a subculture that originated from an African American community in the 1970’s, has always been intriguing to me and is a huge part of who I am. There are four elements of Hip-Hop; rapping, DJing, break-dancing, and graffiti. I will be focusing on the music aspect of Hip-Hop and the large impact religion has on some of these artists that perform Hip-Hop music. Over the years, Hip-Hop music has gained a bad reputation. Many people find the lyrics to be offensive, obscene, or even racist. A very small portion of it is, but most of it is the complete opposite. Matthew Paul Miller, better known by his Hebrew stage name Matisyahu, is known for the positive messages he delivers through his reggae-rap style music. Matisyahu says his Jewish spirituality has most, if not everything to do with the way he writes music. In his song “Jerusalem”, he raps about ancient history and religious acts that took place in Jerusalem. He also talks...
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...call kuffaar to Islam by means of religious songs (nasheeds) accompanied by musical instruments When we want to attract Christians to Islam, is it permissible to use religious songs accompanied by music? Is it permissible to have a group called a religious group because they sing religious songs accompanied by musical instruments? Praise be to Allaah. In my opinion there is no need to attract people in this manner; you should use permissible means such as listening to Qur’aan with proper tajweed and tarteel (correct recitation) and listening to eloquent ahaadeeth which move the listener, and beneficial, moving poems (qaseedahs) and nasheeds. You can also provide clear proof of what is good about Islam and explain its teachings and noble aims which will demonstrate that it is the religion that befits the natural inclinations of man (deen al-fitrah) and encompasses all the interests of mankind. Whoever can only be attracted by things that include forbidden elements such as singing, instruments and music is no good and I do not think that he can be attracted to Islam at all. And Allaah knows best. From al-Lu’lu’ al-Makeen min Fataawaa Ibn Jibreen, p. 28 Organizing singing parties and soirees In some cities and regions it is very common to people to organize singing parties and soirees where they listen to songs and trilling songs or verses from the local area and elsewhere, or to stage series of plays in some literary clubs, to which they invite singers and actors...
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...arts also have been influenced by the Hindus and Islam in architecture design, music, language and literaturer. We can see the Hindus influential mostly in the classic literaturer for instance Hikayat Jaya Lengkara and Hikayat Indera Bangsawan while Islam has influenced Malaysian architecture design, music and paint such as Sultan Abdul Samad building has Islamic style design like floral and geometrical shapes furthermore to spread Islam reformation Arabian people encouraged local people to sing songs that shows praisal and worship the almighty Allah and His messenger Muhammad. Malaysian artists have different styles in paintings and they adopted artistic techniques from British, Chinese and Middle East creativity. Generally Malaysian arts have been influenced by the exterior factors and help to build great and diverse Malaysian arts. The Music of Malaysia Music and dance are almost inseparable in the Malaysian culture. Where there is one, the other is not far behind. True to Malaysia's heritage, dances vary widely and are, if not imports direct from the source nation, heavily influenced by one or more of Malaysia's cultural components. Much of Malaysian music and dance has evolved from more basic needs into the mesmerizing, complex art forms they are today. Traditional Malay music and performing arts appear to have originated in the Kelantan-Pattani region with influences from India, China, Thailand and Indonesia. The music is based around...
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...A Hymn to Songs To write about songs might require a true connoisseur of songs; even, as some may argue, an amateur would not be eligible enough to dare such an expedition. This conception about critiquing songs, conservative may it seems, is hardly deniable. Because the influence of songs in the course of human history and above all on human psyche is immense and powerful. What the writer is attempting here is to sing a song about songs which perhaps does not demand any masterly knowledge. It would be unjust to talk about an art before paying tribute to its artist. Among the branches of art singing is probably the most self satisfying on the part of its artist, the singer, because it gives, no doubt, a sense of real achievement to its creator. Even though the lyricist and the musician make the vehicle, it is the singer who drives skillfully to the path of melody and creates the miracle, leaving the audience mesmerized. This vehicle metaphor describing songs may seem to be little awkward to some people as vehicles has some sort of connotation sounds like machine or lifelessness comparing with the purity and aesthetics of songs which is as alive as any being. My intention, however, is not to desecrate the sacred aspect of songs rather to wonder how excellent dexterity a maestro shows to make his song unforgettable. The skill of a singer is in no way different from that of a driver’s. Through road of symphony and melody goes the singer. Paintings, sculptures or other artifacts...
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...consists of the independent nation of Bangladesh (East Bengal), and the Indian federal republic's constitutive state of West Bengal. The two geographical entities share many cultural traits which root from their historical association. Contents [hide] * 1 Religion * 2 Literature * 3 Music * 4 Food * 5 Attire * 6 Festivals * 7 Wedding * 8 Cinema and media * 9 Sports * 10 See also * 11 Notes | [edit] Religion Pohela Baishakh celebration in Dhaka Ancient Bengal was the seat of Buddhism. During the Mauryan period, Poundravardhana, corresponding northern Bengal, was the seat of culture and political activities; and in the third century B.C. both of Buddhism and Jainism were prevalent in northern Bengal. This Buddhist tradition continued for centuries up to the end of the Pala period.The period was marked by the establishment of some Buddhist colleges and universities, the remains of one of which still can be found at Paharpur. From the twelfth century, under royal patronage of the Sena rulers, there was the revival of Brahmanical Hinduism; and because of the introduction of Kulinism and torture on the Buddhists and Yogis, the path was made ready for the spread of Islam from the thirteenth century onward. With the elapse of time, Shaktism became very prominent in Bengal; and from the end of the fifteenth century, Vaishnavism also grew to be popular under the leadership of Shri Chaitanya.[1] Centuries after the demise of Chaitanya, Bhakti Vedantaswami Prabhupada...
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...allows the performer to compose, within strict boundaries, while playing. There are actually fully written ensemble compositions out there without improvisation. The compositions are still considered modal improvisation because the compositions still follow the conventions of maqam. 2. Islamic Call to Prayer and Jewish biblical cantillation are not considered “music” of “singing,” because of sensuality. Islam believes music is overly sensual. Islamic Call to Prayer does have definite pitch, rhythm, and contour. However, Islam does not think of Call to Prayer as sensual, but “as heightened speed or ‘holy’ speech, delivered in a style requiring both declamation and the spinning out of syllables”(248). Full-fledged singing is often forbidden for Judaism because of sensuality. To get around full-fledged singing, Judaism uses the term cantillation. Cantillation is thought of as a heightened speech that is between speaking and singing. Even if a cantillation has a melody, it is still not referred to as “singing.” 3. There are many factors that make Persian classical music different from Arabic music. One of the differences is the difference between the Arabic maqam and Persian dastgah. While Persian musicians have created “composed” melodic phrases, Arab musicians rely on oral tradition of melodic phrases. The “composed” melodic phrases created by the Persian musicians make short compositions, and are called gusheh....
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...ELEMENT OF PAKISTANI CULTURE The society and culture of Pakistan comprises numerous diverse cultures and ethnic groups: the Punjabis, Kashmiris, Sindhis in east, Muhajirs, Makrani in the south; Baloch and Pashtun in the west; and the ancient Dardic, Wakhi, and Burushocommunities in the north. These Pakistani cultures have been greatly influenced by many of the surrounding countries' cultures.The past few decades have seen emergence of a middle class in cities such asKarachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Hyderabad, Quetta, Faisalabad, Sukkur, Peshawar,Sialkot, Abbottabad, and Multan. Rural areas of Pakistan are regarded as more conservative, and are dominated by regional tribal customs dating back hundreds if not thousands of years. Literature Pakistani literature originates from when Pakistan gained its nationhood as a sovereign state in 1947. The common and shared tradition of Urdu literature and English literature of South Asia was inherited by the new state. Over a period of time, a body of literature unique to Pakistan has emerged in nearly all major Pakistani languages, including Urdu, English, Punjabi, Pashto,Seraiki, Balochi, and Sindhi. Poetry Poetry is a highly respected art and profession in Pakistan. The enthusiasm for poetry exists at a regional level as well, with nearly all of Pakistan's provincial languages continuing the legacy. The independence of the country in 1947 and establishment of Urdu as the national language, poetry is written in that language as well...
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...* * * * * * * * * Representation Of Race In Media * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Much of our perceptions of the world are based on narratives and the images that we see in film, television, radio, music, and other media. These are some of the outlets that construct how individuals see their social identities, as well as learn and understand about what it is to be black, white, Native American, Asian, South American, etc. (Dow, Wood, 2006, p. 297). You will get a better understanding of this once you understand the concept of ideologies. Ideologies are what create our perception of the world around us, whether it is political, social, economic, etc. Ideologies are not the product of individual intention or conscious, rather we create our intentions within ideology (Marris, Thornham, 2000, p. 267). These ideologies exist before we are even born; they form the social constructions and conditions that we are born into. But, ideologies are just a practice, and it is produced and reproduced in apparatus of ideological production. The media is a great example of an apparatus of ideological production (Marris, Thornham, 2000, p. 273). It produces social meanings and distributes them throughout society. However, as long as ideologies continue so will social struggles such as racism, which we will discuss in this essay. Media elites represent different races through media based on...
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...influences made their mark when trade began with those countries, and increased with immigration to Malaysia. Other cultures that heavily influenced that of Malaysia include Persian, Arabic, and British. The many different ethnicities that currently exist in Malaysia have their own unique and distinctive cultural identities, with some crossover. Arts and music have a long tradition in Malaysia, with Malay art dating back to the Malay sultanates. Traditional art was centred around fields such as carving, silversmithing, and weaving. Islamic taboos restricted artwork depicting humans until the mid-20th century. Performing arts and shadow puppet shows are popular, and often show Indian influences. Various influences can be seen in architecture, from individual cultures in Malaysia and from other countries. Large modern structures have been built, including the tallest twin buildings in the world, the Petronas Twin Towers. Malaysian music has a variety of origins, and is largely based around percussion instruments. Much early Malaysian literature was based on Indian epics, which remained unchanged even as Malays converted to Islam; this has expanded in recent decades. English literature remained restricted to the higher class until the arrival of the printing press. Locally created Chinese and Indian literature appeared in the 19th century. Cuisine is often divided along ethnic lines, but some dishes exist which have mixed foods from different ethnicities. Each major religious group...
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...[No Subject] Me to Fatema SunelSent Nowadays, people are getting more & more involved in Music & for them, it has become a part of their daily life. Their mind has become so saddled with tension, & tempo of life is so fast that they seem to accept high blood pressure & nervous breakdown as the unavoidable side effects of modern civilization. It is a pity that they do not pause to think the adverse effects of music on their physical & mental health. I have endeavored to present in this booklet the scientific & spiritual points of views on music & dance etc. These observations have been quoted from various books of Persian, Urdu & English languages. I am very grateful to Maulana Seyyid Saeed Akhtar Rizvi, the Chief Missionary of the Bilal Muslim Mission of Tanzania for editing & scrutinizing this effort of mine. I hope this booklet will help the readers in understanding the philosophy of the rule of Islam which forbids music. A.H. Sherriff 1/5/1983 W H A T IS M U S I C ? Music, according to the New National Dictionary, means "Art of combining sounds or sequences of notes into harmonious patterns pleasing to the ear & satisfying to the emotions; melody" According to the Great Encyclopedic Dictionary, this combining of sounds is "for reproduction by the voice or various kinds of musical instruments in rhythmic, melodious & harmonious form so as to express thought or feeling & affect the emotion;" & the word is also used for the "sound so produced," & for 'written...
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