...simplified, on the solutions of two men – president of the United States of America, John F. Kennedy and president of the Soviet Union, Nikita Khrushchev. I will try to focus on the particular question, which is – why did the Soviet Union decide to place nuclear missiles in Cuba. I have chosen this question because it is the principle of the crisis. Looking on it from different points of view will secure the objectivity of the conclusions. First, I will analyze it with using the theory of Constructivism, then I will use the Game theory. Realism In realism, states are the principal actors in the international system, which is anarchic. States look on their own interests and they are rational unitary actors. Placing of the missiles in Cuba was in conflict of the Soviets behavior and their statements: The Soviets gave every indication of sensitivity both to American strategic interests and to the president's political needs. In their September 4 meeting, Ambassador Dobrynin called on Robert Kennedy to relay a confidential promise from Chairman Khrushchev that the Soviet Union would not create any trouble for the United States during the election campaign.(reading the lessons page 3)Moreover, a Soviet official in Washington used by Khrushchev as his personal courier to the White House, conveyed a message directly from Khrushchev and Foreign Minister Anastas Mikoian. They assured Kennedy that "no missile capable of reaching the United States would be placed in Cuba."(reading...
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...Second World War in the south pacific, John Kennedy stood for Massachusetts eleventh congressional district in the United States House of the legislature from 1947 to 1953 as a democrat. Later, he served in the United States council from 1953 to 1960. John Kennedy crushed the deputy President and Republican aspirant Richard in the 1960 United States presidential voting. At forty three years, he was the most young to have been nominated to the presidential office, the second-youngest President following Theodore Roosevelt, and the foremost person born in the 20th century to become the president. As a Roman catholic, John Kennedy was the only non-protestant president, and was the only president who won a Pulitzer award. Events all through his presidency incorporated the Cuban missile emergency, Bay of Pigs attack, the construction of the Berlin wall, the African American national rights group, the space race, and early phases of the Vietnam warfare. Therein, John Kennedy added the number of military force advisers, helicopters and the special operation services in an attempt to curb the increase of Marxism in South East of Asia. Kennedy’s administration approved the policy of the tactical hamlet program which was executed by the South Vietnamese administration. The policy involved certain compulsory relocation, segregation and village internment of country South Vietnamese from the southern and northern communist uprisings. John Kennedy was assassinated in 1963 on 22nd November...
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...The movie Thirteen Days directed by Roger Donaldson is about the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. It is often referred to as a docudrama as it is very entertainment oriented but still remains close to the roots of what actually happened. Since it was produced at a later date than many other films portraying the events, Thirteen Days was able to access recently declassified information which helped in attaining a more historically accurate film. Although there were some discrepancies with what happened in real life compared to the film. The year is 1962 and American surveillance planes discover that the USSR is in the process of placing nuclear ballistic missiles in Cuba. The missiles have a said capability to reach 80 million Americans striking every major city but Seattle. As well they are capable of reaching the majority of the United States Air Force bomber bases effectively crippling their ability to retaliate. It is a race to find a means of removing the missiles before they become operational. Thus the problem for the President is to decide whether to use force or diplomatic means to keep the missiles un-operational. Initial diplomatic attempts to come to a peaceful conclusion fail and the Secretary of Defence proposes a naval blockade which they call a “quarantine” and if the Soviets ignore the blockade, the Navy will forcibly remove the ships from going to Cuba. This would quickly escalate the situation which is clearly what the Secretary of Defence wanted but the President...
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...Fact and Fiction of Irish Americans History of the Immigration Beginning almost 300 years ago Irish immigrants were among the first large groups of people to migrate to the New World. With years of wars, famine, and religious persecution in Ireland, these people came to America to build a new life. Not afraid of hard work the Irish came and built a life they could be proud of; although the Irish American believes that they have been victim of discrimination. NINA ‘No Irish Need Apply’ and WASP ‘White Anglo Saxon Protestant’ is and ingrained belief that the Irish American’s “remember” (Jenson, 2004). Another current issue is the unjust treatment of the Irish seeking political asylum in the United States (McElrath, 1997). The first Irish immigrants came in the 1580s to the Carolinas long before the founding of the United States of America. It is believed that possibly hundreds of thousands of Protestant Irish immigrated in these early years. This is contrary to the urban myth of the Irish Catholic American origins (Meagher, 2009). The next big migration of Irish to America was in the 1700s to 1820s. These immigrants assimilated easily into the American way of life as most prospered at a rate that could not have been conceived in Ireland. “Nearly half of General Washington’s continental arm, including 1492 officers and 22 generals, were of Irish descent” (American Immigration law Foundation, 2001, p. 1). Even with the influx of Irish throughout early history of America...
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...confusion for the United States, as well as the terms of three presidents: John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Richard Nixon. When U.S. involvement in the war began under Kennedy, it was originally put out as a plan for the United States to only aid the South Vietnamese, but, after his assassination, Johnson was put in charge. The path that the war took under Johnson was filled with controversy and large numbers of casualties. When Johnson did not run for a second term, Nixon was left in charge to ultimately turn things around. Soon, all of the American troops were removed from Vietnam, and the war slowly began to come to a close. But what was it about Nixon’s foreign policy that was so much more successful than Johnson’s? Was Nixon’s policy more closely related to Kennedy’s successful strategy than Johnson’s was, and, if so, why didn’t Johnson do a better job modeling his policy after Kennedy? These are all questions that political scientists still look at today as a way to solve the many questions that are still being posed about the war. I have looked deeply into these questions, and found answers through researching the history of Vietnam as well as the three presidents. As I read about each event that unfolded, it became clear to me why there were such drastic differences involving their results. Before the election of President Kennedy, the United States was led by President Eisenhower. Kennedy did a good job continuing his predecessor’s policies of avoiding military...
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...Cammie Benoit History 202 Final Paper Document58: John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Inaugural Address (1961) And Document 75: Ronald Reagan’s First Inaugural Address, January 20, 1981 Two of the United States most beloved Presidents were John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan. Each of these two men made memorable and important inaugural addresses. Although Kennedy was a Democrat and Reagan a Republican, both of these men believed in their country and understood the sacrifices required for freedom and liberty. In John F. Kennedy’s speech, he made a clear statement to the citizens of the United States along to all the other nations that he believed that the freedom of the United States was very important. He stated that he was willing to fight and defend the liberty of the United States at any cost. He remembered the sacrifices that others had paid by their lives for freedom and would not let it be for nothing. He made it clear that he stood behind the military and there would be nothing he would stop at to insure that their sacrifices were worthwhile. He also ensured the maintained alliances with old allies. He reiterated his appreciation to the allied nations for their past and continuingly loyalty and promised that the United States would continually support and defend them. Kennedy reminded the allies that, separately, there is little each nation can do but when they bond together many things can be accomplished. He also vowed to help and support the nations under oppression...
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...his commitment to the communist party. Cuba became a threat to the United States during their move to building a closer relationship with Russia. Eisenhower ordered the CIA to arm and train a force of Cubans who had been barred from their home country for an attack on Cuba. There was great tension between the US and the Soviet Union parties. He added five new Army divisions increasing the nations air power and military reserves. Sen. Kennedy and Vice President Richard Nixon both committed themselves to strengthen American military forces and promised a tough stance against the Soviet Union and other international communism. Kennedy blamed and criticized the Eisenhower admin for the permitting the development of a communist government in Cuba. It was feared that the plan would fail. President Kennedy addressed the American people informing them that America must be prepared to defend when talk wouldn’t work but only if force was used upon America. President Kennedy ordered an increase in the US’ intercontinental missile forces. In 1961, Kennedy gave the orders for the exiles to invade. The plan failed making Castro’s power in Cuba stronger. Castro requested Soviet Union military aid and at this time nuclear rockets were...
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...John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), commonly known by his initials JFK, was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until he was assassinated in November 1963. After military service as commander of Motor Torpedo Boats PT-109 and PT-59 during World War II in the South Pacific, Kennedy represented Massachusetts's 11th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1947 to 1953 as a Democrat. Thereafter, he served in the U.S. Senate from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated vice president and Republican candidate Richard Nixon in the 1960 U.S. presidential election. At age 43, he was the youngest to have been elected to the office,[2][a] the second-youngest president (after Theodore Roosevelt), and the first person born in the 20th century to serve as president.[3] To date, Kennedy has been the only Roman Catholic president and the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize.[4] Events during his presidency included the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Space Race—by initiating Project Apollo (which would culminate in the moon landing), the building of the Berlin Wall, the African-American Civil Rights Movement, and increased U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963. Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested that afternoon and charged with the crime that night. Jack Ruby shot and killed Oswald two days later...
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...left, I was born. They were dropped off in the forest with no food to eat and a place to stay. They built their little bamboo houses there and managed to live. Until this day, there are no public schools in the refugee get camps and young people like me do not go to school because they cannot afford private schools. This is why they need free public schools. TS; Victor Hugo once said, he who opens a school door, closes a prison (n.d.). Schools are good for social skills (Yuting 2010). 1. People can interact 2. Make friends 3. Learn new things TS: According to IOM, only have of the Bhutanese refugees are educated (2008). They can get educated 1. Get better jobs 2. support family 3. help other TS: John F. Kennedy said, child miss educated is a child lost (n.d.). We do not want to them lost. 1. They can survive anywhere 2. My parents’ story. Education is vital. In conclusion, let’s help the refugees, not only...
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...THE RUNAWAY, from THE THINGS THEY CARRIED AWAY Tim O'Brien, 1990 Author biography: A native of Worthington, Minnesota, Tim O'Brien graduated in 1968 from Macalaster College in St Paul. He served as a foot soldier in Vietnam from 1969 to 1970, after which he pursued graduate studies in government Harvard University, then later worked as a national affairs reporter for the Washington Post. He now lives in Massachussetts. Tim O'Brien is of the generation of writers who came of age during the Vietnam War era and his writing has focused on that turbulent period of American history with compassion and insight. He is widely recognized as the preeminent American novelist of the Vietnam experience and his novels have gained widespread critical and significant popular success because of their ability to translate the experience of wartime into perspectives on the largest questions of life and death. The Things They Carried Away 1990 is both a collection of interrelated short pieces which ultimately reads with the dramatic force of a novel. A simple tale told from the perspective of one foot soldier, it depicts the men of Alpha Company, and, of course, fictional Tim O'Brien reappearing as a thread of continuity. He has survived his tour in Vietnam to become a father and writer at the age of 43. The characters battle the enemy, or maybe more the idea of the enemy, and occasionally each other. In their...
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...Historical Report on Race Tammy Fallin ETH/125 May 5, 2013 University of Phoenix Historical Report on Race The final chapter of a historian author by the name of Marian Anderson in a book titled “A Voice of Hope”; four questions are answered from an African Americans viewpoint. Anderson has a chapter in the book that strictly speaks about what African Americans faced daily for many centuries. In the history of the United States, African Americans have always had hard times. It took a long four years between slavery and freedom that ended slavery. Even today, African Americans are faced with many struggles that are talked about in this book. The experiences that African Americans had throughout history in the United States were many. African Americans were slaves for many, they were forced to pick cotton, work on farms, clean, cook, and women were even raped and some pregnant by their master. Many African Americans have dealt with discrimination and faced struggles to earn the rights in America. Attending school has always been an issue for African Americans; today they have colleges that are Historically for Black people. African American slaved arrived in Virginia in 1619; they came to America in ships where they were mistreated by being tied up and not able to use the restroom. Slaves had responsibly but they also had rules. They were prohibited to talk to other African Americans, they could not buy or sell anything, no slave could own property, leaving their masters...
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...During the mid-20th century, political and military tensions arose between world powers – the United States and its allies versus the Soviet Union and theirs. The Soviet Union’s desire to build a communist regime was problematic for the United States who wanted to spread the idea of democracy. Upon his election into office in 1953, President Eisenhower’s leadership style was decisive to many Americans as this was the beginning of the early stages of the Cold War. Succeeding Eisenhower, President John F. Kennedy also had to uphold a high level of responsibility especially regarding Vietnam where communist China and Russia sought control. In the 19th century, France annexed Indo-China. However, during World War II, France was overrun and became occupied by the Japanese. Indochinese nationalists opposed to both Japan and France, and joined forces to create an independent movement called Vietminh. This movement was controlled by communists despite the objections of the nationalists. The movement was led by Moscow who trained Ho Chi Minh. After World War II, France promised independence to Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam, three states under the Indochina regime; with the Vietminh movement proven to be independent without France’s offers, tension arose among communist China and democratic United States. This dispute led to the Geneva Conference: Truce for Indochina. The agreement stated that Laos and Cambodia will be independent and will observe neutrality in the cold war while Vietnam...
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...Why was the Civil rights act passed in 1964? In 1964 there was a breakthrough in civil rights. The Civil right act was passed as it was needed to be done as it was long overdue, many things pushed forwards this movement for example, Martin Luther King, President Kennedy and Johnson, Support from the Northern whites, The role of the media, White southern racists and organisations Like CORE, SNCC and NAACP. These factors are mainly for why the civil right act was passed and all came together to help it being passed. One aspect that could be seen as an to why the civil rights act was passed was because of Leaders like Martin Luther King, King was known for his peaceful protest as well as the ability to keep moral high with speeches. Both of this is demonstrated in the March on Washington in 1963 where 200,000 people attended the march and King delivered his famous speech, ‘I have a dream’. This was significant as King was able to get presidential help as well as gaining white support at the march. It showed that King was the best man for the job and without him Pressure groups like the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) wouldn’t of come about and help with the movement. King was a main aspect to why the civil right act was passed and knew how to get the support he needed as well supporting groups and individuals such as Rosa Parks. Without king its questionable if civil rights would have gained the support it needed as well as took off as well as it did. Due to...
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...Qualities of Leadership Leadership is a quality that is not given, but is achieved from personal power and having the strength and self-determination to make decisions for a group and being able to live with those decisions. Leadership consists of many aspects including thinking, imagining, innovation, the ability to lead in a war time atmosphere and possibly having religious influence. In Udall Brady’s short story “He Becomes Deeply and Famously Drunk” the author shows how even a small Spanish man can possess great leadership qualities. Apparently all the other ranch hands do not teach the narrator a whole lot about being a rancher. Instead, Jesus, who is a part time worker on the ranch, actually teaches the narrator the ins and outs of ranching. Brady tells this by saying “He’s worked for Mr. Platt off and on for a good many years and while the other here resented me, pissed on me for being young and ignorant, enjoyed watching me make a fool of myself, Jesus helped me out from the start, taking time to show how to dally a rope, say, or throw calf for branding.” (Brady 535-536) This statement in and of itself shows Jesus’ leadership skills, because even when the other ranch hands shunned him for being young and inexperienced, Jesus was there to back him up and be a friend and lead him into becoming a great rancher. Jesus shows leadership qualities as well when he and the narrator are off to fix the windmill. While driving to the windmill Jesus spots a calf with pink-eye...
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...Merriam-Webster dictionary is a sudden attempt by a small group of people to take over the government usually through violence. Ngo Dihm Diem was the first president of South Vietnam in October 1955. The coup d'état of Diem was a turning point in the Vietnam war and world history. South Vietnam was supported by United States but during his presidency the civil war still continued between anti-communist and communist guerrillas backed by North Vietnam. Diem valued power more than people of Vietnam. He was a core Catholic and was against all Buddhist. President Kennedy's administration urged government reform upon Diem- he was asked clean up the corruption within his government. He ignored the plea from the States and that was an insult to Kennedy Administration. Thus coup d'état against Diem on November 1, 1963 was plotted so it was a turning point in history. An event is what happened in history. A turning point is considered when something changes the direction. It was not a event because it was not supposed to happen this way but had to do the plotting against diem to avoid more conflict and spread of communism. The event preceding the turning point was necessary and essential in preparing for the turning point because Diem misuses his political power with his brother Ngo Dinh Nhu and his wife. Population in South Vietnam 80 percent were peasants. Majority of the Christians who were wealthy landowners were on Diem's side. Diem's regime was marked as widespread corruption and...
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