Free Essay

John Snow and Cholera Control

In:

Submitted By paulmacharia
Words 1183
Pages 5
Regardless of how it came to pass, John Snow became one of the heroes of medical science by discovering how cholera was transmitted. It was a tough journey for him. Being a farmer’s son proved it difficult for him to convince a disbelieving medical establishment that his findings were valid. He trekked all the way to the metropolis. Little did he know that he will be the savior of this great city. His story is legendary. To date, he remains a towering figure in many fields. Psychologists have a few lessons that they can learn from him.
He was born in York. A son of Yorkshire labourer who became a relative good farmer. At the age of fourteen, the youth was connected to an enlightened surgeon who was his mentor. His first encounter with cholera was when it swept through the nearby town during the 1831-1832 epidemic. It broke again in 1846, but this time round, Snow was in London. By this time, he had completed medical training. He was a well know investigator and researcher by the late 1840s since he had already published several groundbreaking studies that included research into anesthesia. From the onset, snow was a high-minded young man. As he advanced in age, he maintained his integrity. As a bachelor, he was glued to his work and in a great manner dedicated his life to scientific and humanitarian pursuits. The basis of investigations into cholera began when he started researching on Anesthesia. He had a good understanding of the operation of gases and from there, he found himself treating cases of cholera in his neighbourhood. He prepared himself to follow unusual to establish his theory of this disease. He consulted widely and eventually, he was convinced that the epidemic is not spread through though touch nor air but by ingestion. He was so certain that, the morbid materials producing cholera was introduced through alimentary canal accidentally. Later he discovered that cholera was transmitted by water. The following are the lesson psychologists can learn from this experience; A problem can lie anywhere;
In the 1800s, London was the largest city in the world. This means it was supposed to be the most sophisticated and maintaining the highest level of hygiene. However, among the menu options that you could have expected in London, it was overwhelmed by the waste products due to its ever growing population. It was overcrowded into decaying, slums that were stinking. Citizens, who were poor were surrounded by their filth. It was piled up in courtyards as well as overflowing from one point of the basement to toilets. Raw sewage flowed everywhere and so its stench. These conditions made the spread of diseases inevitable. Cholera spread fast. In such a city, it was hard to understand how they were challenged so much by the disease. Snow insisted that poor conditions in this place when it came to sanitation, was the main cause of the spread of Cholera. This is where the problem lies. In the big city. Today, psychologists can learn to look everywhere. Even in places where they think everything is okay.
They can learn tactics to social impact diseases has in the society;
Victoria London’s experience in the year 1832 left a huge social impact. Cholera was spread via the bacteria-laced belonging to its victims. It was hard to bear the assault of this violent cholera. It was terrifying. Regardless of whether it killed fewer than the other diseases such as influenza, it provided a deadly delay in social and economic development in this era. The problem lied in the fact that, there was no cure. This left the society crippled. Here, a lesson can be derived. Psychologists should know the impact these diseases have on the society and focus on the campaign for a more healthy society. Effects of poor housing and slums.
During this era, there were poor housing and slums in London. This in a great way prompted debate about the nature of the emerging society. The question lied, was this the price to pay for the gruesome landscape that was being created in London. The irony was that the ruling class was lived an exotic life. As a result, there was a genuine concern for the poor as well as self-preservation by sophisticated class. The cholera was feared, and this became a crucial element in the development of public health in Britain. Some of the first investigations of the conditions of living persevered by the most of the population were inspired by this act. This way, some changes came out with an aim of curbing this problem. Today, if psychologists understood the impact of living peoples’ living conditions, they will advocate for better ones and at the end of the day, society will improve. Be much healthier and able to sustain itself. This follows that there is a clear link between living conditions and diseases. This was discovered back then by a study conducted by Edwin Chadwick. Cholera that happened to be a threat in London seemed to be a great motivation towards the improvement of sanitary condition. Chadwick happened to be holding a high position in sanitary improvement. This meant he had the power to change things. Today, psychologists should use their power and knowledge to change things for better.
They should not be intimidated by anything while carrying on with their duties;
As opposed to many of his contemporaries, John Snow was not intimidated by anything when it came to doing the right thing. He publicly stated that cholera was transmitted through water regardless of how the authorities reacted. When the disease returned in the year 1954, he was already researching links between water supply and deaths from cholera. At this particular time, a water supply, Broad Street Pump was contaminated by single domestic sewer pump. So whenever, locals visited the well, they were rapidly poisoned. Again, eating or drinking products made from this water poisoned them too. This where Snow found the basis of confirming his theory. When the there was an outbreak. Unfortunately, his work was not recognized as fast as it was necessary. He had to push his theory that was already confirmed true and make the parliament able to consider the importance of improving the living conditions of the citizens. After some time, the parliament was unable to ignore the situation anymore and initiated the countries great engineering project designed to improve sanitation. Therefore, psychologists should follow the footsteps of this great guy and be ready to push for what they believe to the end. Were it not for his persistence, Snow could not have been able to control cholera in Britain. Without sacrifice and persistence, psychologists will not be able to do the work effectively.

References
Maher, B. A. (2014). Psychopathologyzll. From the Eighteenth Century to Modern. Topics in the History of Psychology, 2, 295.
Secord, J. A. (2015). Visions of Science: Books and readers at the dawn of the Victorian age. University of Chicago Press.
Parker, S. (2015). Urban theory and the urban experience: Encountering the city. Routledge.

Similar Documents

Free Essay

Technology in Healthcare

...advent of computers there has been a greater development of how this data on disease outbreaks are tracked and handled. The use of information technology in healthcare has created faster tracking and monitoring systems used to study emerging disease outbreaks such as SARS, influenza, HIV and even bioterroism attacks. In a way public health informatics has been around since before the creation of computers. Individuals such as Dr. John Snow and Florence Nightingale recognized patterns that pointed towards causes of disease outbreaks and the need to correct such situations to improve health outcomes. In 2005 Vachon said, Historically, Dr. John Snow can be disignated the “father” of public health informatics (PHI). In 1854, he plotted information about cholera deaths and was able to determine that the deaths were clustered around the same water pump in London…when the pump handle was removed, cholera disappeared. It was Dr. Snow’s focus on the cholera population rather than on a single patient that led to his discovery of the source of the cholera outbreak. (Mastrian & McGonigle, 2012, p. 368) Dossy (2000) said, “Florence Nightingale should also be recognized as an early public health informaticist. Her recommendation about medical reform and the need for improved sanitary conditions…led to a total reorganization of how and what healthcare statistics should be collected.” (Mastrian & McGonigle, 2012, p. 368) With the development of computer surveillance systems...

Words: 790 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Unit 12

...Unit 12: Public Health Contents No. | Title | Page no. | 1 | P1: Describe key aspects of public health | 3 | 2 | P2: Describe the origins of public health policy in the UK from the 19th century to the present day | 4-5 | 3 | P3: Describe current patterns of ill health and how they are monitored | 6 | 4 | P4: Explain the main factors affecting current patterns of health in the UK | 7-8 | 5 | P5: Explain health promotion and protection | 9 | 6 | P6: Explain appropriate methods of prevention/control for a named communicable and a named non-communicable disease | 10 | | Bibliography | 11 | P1: Describe key aspects of public health These are the key aspects of public health: 1) Monitoring health status – They do this by tracking changes in the health of the population and alerting people to potential problems, like the rising levels of obesity within the population....

Words: 1973 - Pages: 8

Premium Essay

12a - History of Public Health Systems P1, P2, M1

...Unit 12 – Historical Perspectives of the Health System P1: Describe key aspects of public health strategies P2: Describe the origins of public health policy in the UK from the 19th century to the present day Public Health is about helping everyone to stay healthy rather than focusing specifically on the individual, with the aim to promote health, protecting individuals from threats to their health and preventing ill-health. Public health policies have made a significant impact in increasing a person's overall life expectancy and improving health. (Public Health) PUBLIC HEALTH STRATEGIES: Public health strategies are devised in order to prevent the spread of diseases, prolong life and promote health. This can be done through the use of monitoring, identifying, developing programmes etc. Monitoring the health status of the community – Is a key aspect of health strategies that are in place within the UK. This health strategy helps to monitor any changes that occur in the health of the population, along with alerting individuals to any potential problems. Health throughout the UK is monitored by quality of life, infant mortality rates and life expectancy (Baker L, 2008, BTEC National Health and Social Care Book 2, page 2) The monitoring of health throughout the country allows for advanced planning of local services within the community that may be at risk of certain health problems. The monitoring of health at a local level allows for information to be recorded...

Words: 2629 - Pages: 11

Free Essay

History of Micro

...THE EARLY YEARS OF MICROBIOLOGY Anton van Leewenhoek first to observe live microorganisms through the magnifying lenses of more than 400 microscopes he constructed Is spontaneous generation (abiogenesis) of microbial life possible? Francesco Redi set out in 1668 to demonstrate that maggots did not arise spontaneously from decaying meat. Proved flies had to lay eggs for larvae to appear (2 experiments) John Needham found that even after he heated nutrient fluids (chicken broth and corn broth) before pouring them into covered flasks, the cooled solutions were soon teeming with microorganisms. Claimed that microbes developed spontaneously from fluids. Lazzaro Spallanzani suggested that microorganisms from the air probably had entered Needham’s solution after they were boiled. Showed that nutrient fluids heated after being sealed in a flask did not develop microbial growth Rudolf Virchow challenged the case of spontaneous generation with the concept of biogenesis, the claim that living cells can arise only from preexisting living cells. Louis Pasteur showed that microorganisms can be present in nonliving matter- on solid, in liquids, and in the air. (proved that spontaneous generation was false) He demonstrated conclusively that microbial life can be destroyed by heat and that methods can be devised to block the access of airborne microorganisms to nutrient environments (aseptic techniques – techniques that prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms...

Words: 803 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Tack 1 Unit 12

...Information Poor law 1834 The poor law act, is about people who have no money and nowhere to live so this is when they will have been recruited in to a working house. This is where they will work for money but during this they will have poor accommodation to live, while they work there and poor food that they may not be able to have. They will have to work hard for a living to get money. In the working house they will not be seeing their families at all while the work they will be split up from each other. When you are working in the workhouse they will catch disease that may make someone ill and have a course to death, they also will not have the health are that other people will have. They will be also working in horrible conditions. Edwin Chadwick 1842 The report of Edwin Chadwick says that he is reinforcing to the poor law, in the year of 1842 he wrote” a sanitary Report of the labouring population” this is promoting the safeness and the disposal of human waste and the rubbish that they may have. This is a mass evident linking the environment and ill health. Edwin Chadwick has recommended support by the medical and the engineering specialist and to be responsible of all the sentry matters. The facts a figures that are the population in Glasgow is 37% and the housing growth is 18.5%. In Manchester and this time was the population of 47% and the housing growth was 15% and last but not least Bradford the population there was 78% and the housing growth rate was 12%...

Words: 2140 - Pages: 9

Premium Essay

Goals Of Public Health In The United States

...The most important aspect of public health is focusing on the health of the general population, rather than an individual patient. Most people are unaware of what public health educators do for their job. The goals of public health is to help prevent illnesses, deaths, disease, and injuries at a population level (Jacbosen, 2014). What public health means to me is that it is the start of everything. They are the ones who find out about the disease and research on how to cure or prevent it. Public health also helps to promote health behaviors, identifiying hazardous parts of a community, and providing health education to those who do not have access to health services. The history of public health in the United States started with the work of...

Words: 581 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Public Health

...developments in Epidemiology 2 Definition, scope and use of epidemiology 4 Distribution 5 Determinants 5 Health- related states or events 6 Specified populations 6 Application 7 Scope 7 Epidemiology versus Public Health 7 Causation of diseases 8 Achievements in Epidemiology 9 Small pox 9 Methyl Mercury Poisoning 10 Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease 11 Iodine Deficiency Disease 11 Tobacco use, Asbestos and Lung Cancer 12 Hip Fractures 12 HIV/AIDS 13 Global AIDS epidemic 1990–2003 13 SARS 14 Conclusion 15 Bibliography 16 Introduction This essay provides a brief summary of what epidemiology is, what it is used for and discusses the major successes epidemiologist have contributed towards control and eradication of major epidemics.  The discussion will also touch on the historical context and development of the emergency of epidemiology as a science and art, and give example of some of the people that greatly contributed to the achievement scored in epidemiology studies and applications. The Historical Context Epidemiology originated from the Hippocrates` observation more than 200 years ago who identified environmental factors to have an influence on the occurrence of diseases. It was until the nineteenth century when the distribution of the disease specific in human population group was measured to a large extent as beginnings of epidemiology and road to the most spectacular achievement. The other aspect practice that became...

Words: 5070 - Pages: 21

Premium Essay

C: UsersShelton BossDocumentsBtec Diploma Health and Social Care Public Health

...Public health is ‘The science and art of promoting and protecting health and well-being, preventing ill-health and prolonging life through the organized efforts of society’. Public health as we know it today has moved on from what is considered the origins in the 19th century. However the core principles to which it was set up and developed still remain the same. It has always been population based and it has always ensured people stay healthy and avoid getting ill. To understand public health you must look at the developments from the 19th century to modern day, the social reformers who made changes to law and the way people live there lives. Also understand the key factors and strategies used to help evolve it to accommodate modern Brittan. The term public health has been used in Britain since the Victorian period. It was a time of radical change and a period when improving the health of the public was high on the agenda of governments. During this period there were many aspects that resulted in reform to public health. There was an alarming number of mortality statistics for this time. ‘Half of all children in Manchester in the 1830’s died before they reached the age of five’. (Walsh M Stephens 2005 p256) In Liverpool the statistics at this time were no better, labourers were lucky to live past their 15th birthday. Industrialisation had far reaching social effects. It transformed cities from an agrarian society to an industrial one. Combined with industrialisation you...

Words: 2201 - Pages: 9

Premium Essay

Technology and Decision Making

...type of environment allows faculty and students to develop the knowledge to fully appreciate the complexities of biosocial system to understand, modify, and use this information to maximum potential. The focus of this paper will be on immigrant/migrants as a vulnerable population with emphasis on infectious disease a major health concern. The paper will define epidemiology and identify steps and methods of the type of epidemiology and examines relationships of illnesses and education related to infectious diseases. Epidemiology defined Stanhope & Lancaster (2008) defines epidemiology as “the study of the distribution and determination of health- related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control health problems.” Epidemiology originated from the Greek words (epi) meaning upon, (demos) meaning people and (logos) meaning thought. Epidemiology was the study of infectious diseases visited upon mankind. Descriptive epidemiology surveys a population to see what segments e.g., occupation, ethnic group,...

Words: 1981 - Pages: 8

Premium Essay

Summary: Heroin Abuse Day

...Current Event Article 3: Heroin Abuse Day Throughout history Chicago is a great example of public health efforts. From John Snow solving the case of cholera and establishing environmental sanitation policies, to instituting tuberculosis centers, and maternal and child care programs to name a few; the city of Chicago has done great things. In their public health efforts to help create a healthier community Chicago, Illinois recently held its first Heroin Abuse Awareness Day. According to the news article provided by Yahoo, November 4 is now “Heroin Abuse Day,” which efforts are to raise awareness amongst Chicago residents, in particular the parents (Dickson, 2015). Illinois State Representative, Patti Bullock, was in complete shocked when she received the statistics from the Center Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The CDC’s data revealed that Chicago is among the regions most affected by drug related deaths. Since 2010, heroin related deaths have tripled. In relation to the classroom and readings this new act encompasses many topics we have covered. For example, at the epidemiological level, data revealed the tremendous impact that...

Words: 656 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Epidemiology I

...Epidemiology Study Guide Introduction to Epidemiology History * John Graunt * Published Bills of Mortality in 1622 * Analysis of weekly reports of births and deaths in London by sex, age, and time. * Discovered that births and deaths of men occurred in excess; high death rates of infants; and seasonal pattern with highest mortality in winter. * John Snow * Conducted one of the first observational studies in the neighborhoods of 19th century London and discovered that contaminated drinking water was the cause of cholera. * Carefully documented what he called a “natural experiment” in which neighbors received water provided by different companies and had differing rates of disease. * Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill * Conducted groundbreaking studies on cigarette smoking and lung cancer in the 1950s. * James Lind * Conducted one of the earliest experimental studies, which was the treatment of scurvy among sailors. * Using sound experimental principles, he found that the consumption of oranges and lemons were the most effective remedies for scurvy in this population. * William Farr * Compiled the Statistical Abstracts in Great Britain from 1839 through 1880. * He pioneered many activities encompassed by modern epidemiology, including the calculation of mortality rates using census data for denominators. Definitions * Epidemiology – the study of the distribution and determinants...

Words: 1107 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

Registered General Nursing Student

...Section A: Basic Microbiology 1 SCOPE AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN MICROBIOLOGY “Science contributes to our culture in many ways, as a creative intellectual activity in its own right, as a light which has served to illuminate man’s place in the uni-verse, and as the source of understanding of man’s own nature” —John F. Kennedy (1917–63) The President of America The bacterium Escherichia coli INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE MICROBIOLOGY is a specialized area of biology (Gr. bios-life+ logos-to study) that concerns with the study of microbes ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification. Microorganisms are microscopic (Gr. mikros-small+ scopein-to see) and independently living cells that, like humans, live in communities. Microorganisms include a large and diverse group of microscopic organisms that exist as single cell or cell clusters (e.g., bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, protozoa and helminths) and the viruses, which are microscopic but not cellular. While bacteria and archaea are classed as prokaryotes (Gr. pro-before+ karyon-nucleus) the fungi, algae, protozoa and helminths are eukaryotes (Gr. eu-true or good+ karyon-nucleus). Microorganisms are present everywhere on earth, which includes humans, animals, plants and other living creatures, soil,water and atmosphere. Microorganisms are relevant to all of our lives in a multitude of ways. Sometimes, the influence of microorganisms on human life is beneficial, whereas at other times, it is detrimental. For example...

Words: 9515 - Pages: 39

Premium Essay

P1 Public Health Strategies in the Uk and Their Origins.

...P1 Public Health Strategies in the UK and their origins. In this article I am going to describe the key features of public health strategies as they relate to current times in the UK. -Monitoring the health status of the population. This strategy involves keeping track of people’s health/keeping an eye on everyone though statics. By tracking changes in the health of the population health professionals are able to alert people to potential problems, for example regular check-ups, at doctors for asthma or Dentist to check up on teeth and make sure they are in good condition plus Orthodontic. Also the NHS provide a free midlife MOT to check people aged between 40-74, to make sure they are in good health and to help reduce the number of elderly who suffer with high blood pressure. Also for HIV, they monitor the health of the population with HIV tracking the number of people with HIV within the population. This helps the NHS find out the population of people with HIV in order for them to take further actions. -Identifying the health needs of the population. This strategy involves identifying health needs, including those that are common problems/ illness that are considered a major problem. For example identifying the illness and providing support through services or medicine, advert are a great way that can get you aware, and provide you with health awareness that is common in the population. Doctors for example monitor the health status of...

Words: 7654 - Pages: 31

Premium Essay

Paper

...Anne Sebert Kuhlmann, PhD, MPH TA: Melissa Raguet-Schofield Lana = IPH basement Mon 9-11 * Course: topical modules * Textbook: brief case studies * Posting is on ARES * On case studies: 15 of those 20 days you must come with a written paragraph thinking about the case ahead of time * * * NOTES: Wednesday, January 18, 2012 * * What is Health? Mental/physical well-being WHO (1948): “..a state of completely well-being, physical, social, and mental and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” Most commonly used definition, but still can have criticisms… Exs: “not just a STATE/fixed nature…it can also be dynamic and change within a person” Well-being is very broad and can vary in def. among cultures and ppl “completely healthy”: In many ways, we’ve set ourself up to failure..but we’re never going to reach this broad term..hard to measure/quantify a fundamental human right regardless of age/class/gender a resource for everyday life, not just the object of living health is not the mean of itself, it’s a mean for a greater ends it takes time/energy/resources when youre sick that can otherwise be spent in education/artistic creation/ ec. And social endeavors so we want healthy ppl so we can have ppl pursue these avenues and be productive ppl that can contribute to society * A formal Definition of Public health …what we, as a society, do collectively to assure the conditions in which people can be healthy (IOM 1999) ...

Words: 3041 - Pages: 13

Premium Essay

Ics Final Exam Study Guide

...ICS FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE I. Week 8 (Video Games) a. Genres of Games i. Action ii. Adventure iii. Role Playing (RPG) iv. Simulation v. Strategy vi. Serious b. Elements of a Game i. Rendering engine (graphics) ii. Physics engine (collision detection) iii. Sound iv. Artificial Intelligence v. Animation vi. Scripting vii. Networking c. Game Development i. Studio teams of 20 to >100 ii. Designers iii. Artists iv. Programmers v. Level designers vi. Sound engineers vii. Testers d. Early Games i. 1951: Nimrod ii. 1958: Tennis for Two 1. Like Pong, but with real physics simulation iii. 1975: Adventure, Colossal Cave 1. First modern adventure game iv. 1980: Rogue 1. ASCII terminal e. What makes a game fun? i. Hard Fun 1. Meaningful challenges, strategies, puzzles ii. Easy Fun 1. Exploring new worlds. 2. Focus on player attention (immersion) 3. Ambiguity, incompleteness and detail iii. Serious Fun 1. Self-Improvement 2. Relaxation and excitement 3. Creating 4. Becoming better iv. People Fun 1. Just to spend time with friends 2. Build teamwork and comraderie 3. Enjoy rivalries f. WTF [for Games]: “Where‘s the Fun.” II. Week 9 (Data Visualization) a. Data Science i. The science and technology of turning data into wisdom b. Wisdom, Knowledge, Information Relationship i. Information is Data that has been processed with context to give it meaning. ii. Knowledge is information you...

Words: 2934 - Pages: 12