...The Abbasid Dynasty: The Golden Age of Islamic Civilization Because of a few exceptionally competent caliphs and their guides, the Abbasid Caliphate flourished through the early ninth century, notwithstanding the significant difficulties of decision an enormous and multiethnic domain. Al-Ma'mun embraced the radical Mu'tazili religious philosophy, which was impacted by Greek logic and held that God could be seen through reasonable request, and that conviction and practice ought to be liable to reason. He built the mihna, a probe in which the adherence of researchers and authorities to Mu'tazili philosophy was tried, and they could be detained or even murdered in the event that they didn't take after the religious philosophy. Accordingly, al-Ma'mun's rule saw a becoming division between the Isalmic sovereign and the Isalmic individuals. This division was exacerbated by his production of a multitude of Central Asian fighters faithful just to him. Amid al-Ma'mun's rule, the common governors, called emirs, got to be progressively autonomous. The legislative head of Persia set up his own particular tradition...
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...The definition of a civilization according to Huntington is a cultural entity. It is the highest cultural grouping of people and the broadest level of cultural identity people have short of that which distinguishes humans from other species. It is defined by common elements such as: language, history, religion, customs, institutions and the self identification of people. Civilizations may include a large number of people or a very small number of people. They may include several Nation States or only one. They can blend or overlap and even include sub civilizations. Huntington's definition of a civilization matches up well with what we have learned in class. Civilization's are complex and civilizations are dynamic. They rise and fall, and divide and merge. They have many characteristics which include: urban revolution, distinct religious culture, new political and military structures such as bureaucracy, new social structures based on political power, the development of writing and the development of war complexity in material sense. Huntington divided the world into seven other civilizations, Western, Latin American, Confucian, Japanese, Islamic, Hindu and Slavic-Orthodox. He said that Africa was only a possible civilization. Huntington said that “people's religious and cultural identities will be the main source of conflict in the post- cold war world” and there will be conflict between Western Civilizations and Islamic Civilizations because of seven main reasons...
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...and religious difference. Huntington and Mottahedeh, scholars in the study of civilization anomalies, offer historical examples and descriptions that help to illuminate the relationship between two very distinct ideologies. It is helpful to first understand Huntington’s characterization of “civilization” as a cultural entity. He says that “It is defined both by common objective elements, such as language, history, religion, customs, institutions, and by the subjective self-identification of people (1993)”. Today, Western, non-Muslim societies have had a noticeable impact on Muslim societies. Although Huntington claims that “western ideas of free markets often have little resonance in Islamic (culture) (1993)”, Mottahedeh challenges this idea by offering examples of at least six Islamic Middle Eastern countries with existing free market economies. Additionally, he provides insight regarding the traditionally anti-Islamist idea of the right of women to vote. Although Muslim conservatives who are proponents for the reintroduction of Islamic Law may not fully support enfranchisement of women, this element of Western colonialism has become too much of the “norm”. Therefore, there are currently several similarities between both Muslim and non-Muslim societies, but cultural differences continue to impede their relationship due to long-standing historical conflicts. Beginning with the formation of Islamic religion with the prophet Mohammed centuries ago, there was an “us” versus “them”...
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...Clash Of civilisation The Clash of Civilizations (COC) is a hypothesis that people's cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post-Cold War world. It was proposed by political scientist Samuel P. Huntington in a 1992 lecture at the American Enterprise Institute, which was then developed in a 1993 Foreign Affairs article titled "The Clash of Civilizations? in response to his former student Francis Fukuyama's 1992 book, The End of History and the Last Man. Huntington later expanded his thesis in a 1996 book. Huntington began his thinking by surveying the diverse theories about the nature of global politics in the post-Cold War period. Some theorists and writers argued that human rights, liberal democracy, and capitalist free market economy had become the only remaining ideological alternative for nations in the post-Cold War world. Specifically, Francis Fukuyama argued that the world had reached the 'end of history' in a Hegelian sense. Huntington believed that while the age of ideology had ended, the world had only reverted to a normal state of affairs characterized by cultural conflict. In his thesis, he argued that the primary axis of conflict in the future will be along cultural and religious lines. As an extension, he posits that the concept of different civilizations, as the highest rank of cultural identity, will become increasingly useful in analyzing the potential for conflict. In the 1993 Foreign Affairs article, Huntington writes: ...
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...Clash of civilizations script What Huntington thinks * in his hypothesis he thinks that today’s world has actually come to a period where the age of ideology or economically has ended. * Instead he says that the primary source of conflict between nations and humankind will be cultural and religious. That nation states will remain the most powerful actors in world affairs but the principal conflicts of global politics will occur between nations ad even groups of different civilizations * Huntington also suggested that the main reason of world politics tend to be conflict between western and non-western civilizations Why civilizations will clash * differences based on history, language, region, religion, tradition and culture are more fundamental and stable that other differences between people. And these fundamental differences are product of centuries so they will not disappear anytime soon * The world is becoming a ‘smaller’ place and as a result interactions across the world are increasing which intensifies ‘civilization consciousness’ and the awareness of differences between civilizations and commonalities within civilizations * Due to economic modernization and social change, people are separated from longstanding local identities. Instead, religion has replaced this gap, which provides a basis for identity and commitment that transcends national boundaries and unites civilizations. * The growth of civilization-consciousness is enhanced...
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...Term paper EN1320 Dr. Baughman Jay C. Montgomery August 13, 2015 The Evolution of Medicine By Jay C. Montgomery The evolution of medicine was a contributing factor to important advances in our own modern day medicines and technologies. While there are many civilizations to choose from, some of the best contributions came from the Egyptian, Chinese, Greek, Roman, Muslim, Indian, and Japanese cultures. In order to understand what these civilizations did to transform the medical world, it is a necessity to first recognize and appreciate what they were able to accomplish with the little resources available at the time. That being said, even though these societies had little to work with, they were still capable of amazing achievements. The first civilization being considered is the Egyptian civilization because it is one of the oldest and most well-known for their proficiency in various fields, including medicine. The Egyptians possessed a large amount of knowledge of healing with herbs as well as repairing physical injuries in order to tend to the workers responsible for building the great monuments that we still see today in Egypt (Shuttleworth, Ancient Medicine). The Egyptians were very skilled at performing eye surgery, since irritation of the eyes was common in a desert society. Most of the archeological evidence we have today is thanks to the well preserved mummy corpses. We know that healed skeletons were a good indication that prove the Egyptians were capable...
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...Strengths and Weaknesses of Islamic, Confucian/Asian, and American Civilizations In “Children of Dust” by Ali Eteraz and “Confucius Live Next Door” by T.R. Reid I explore the strengths and weaknesses of Confucian/Asian, Islamic, and American civilizations. In “Children of Dust” the author, Ali Eteraz (Abir ul Islam), tells the story of his youth and his attempt to navigate through the world as a traditional Muslim. According to Abir’s mother, his father made a mannat (covenant) with Allah “that if his first child was a boy, he would be raised to become a leader and servant of Islam (Eteraz 5).” The story of his birth and father’s promise filled him with a deep reverence for Allah, so he decided to devote his life to God. “I noticed that many worshippers had calluses on their foreheads and ankles from a lifetime of prostration and sitting on folded feet. Those were marks of piety that I wanted to develop as well. Thus, instead of praying on the carpet inside, I took to praying in the courtyard of the mosque, on straw matting that was hot and rough. During prostration I rubbed my forehead on the mat until it became raw (Eteraz 41).” At a very young age Abir was very devoted to his faith. He trained himself to pray faithfully every day. He paid special attention to every detail that went into prayer in order to prove his devotion. It is common among individuals of the Islamic faith to spend their life proving their devotion to Allah. Muslims are known for maintaining...
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...Through out world history we have progressed from hunter and gatherers, small bands of families, to small empires, into a large interconnected world. We have made the world smaller and smaller as we have progressed as a whole. As a great turning point in our history was between 600-1500 C.E. when the world became a much more integrated. This happened though population growth, expansion of territories, and increased trade between civilizations. In this paper I will show how that these three things brought Europe, Asia, and Africa closer together. With the continent of Asia I'm going to focus on the People of the Steppes, the Mongols. It starts with the unifier of the mongols Temujin, he united the different mongol clans becoming Chinggis...
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...“Clash not Culture” Cultural differences in a post-Cold War era will not empirically lead to more frequent and violent conflicts between civilizations, regardless of their relationship or proximity to each other. As proven through history, conflict is inevitable and today theorists continue to debate where and why the next war will occur. Our world is a mist a diverging global society with non-state actors competing for new world order. Many states are suffering great turmoil, while others are gaining economic strength and power. Although the world has reached a point that we are poised for conflict, there has actually been a decline in conflict among civilizations. Among those that are geographically positioned for a border dispute, there has been no significant increase in conflict. Many would argue that clashes between western civilizations and non-western civilizations should be at the top of the list, but this has not been the case either. Conflict and war has occurred since the beginning of man and has been recorded right along religious strife. Conflict occurs for several basic reasons including: an attempt to increase a standard of living, to prevent a decrease in a standard of living, greed-more power and territory, religious idealism, and corrupt governments. When developing an analysis to determine the next confrontation, there are several points that must be considered: relative power of non-state ...
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...Mid-Term Examination The Clash of Civilizations and Its International Implications By: Meidina Felita Alifandra 016201400183 IRE 2014 Diplomacy 2 Semester 7 I. Introduction As being stated by Samuel P. Huntington, the Clash of Civilization is a hypothesis in which the primary sources of conflicts in the post-cold war era are more dominant to the people’s cultural and religious identities. Civilization has three attributes which are the objective elements – language, history religion, customs, and institution; the subjective elements – variable levels of self-identification; and civilization itself is dynamic – they rise and fall, divide and merge. II. The Relation between the “Kin-Country” Theory by Samuel P. Huntington and The U.S. Attitudes Towards the Palestinian-Israeli Issues. Samuel P. Huntington also stated a theory about civilization rallying – or well-known as “Kin-Country Syndrome”. In his “Kin-Country...
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...area of rice cultivation and grow it twice in one season. This was a huge advancement in agriculture. 2. Some factors that encouraged commercial growth in the post- classical era were new state built architecture like the Grand Canal. Also new organizations for trade like the Hanseatic League. New trading cities also encouraged commercial growth. Some of these cities were Baghdad, and Novgorod in the Islamic caliphates and Byzantine Empire. These trade cities flourished due to the pre-existing trade routes like the silk and sand roads, and the Indian Ocean Commerce. Another huge factor were new state practices...
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...Research Essay The articles “The Clash of Civilizations”, “Jihad vs. McWorld”, “The Coming of Anarchy”, “The Summoning”, “The End of Progressivism”, and “The Myth of Global Ethnic Conflict” all exercise ideas and hypothesis that relate to present day world problems. The authors of these articles have strong beliefs about issues that could potentially lead to an apocalyptic future plagued with war. Throughout this paper I will talk about the main ideas of each article, compare and contrast the articles, and discuss my opinion about the article. In the article “The Clash of Civilizations”, Samuel P. Huntington believes that the fundamental source of conflict in the future will be a conflict on culture. Huntington strongly believes that 8 basic civilizations will clash in the future. These civilizations are Western, Confucian, Japanese, Islamic, Hindu, Slavic Orthodox, Latin American, and possibly African. Huntington defines a civilization as the highest cultural grouping of people and the broadest level of cultural identity people have short of what distinguishes them from other species. Civilizations can be seen as a cultural entity with commonalities in language, history, religion, customs, institutions, and may contain several nation states. Huntington believes these conflicts will occur because the world is becoming a smaller place, there is a rapid growth of civilization-consciousness, cultural characteristics and differences are less mutable and less easily compromised...
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...tragic reading. Down through the ages we come across a series of sequences of the rise, growth, decline and fall not only of nations but even of their civilizations and cultures. No doubt, man has all along shown a remarkable constructive genius, having attained many an awe-inspiring success, now and then, despite occasional set-backs and natural catastrophes. But his constructive genius, was always undermined by some inherent weakness underlying his ideals or his way of life which ultimately brought about a disastrous end to his efforts. Nevertheless, there have been some notable exceptions in the series of sequences when the idea of the universal welfare of mankind took practical shape, but the main characteristic of the type of the society in all those civilizations, however, always remained one of frustration. The same dismal spectacle is repeated age after age. We see a people incessantly striving towards the creation of a great civilization, which became the focus of their desires and ambitions, hopes and aspirations. They looked upon their success as the apogee of human endeavour. This civilisation, they hoped, would finally liberate mankind from the clutches of tyranny and slavedom, and usher in an era of eternal peace, security and contentment. They remained lost in the illusion of having built up an unparalleled civilization whose growth was always a source of pride and happiness for them. Every step they took for its progress kindled a new ray of hope in their hearts for...
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...Clash of Civilizations In 1993 Samuel Huntington wrote an article titled “Is there a clash of civilizations”. The thesis was very much born in the context of the end of the cold war. The idea of “clash of civilizations” suggests that twenty-first century global order will be characterized by growing tension and conflict between rival cultures or civilizations, as opposed to the political, ideological or economic conflict of old. Huntington furthermore argued that the world was split into 9 different civilizational orders, and the West would clash with all of them, but in particular it would clash with the Islamic world, Japan and Russia. The realists have given little attention to the issue of identity or cultural politics. They focus on the behavior of states. However the liberals have recognized this thesis to some extent. Huntington’s view that the West would clash with the Islamic world was vindicated after the September 11th terrorist attacks, neoconservatives looking for a response distanced themselves from Huntington’s rhetoric. Neoconservative George W Bush was keen to emphasize that not all Muslims were to blame for 9/11, and indeed it was just a tiny minority of extremists holding the Islamic world back. Whereas Huntington had argued that the Islamic world was hostile to western ideas of liberal democracy, George W Bush ignored this insight and fought two wars to try and bring democracy to the Middle East, ignoring Huntington’s claim that there would be a backlash...
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...Punctuality is a good quality. Punctuality is quite a kin to regularity. Regularity means working as per rules, regulations and programme of time. Punctuality means working as per the programme of time. Punctuality involves time factor. We are to see that we are working strictly according to the time fixed. This is punctuality. Advantages: If we be punctual, we can finish up our work at right time. Punctuality checks unnecessary wastage of time. Time is very valuable for us. We can save it only by punctuality. Time and tide wait for none. Seconds, minutes, hours and days pass by in right order. There is a maxim "We should hold the time by the forelock". If we be punctual, a single second of us will never go waste. The English men are very punctual. They put on wrist-watches to exercise punctuality. But we, the Indian put on wrist-watches only as ornaments for show. We cannot progress. If we do not be punctual. Punctuality helps us in our progress. It also saves money in other ways. There is a saying. "A stitch in time saves nine". So, if we take our food punctually, we will never be sick and so we will never have to spend money on medicines and doctors or to worry our near and dear ones in this connection. And this principle applies well in all other cases. Conclusion: Everybody should be punctual in his everyday life. Every students should make a habit of punctuality. The people who have become great in their lives are very punctual. Punctuality is the first condition...
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