...Islamic Terrorist Groups: A Comparative Study of Terror Jason Schrand HSM 305: Survey of Homeland Security & Emergency Mgmt Instructor: Blake Cheary October 6, 2013 The phrase "Islamic Terrorist" conjures many images for different people. Many will recollect the acts of September 11, 2001 - the act of terror that led the United States first into an invasion of the Taliban-controlled nation of Afghanistan and then into the "Second Gulf War" with Iraq. While both wars made great progress toward the initial goals, namely the overthrow of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and the Hussein dictatorship in Iraq, as the years went by and the war dragged on, seemingly endlessly, the Islamic groups faced by the United States and her Allies seemed to be wearing down the civilian desire to continue to wage war. What American civilians do not seem to understand is that not only does the multitude of groups have very nearly the same goals, but they are also willing to die for their cause and will be almost impossible to defeat unless they are hunted and destroyed. A study of the Islamic terror groups must include historic examples; Islamic extremism is not a recent development, nor has the ideology of the extremist believers changed much since the Islamic Conquests began in the 7th Century. In F.M. Mickolus' work International Terrorism in the 1980's, Mickolus wrote that since 1968 alone two-thirds of the known incidents of terrorism in the world had occurred in...
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...II. The Eritrean Islamic Jihad Movement (EJIM) Eritrean separatism began in earnest during World War II, as Eritrea passed from Italian to British rule in 1941 and remained under British administration until 1950. Arab states pushed for independence given the large Muslim population and ties to the Arab world from that community. The initial constitution in 1952 was ratified by Emperor of Ethiopia, Haile Selassie, but Eritrea and Ethiopia were linked through a federal system, under the sovereignty of the emperor. Eritreans resisted Ethiopian rule and began armed struggle for their independence in 1958. The Eritrean Islamic Jihad Movement (EIJM) began activity in 1975 when a group of Islamist-minded guerillas split off from the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) that had been fighting since the beginning of the Eritrean independence movement. The EIJM was formally established in 1980. Since independence in 1993, the EIJM (and its factions) have been the principal Muslim opposition group in Eritrea, seeking the violent overthrow of the ELF government led by President Isaias Afewerki. EIJM claims to only target the Eritrean government and its apparatus in the country, not Western targets, and seeks the establishment of an Islamic caliphate in Eritrea. The group is based in Sudan and is made up primarily of dissidents from the ELF, conservative Eritrean (and some other Muslims from Horn of Africa countries), and a Muslim youth network. The group is also known by a variety of other names—the...
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...Perceptions on Islamic Banking Acceptance Abstract This research was conducted to investigate bank employee perceptions on Islamic banking acceptance. The questionnaires were distributed to bank employee at Maybank Islamic Wangsa Maju (Islamic bank) and Maybank Setapak (Islamic window) Kuala Lumpur. Interestingly, few of the bank employees possessed a relevant academic background or relevant experience in banking on this career. The bank employee also claimed that they had very limited knowledge in this area prior to working with the banks; thus, the issue of the availability of well-trained and skilled employees must be addressed critically by the government, industry players and educationists for the sustainable growth of Islamic banking in Malaysia, and to meet the target set for the year 2011. Keywords: Bank Employees perceptions, Islamic Banking, Product & Service, Training & Experience 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of study In 1970, Islamic banking was almost unknown and considered to be wishful thinking. By the early years of the twenty-first century, however, Islamic banking the deniable truth has emerged, for it is growing at a steady pace. The size of the industry, which amounted to a few hundred thousand dollars in 1975, had reached billions of dollars by 2004. The value of Shari’ah-compliant accounts worldwide is estimated between US$200 billion and US$500 billion and is growing at an average annual rate of 10-15 per cent. It is predicted that Islamic banks...
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...Case study of terrorist group “Egyptian Islamic Al-Jihad” Name Course Instructor Paper due date Abstract The Egyptian Islamic Jihad, commonly abbreviated as EIJ is an Islamic terror group seeking to overthrow the Egyptian government and install an Islamic state. More recently, the EIJ has broadened its goals to debilitating and attacking the capabilities and interests of U.S and Israel, in Egypt and in other countries. EIJ is led by Ayman al-Zawahiri since 1991, and the group has carried out numerous terror attacks through its militant cells. EIJ’s most prominent attack is the assassination of former Egyptian President Anwar al-Sadat in 1981. EIJ is considered a foreign terrorist group by the U.N. In the late nineties, EIJ had largely been eradicated from Egypt, but in 2001, the group merged with al-Qaeda, and it is now known as Qaeda al-Jihad. The command structure of al-Qaeda Jihad is centered on nine leadership seats. EIJ’s former leader al-Zawahiri is an acting commander of al-Qaeda. The group has been behind some of the most horrific terror attacks of the last two decades; the group has engineered many bombings and assassinations, which have killed many, most of them innocent people. The EIJ, in its turbulent wake leaves behind a legacy of wrath, pain and bloodshed. Main Body The Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ) is also known as al-Gihad al-Islamic and Tanzim al-Jihad. Mhuammad Abd al-Salam Farraj founded EIJ in 1979 in Cairo, Egypt. Other notable...
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...Chantal Badie Islamic Extremists English 135-Advanced Composition Devry University Dr. Ralph Monday April 7, 2011 Islamic Extremists Nearly everyone has heard about Islam and the Arab world. In addition, many countries have already faced issues with the Muslim believers. Islam has caused problems, terrorist attacks, anti-democracy all over the world. They were also very successful in sending a message of who they truly are. People who are literally obedient to the Islamic faith are called Islamic Extremists. People, who are of the Islamic faith however desire to survive in peace without tribulations are not considered obedient or dutiful to the Islamic faith, these people are called moderate Muslims. Therefore, the Islamic religious extremists are the major group in Islam who follow the Qur’an word for word and create extreme violence that moderate Muslims do not. Islamic extremism started in Egypt in the late 1920s. During the inter-war years, the country was occupied by the British military. The Nationalist Wafd movement, led by Saad Zaghloul, opposed the presence of the British, as would anyone whose country is being occupied by a foreign military power. (A brief history of Islamic extremism) In 1928, Hassan al-Banna established the term “The Muslim Brotherhood” which was the first Islamist movement. The British government supported the nascent movement in an attempt to counterbalance the Nationalists. In modern Egyptian politics, the Muslim Brotherhood is the largest...
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...Courtney Friedman Term Paper: International Terrorism (Due Week 10) Professor Smith 5/23/14 CRJ 440 Terrorism, it is a well-known term, every person has all heard of it, but yet do we really know what it is. Terrorism is in the eyes of most, a meaningless hate crime, which has no true reason behind it. The terrorism mindset is people who want to create terror among civilization. They are trained to disturb peace, and to break social harmony. Terrorism is also a horrible threat to the modern world and modern society. It has become a problem around the world, not just in the United States. Many innocent people are killed by terrorist and their acts of terrorism. An individual can see terrorism in multiple forms, but not limited to: Bombing, hijacking, cross border terrorist activities and massacres on a massive scale, in addition to many others not listed. Its consequences are very frightening. Though much effort is put into eliminating terrorism, it is impossible to get rid of it until some strict laws are devised. Whenever and wherever society is victim to brutality, injustice, wrongs and intolerance, terrorism cannot be eradicated. There are many terrorist groups out there, of many different origins and sects. The group that will be discussed is Al Qaeda, which is the most well-known out of the groups listed. The questions and statements that will be answered and debated are: 1.) A brief explanation of Al Qaeda and the summarization of its origins, 2.) Al Qaeda's major...
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...New Steps in Islamic Finance jìÑíá=jìÜ~ãã~Ç=q~èá=rëã~åá Islamic banking industry has grown rapidly during the past three decades spreading its operations in many parts of the globe. Making its first debut in the small Savings Association of Mitghamr (Egypt) in 1963, its strength has now reached over 250 financial institutions operating in more than 40 countries with assets valuing USD 750 billions, and an annual growth rate of 15 per cent. Almost all the giant conventional banks are in queue to establish their Islamic units to capture the new emerging market. This rapid growth of Islamic financial industry is, no doubt, encouraging for those who wished to relieve themselves from the prohibition of interest on the one hand and to remain a part of the modern market economy on the other. Now that a substantial period of more than three decades has passed on the experience of Islamic Banks and Financial Institutions, it is imperative to review what they have achieved so far and what they have missed. It is, no doubt, a great achievement of these institutions that they relieved the Muslims from clear prohibition of riba, and came up with some alternatives that might be adopted in financial market without indulging in interest. In an atmosphere entirely dominated by interest-based transactions, it was really a formidable task. I do not agree with those who criticize them on the basis of utopian idealism, and claim that they should have brought an immediate revolution in the entire...
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...Islamic Banking and Finance: History Development Slide #1 Some Issues History Of IBF Development of IBF -Overview- 2. Islamic Banking and Finance: History and Development History and Development of IBF in Bahrain Full Fledged IB vs. IB windows • Word ‘bank’ comes from the word ‘banco’ - A table or a bench on which Italian money-changers used to display their monies and records and conduct their transactions History of Islamic Banking and Finance • Arabic financial and economic system preIslam – Trading based arrangements were common • Bay’ al-musawamah (bargaining) • Bay’ al-muzayadah (auctioning) • Bay’ al-amanah (trust sale) – Al-murabahah (resale with profit) – Al-tawliyyah (resale at cost) – Al-wadiah (resale at loss or below cost) History of IBAF- (2) – Barter trade was common – Al-sarf (money exchange) • Lack of standardization – for e.g., 10 grams of gold in coin form = 15 grams of gold in bracelet form – Institutionalization of riba – Widespread gharar and maysir – Monopoly, fraud and economic injustice was common History of IBAF- (3) • With the advent of Islam, – Eradication of riba institutions and practices – Eradication of gharar transactions – Institutionalization of fair and equitable markets • No monopoly, fraud • Standardization of money and commodity exchanges – Hadith on the six commodities – Islamization of many business organizations and institutions • Mudarabah, musyarakah, salam, muzara’ah (sharecropping or partnership...
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...January/February 2009 Volume 25, Number 1 The Evolution Of Islamic Finance In Southeast Asia: The Case Of Malaysia (1) Rika Nakagawa, Institute of Developing Economies, Japan ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is threefold: to explain why the Islamic financial system was introduced in Malaysia; to outline how the Malaysian government has promoted this system; and to analyze the development of the Islamic financial system with a specific focus on the banking sector. In Malaysia, the first Islamic bank, Bank Islam Malaysia Bhd., was established in 1983. One turning point of the Islamic financial system in the country was the Financial Sector Master Plan presented by the central bank in 2001. The government, in accordance with the plan, has taken a strong initiative in the development of an Islamic financial system. As a result, the country has succeeded in promoting a comprehensive Islamic financial system, banking and insurance sectors and capital markets. In the banking sector, this paper reveals that the profit-sharing system does not seem to be popular in this country although the reward system is central to Islamic Finance. In order for further development of the Islamic financial sector, the reasons why the percentage of contracts under the profit-sharing system is small need to be analyzed. Keywords: Islamic Finance in Malaysia, Financial Sector Master Plan, New Economic Policy, Bank Islam Malaysia Bhd., Islamic Banking Scheme INTRODUCTION I n the globalized economy,...
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...ISLAMIC BANKING SYSTEM & PRODUCTS Name Course Instructor Institution Date Islamic banking Introduction Over the past decades, Islamic banking has expanded into a distinctive and fast growing competitive substitute to conventional banking in many countries. Despite the rapid expansion of the Islamic banking system in recent years, little is however understood of how it differs from conventional banking systems, especially in the non Muslim world. Although Islamic banking works in accordance with the Islamic laws (shariah), in other countries, they are allowed to operate incomparably with the conventional banks that are interest based. The desire of Muslim communities to reorganize their social economic activities, and revival of financial institutions such as Zakah on an interest free basis can be said to be the main drivers to the development of Islamic baking over the past (Wilson, 1994: 110). Nevertheless, Islamic banking is not a religious product as it may insinuate, but it can rather be understood as a series of growing financial products that are developed with the aim of meeting the requirements of Islamic culture and its people (Sole, J. A., 2007: 6). Thus theses systems have developed so as to enable Muslims to invest savings and equally raise finance without compromising their religious and ethical practices. In order to comprehend the fundamental principles of operation of the Islamic banking system, it is thus necessary to understand what it is. There is...
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...Chantal Badie Islamic Extremists English 135-Advanced Composition Devry University Dr. Ralph Monday April 7, 2011 Islamic Extremists Nearly everyone has heard about Islam and the Arab world. In addition, many countries have already faced issues with the Muslim believers. Islam has caused problems, terrorist attacks, anti-democracy all over the world. They were also very successful in sending a message of who they truly are. People who are literally obedient to the Islamic faith are called Islamic Extremists. People, who are of the Islamic faith however desire to survive in peace without tribulations are not considered obedient or dutiful to the Islamic faith, these people are called moderate Muslims. Therefore, the Islamic religious extremists are the major group in Islam who follow the Qur’an word for word and create extreme violence that moderate Muslims do not. Islamic extremism started in Egypt in the late 1920s. During the inter-war years, the country was occupied by the British military. The Nationalist Wafd movement, led by Saad Zaghloul, opposed the presence of the British, as would anyone whose country is being occupied by a foreign military power. (A brief history of Islamic extremism) In 1928, Hassan al-Banna established the term “The Muslim Brotherhood” which was the first Islamist movement. The British government supported the nascent movement in an attempt to counterbalance the Nationalists. In modern Egyptian politics, the Muslim Brotherhood is the largest...
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...General Banking Operations General banking provides the foundation of banker – customer relation ship through openingaccount. This is the busiest department and the daily transactions of concerned to thecustomers for drawing or depository money , selling of the instrument to them for remittance purpose, collection of their instruments providing other services to them and keep customer section busy.Usually the following sections/departments are involved to perform the general bankingoperations: ˃ Cash Section ˃ Bills & Remittance Section ˃ Clearing and Collection Section ˃ Accounts Section Mudaraba The word 'Mudaraba' has been derived from Arabic word 'Darb'/'Darbun' which means“Travel”. Thus the word ‘Mudaraba’ means travel for undertaking business.Mudaraba is a form of partnership in profit whereby one party provides capital and the other party provides skill and labour.The provider of capital is called ‘Shahib-al-Mal’ or the ‘Rabb-ul-Mal’ (the financier or owner of the fund) and acts like a sleeping or dormant partner while the provider of skill and labour is called ‘Mudarib’ (entrepreneur/organizer) who provides the entrepreneurship andmanagement for carrying on any venture, trade, industry or service with the objectives of earning profits.Both the parties share the profit as per pre-agreed ratio and the losses, if any, being borne bythe provider of capital i.e. ‘Shahib-al-Mal’ except if it is due to breach of trust, misconduct,negligence or violation of the...
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..............................................7 3. Understanding Riba ...........................................................10 3.1 A world shaped by Riba.................................................... 10 3.2 What is Riba? ................................................................. 11 4. The Misunderstanding of Riba............................................20 4.1. Religious reformism and capitalism ................................... 20 4.2 The Islamic Reformers ..................................................... 23 4.3 The followers of Reda ...................................................... 27 4.4 The misunderstanding of Riba an-nasiah today.................... 28 4.5 Equating Riba to interest in a loan ..................................... 33 4.6 Islamic Banking .............................................................. 34 4.6.1 Islamic Banks are banks ............................................. 34 4.6.2 Murabaha: what it is and what it is not ......................... 38 4.6.3 How the Islamic Bank’s version of the contract of Murabaha came into being ................................................................. 41 4.6.4 The danger of making principles out of contracts............ 46 4.7 The Stages of the “Islamisation” process ............................ 48 4.8 On the methodology of modernism .................................... 49 5. Understanding Paper Money ..............................................54 5.1 Paper money backed by gold and...
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...committed to Islamic way of life as enshrined in the Holy Qur'an and the Sunnah. Naturally, it remains a deep cry in their hearts to fashion and design their economic lives in accordance with the percepts of Islam. The establishment of Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited on March 13, 1983, as the first of its kind in Southeast Asia, was the true reflection of this inner urge of its people. It was both a hope and a challenge to the Islam loving people of the country in general and the pioneers of the Islamic banking movement to make it a success. In the beginning there was some doubt in the minds of many people about the viability as well as the sustainability of the Islamic banking system. But the history of two decades of Islamic banking operation in Bangladesh not only removed this doubt from the minds of the people but also showed how a new banking concept based on Islamic values could so rapidly establish itself as the most modern, dynamic, and popular bank of the country. Within this short span of time the workforce of Islamic banks in Bangladesh in general and Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited, in particular, by their strong commitment and tireless effort have been able to prove the superiority of Islamic banking over conventional banking in every department of banking operations and services. The success of Islamic banks not only gave them enough floors in the field of banking but also encouraged at least one conventional bank to convert fully all its operations on Islamic principles...
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...disclosure by Islamic banks: evidence from Gulf Cooperation Council countries Abdullah Awadh Bukair and Azhar Abdul Rahman Abstract Corporate social activities have become major subjects because of their effects on the quality life of citizens, in particular, and on the society at large. Therefore, today, there is an increase awareness of social responsibility due to the challenges meeting the financial institutions (particularly, Islamic banking) around the world. This paper examines the influence of the board of directors’ characteristics, consisting of board size, board composition, and the separation roles of CEO and chairman, on corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure in 53 annual reports of Islamic banks of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries after controlling of bank size, financial performance and relevant public. Based on the framework of legitimacy theory, the findings show that CSR disclosure has a negative and insignificant relationship with board composition. On contrast, the study found insignificantly and positive association between CSR disclosure and other characteristics of board of directors (board size and the separation roles of CEO and chairman). With regards control variables, the study indicates that bank size and financial performance have a positive and significant influence on CSR disclosure, while relevant public has no effect. Therefore, the results indicate that corporate governance structure of board of directors within Islamic banks of...
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