Free Essay

Kafka MéTamorphose

In:

Submitted By fenou
Words 945
Pages 4
La métamorphose de Franz Kafka

La Métamorphose est une nouvelle écrite par Kafka en 1912, alors que l'auteur était un simple fonctionnaire de Prague âgé de 29 ans. Ce récit est probablement le plus connu de Kafka, est également le plus énigmatique car nous devons nous forger un avis individuel, en effet, personne n'a le même ressenti face à cette œuvre. L'auteur nous fait la narration de la nouvelle vie de Gregor Samsa, simple représentant de commerce qui s'est éveillé un beau matin "transformé en une véritable vermine". Samsa est devenu un insecte humain, plus précisément un cancrelat. Il est la seule source de revenus ou presque de sa famille (ses deux parents et sa sœur), il va devoir faire face aux difficultés que crée sa nouvelle situation, dont bien entendu l'impossibilité de toute vie sociale et familiale.
Car, la famille de Gregor elle-même supporte difficilement cette situation. Gregor est laissé seul, confiné dans sa chambre, et c'est sa sœur qui vient le nourrir, toujours quand lui est caché sous son lit afin de ne pas être vu. La sœur agit par curiosité autant que par pitié. Les parents quant à eux sont dégoûtés de leur (ex)fils. Pas de pitié. Pas de compassion. D'ailleurs Gregor n'en demande pas. Il se contente de vivoter sa vie d'insecte dans sa chambre.
D'abord, il est tout rongé par sa nouvelle situation. Il éprouve de la culpabilité de ne plus pouvoir aller travailler, de ne plus pouvoir assurer la vie de sa famille, et même de devenir un fardeau pour eux. Il est gêné par les tâches qu'il impose à sa sœur et c'est pour cela qu'il se cache lorsque celle-ci vient le nourrir. Pourtant il n'est pas tout à fait exclu. Il suit les conversations, via l'entrebâillement de la porte de sa chambre. Il tente même quelques sorties. Il sera repoussé à coup de balais, à coup de pied, jusque dans son antre. Avec des blessures physiques (il a par exemple une pomme pourrie qui s'est incrustée dans sa chair) et aussi bien que psychologiques. C'est donc avant tout l'histoire d'un homme progressivement délaissé qui nous est comptée. Cet homme, Gregor, est définitivement coupé de tout avenir professionnel, de toute vie sociale et familiale. Toute nouvelle tentative de ré-insertion est écrasée. Il en est réduit à susciter le dégoût, la colère, la peur. Alors forcément il va peu à peu perdre tout espoir et se laisser aller. Tandis que même sa sœur va l'abandonner, suite à d'ultime tentative manquée de ré-affirmer son humanité.
Ensuite, incapable de communiquer, Gregor doit subir tout ce qu'on lui soumet. Même lorsque cela part d'un bon sentiment, comme le fait de retirer tous ses meubles pour pouvoir le laisser ramper comme bon lui semble sur les murs et le plafond. Il n'y peut rien, il est devenu un fardeau. Une fois toute la famille à dos, et sans que pourtant celle-ci ne daigne l'abandonner (ce qui fait qu'il reste coincé dans sa situation de fardeau), Gregor va perdre peu à peu perdre toute envie de vivre, et va se laisser mourir, tandis que sa famille l'a moralement abandonné, incapable de le comprendre.

Ainsi, Gregor va donc se laisser mourir. Et un beau matin, la bonne, la seule qui osait voir Gregor (et qui ne le considérait que comme une saloperie amusante), le retrouvera mort. "Venez donc voir, il est crevé, il est là, il est couché par terre; il est crevé comme un rat."Un épitaphe sans pitié, terminant ainsi la pathétique vit de Gregor Samsa. Mais le pire est peut-être encore que sa mort sera vécue comme une libération divine pour la famille Samsa.
Gregor, qui dans sa période humaine aura trimé pour faire vivre les siens et qui du jour au lendemain aura été abandonné, méprisé puis finalement oublié de tous révélé là une constante dans la thématique de Kafka : l'absence de signification de la vie. Pas de questions métaphysiques dans La Métamorphose. On voit juste ce qui est. Personne ne s'interroge sur le pourquoi scientifique de la métamorphose. Elle est, tout simplement. Comme une fatalité qui peut vous tomber dessus à tout moment. On ne peut rien y changer et il est inutile d'en connaître le pourquoi. La vie, aussi absurde qu'elle puisse paraître, se doit d'être vécue comme elle est, ou alors, et bien il reste toujours la mort… C'est un thème propre à l'écriture « kafkaïenne ».
C'est pourquoi, l'élément fantastique inhérent à l'histoire de départ de la Métamorphose est très vite évacué dans un réalisme de l'absurde - autrement dit une partie de ce que l'on désigne fréquemment sous l'adjectif "kafkaïen". Les personnages ne s'étonnent pas de l'état de Gregor. Il le dégoûte mais ils l'acceptent. A partir de là, le fantastique n'est plus d'actualité. L'intrusion de l'élément surnaturel dans le quotidien est vécu comme quelque chose de naturel. De là, né un certain décalage, non dépourvu d'humour, propre à la bibliographie de l'auteur, mais qui atteint son apogée dans La Métamorphose.
De plus, sous ses apparences fantastiques, cette nouvelle n'est donc en fait qu'une allégorie, que le lecteur peut interpréter comme il veut. Le handicap. La solitude. La routine. La culpabilité. La famille disloquée. L'insociabilité... Autant de significations potentielles à la métamorphose de Gregor… Pour ma part, j'ai ressenti un intrigant malaise qui m'a fait retenir mon souffle jusqu'à la dernière ligne de cette histoire dérangeante, en effet, la solitude a détruit Gregor Samsa. Les procédés qu'il a utilisé sont : de détruire le réel en remplaçant le normal par l'anormal, de montrer que ce qui nous guide, la maîtrise technique, la rationalisation de l'existence, l'arraisonnement de toutes les choses du monde.

Similar Documents

Free Essay

Art Notes After First Test

...1. Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680), a. Rome Apollo and Daphne, 1622-25 i. made for Cardinal Scipio Borghese, (Marble) ii. Palazzo Borghese in Rome. 1. She’s exhausted (looking back) 2. Shows fright in her face 3. In Mid action (run) 4. Detail is shown by the strands of the hair. 5. Smoothness of the flesh (soft polished marble) 6. Her head you can see the individual leaves 7. Pay attention to open & closed space. (where marble is cut out and where it touches) b. Ovid’s Metamorphoses written c. 8 CE c. David iii. (1623-24) 8. In contrast with michaelangelo’s, a. Bernini looks older b. Bernini looks more focused. c. d. Portrait Bust of Cardinal Scipio Borghese iv. 1625, Borghese Rome v. Statue of a man, facial hair mustache and goatee. e. Ecstasy of St. Theresa of Avila vi. (1515-82, canonized 1622) Cornaro Chapel, S Maria dell vittoria, Rome 2. Rembrandt f. Self Portrait vii. 1628-29 9. Can’t see his face due to lighting 10. Can’t read his expression g. Self Portrait with Saskia (Story of the Prodigal Son) viii. 1636 ix. She seems amused, not jovial x. Man looks happy h. Bathsheba xi. 1654 11. Nude Body ...

Words: 266 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Io and Callisto

...CLA2323 ASSIGNMENT !1 Judgment of Io and Callisto The uncompassionate nature of the mighty Olympian Gods leads to the hardships of two maidens; Io and Callisto as described in Ovid’s Metamorphosis. The struggles of both maidens; one a mortal and the other a divine nymph are fairly similar but have subtle differences. Bothwere victims of a sexual violence committed by Jupiter; were punished by his jealous wife Juno; were changed into animals by the Gods. The terrible treatment by the Gods and the uncompassionate attitude of the divine towards them is a theme shared in the two stories. Helpless, Io and Callisto suffered as the Gods determined their fates. Both Io and Callisto endure a violent sexual assault by Jupiter. In Ovid’s Metamorphoses Io, was a priestess of Juno. Her beauty was so radiant that it caught the attention of Jupiter. Unable to resist the feeling of lust, Jupiter attempts to seduce her. When Io rejects Jupiter’s advances he shrouds the entire world within a dark cloud and rapes her “She was already in flight. She had left behind Lerna’s pastures, and the Lyrician plain is wooded fields, when the God hid the wide earth in a covering of fog, caught the fleeing girl, and raped her”. Callisto, a nymph and a devout follower of the virgin Goddess Diana was one day laying down in the grass. Noticing that she was alone Jupiter took on the form of Diana and approached the huntress and kissed her. Callisto tried resisting, however she ultimately fails when Jupiter...

Words: 1371 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Ovid's Metamorphoses

...Publius Ovidius Naso, commonly known as Ovid, was the creator of the highly recognized poem, entitled Metamorphoses. Additionally, he created several other pieces of literature, including Amores, Espistolae Heroidum and Epistulae ex Ponto. Ovid encountered many challenges while pursuing a career in poetry. Ovid’s journey in the goal of turning his passion to a profession resulted in harsh criticism by the nobles of Rome, as well as those closest to him. However, Ovid received recognition by many other individuals for his creativity. Unlike many poets of his time, Ovid took an imaginative route to writing, by bestowing the themes of his poems to changes in shape. Moreover, the poet had an alternative goal, as well. Ovid strived to depict new ideals regarding love and challenge those instilled by Emperor Augustus. Through this, Ovid’s legacy inspired storytelling during the Middle Ages, themes for painting and sculpting during the Renaissance, as well as creating a stepping stone to modern English literature. Through the criticism and negative judgment made against him, Ovid’s originality, especially regarding...

Words: 1055 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

Ovid, Metamorpheses

...Ovid, Metamorphoses During the time of Augustus, Greek literature and myths were highly influential throughout the Roman world. In particular, Ovid, a Roman poet born in 43 BC, retells and adjusts much of Greek mythology in a humorous yet personal style to suit himself and his audiences (Plant 2012, p. 298). A close comparison of Ovid and Hesiod calls for similarities and differences in their accounts of the human races. In Book I of the Metamorphoses, Ovid accounts four “Ages of Humankind”. He begins with the Golden Ages, where he describes to be a time of purity in humanity and the fertile land continues to prosper throughout “everlasting spring” (Ovid, Metamorphoses 1: 89-12). This period was known to be the climax of ‘peace and quiet’ on Earth as there were no warfare or negative qualities in human emotions. With the overruling of Saturn by Jupiter, his ascension was the beginning of The Silver Age as Ovid asserts. It was in this age that crops were planted and humans emerged from their cave homes to built homes of wood and bark (Ovid, Metamorphoses 1:121-124). Additionally, Ovid provides an aetiological explanation of the four seasons through the actions of Jupiter. The Bronze and Iron Age succeeded the Silver age, existing quite simultaneously. Cruelty in humanity influenced their submission to warfare, while by the time the Iron Age came, this worsened with ‘malicious evil’ roaming the land and the disappearance of ‘restraint, piety and truth’ (Ovid, Metamorphoses 1:...

Words: 1334 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Pride In Ovid's Metamorphoses

...Metamorphoses is a ancient Roman epic poem (originally written in Latin) attributed to Ovid. It is a collection of stories with a common theme of transformation. Ovid represents pride as a negative emotion. One of the most prominent examples of pride is the story of Arachne, who pridefully claims superiority to the goddess of weaving, and is transformed into a spider because of it. Likewise, the story of Niobe also represents the negativity of pride. Niobe is extremely prideful in her ancestry and her children, mocks and disrespects the goddess Latona (the mother of Phoebus and Phoebe), and is therefore punished with the death of her children. Ovid uses these two stories to depict the danger of hubris. Arachne, full of hubris, challenges...

Words: 1655 - Pages: 7

Premium Essay

Ovid's Metamorphoses

...Metamorphoses is a Latin poem written in the early first century BCE by a Roman poet named Ovid. It does not follow the common constraints and descriptions of single genres and instead includes elements of epics, elegies, and lyrical poetry. It even includes pieces of history, and philosophy in sections of the poem. He decided to band the elegiac couplet, which he had used in all of his other existing works and instead chose to use the same hexameter as Homer. Metamorphoses is a collection of tales of transformation that are based on Roman myths and legends. It beings with the creation of the world then follows the start of Rome, and finally to emperor Augustus’s reign in Ovid’s time. Throughout Metamorphoses Ovid references many earlier...

Words: 401 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Violence in Dante's Inferno and Ovid's Metamorphoses

...Wright 1 1960 words Julian E. Wright Dr. Sharon Fulton Literature Humanities/Essay 1 27 February 2014 Violence in Dante’s Inferno and Ovid’s Metamorphoses Scenes of great violence, as the prompt says, are often written into dynamic narratives of great literary merit. From Dante Alighieri’s Inferno to Ovid’s Metamorphoses, the inclusion of violence as a literary technique is used to propel the narrative forward, all while adding action, intrigue, and engaging the reader. Despite it’s validity as a literary technique, the inclusion of violent scenes in literature serve much more than the simple purpose of pushing a plot along a set of structured points. Scenes of violence provoke thought in areas ranging from human nature to the nature of sin, thoughts that often can’t be provoked my images of calm, sublime, or tranquility. Extreme violence, juxtaposed with other scenes, provides insight into the amazing nature of human capability and human nature. In Dante Alighieri’s Inferno there is an abundance of violence that is illustrated in varying ways. Despite the copious inclusion of violence scenes throughout the text, violence does not appear throughout the literary work for its own sake. As one reads on through the Inferno, it provides it’s own clarity. As the levels of Hell increase, the severity of violence does so as well. The violence that appears occurs in different fashions, sometimes mentally, sometimes physically and many times both simultaneously. The scenes violence included in Dante’s Inferno contributes...

Words: 1996 - Pages: 8

Free Essay

Ovid's Metamorphoses, Book I - Kings, Empires, Bigotries and Victories

...Ovid's Metamorphoses, Book I Kings, Empires, Bigotries and Victories Introduction There are two parts in this essay: the former part Kings and Empires compares the beginning of the universe with the formation of empires and looks at the several transformations of the world as the manifestations of the great power of the ruler; whilst the latter part Bigotries and Victories takes reference from the the quote “History is written by the victors” and the bias narrations in some stories to bring out the darker attributes of the worldly reality and its celebrated protagonists. Kings and Empires It is said that an unknown god commanded the jumbled elements in the universe to fall into order. Then, he assigned characteristics to these elements; fire is the lightest while water is the heaviest. To this mighty god, the world without boundaries was chaotic and restless. By being powerful enough to command and order these rudiments, he laid out systems and set up the foundations of the universe itself. His values became ‘the order’ and his words became ‘the law’. The creator and Jupiter are thus similar, as both at one time, ruled the cosmos and wielded this great power of the king. However, they should not be confused as the gravity of influence new rulers can bring to the world could have been another analogy that Ovid may have wanted to make through his retelling of the banishment of Saturn, Jupiter’s father. Throughout the text, the kingship of the universe has changed...

Words: 1149 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Mandelbaum's Metamorphoses Of Ovid Summary

...There is a strong connection of love and lust between mythology and human nature in Mandelbaum’s Metamorphoses of Ovid. Ancient civilizations were subject to natural changes and how much they relied on nature. They adored nature to such a degree, to the point that they designed divine beings, who encapsulated the nature itself, to secure it. How about we consider, for instance, the Roman Flora, image for nature, blooms and fruitfulness, the Greek Ceres, likewise called Demeter or the Goddess of Earth who were human reciprocals of the normal components. Metamorphoses of Ovid’s expanded upon the topic to speak of those changed into new entities and, very often, those entities came from the natural world. Emblematic is the anecdote of Daphne e Apollo: fated by Cupid’s love-arrow, sees Daphne, who flees him because she’s been fated by Cupid’s love-repelling arrow and denies his love. Apollo pleads and persists, and Daphne cries out to her father for help. He responds by transforming her into a laurel tree....

Words: 547 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Modernism in Kafka's Metamorphosis

...Modernism in the Metamorphoses and the depiction of Modern man The modernist movement in literature began around the turn of the century and created a dramatic change in the way that authors viewed their work. The new breed of writers were extremely affected by the new perception of the world and our place as human beings in it. WW2 was on the verge of the beginning, and the literary world was expressing their fears and attitudes toward their impending doom through their writing. Modernism has a few key themes that Franz Kafka follows throughout his piece ‘The Metamorphosis”. One of the most common themes among popular modernist literature are the rejection of literary tradition through experimentation with a darker style writing. Surrealism was common among pieces which often involved the decaying of the human existence that was occurring in the (at the time) current, more face-paced, disconnected society. In this paper, my goal is to show modernism in “Metamorphoses” and highlight the factors which make Gregor, the epitome of modern man. The isolation and despair that Gregor experienced is obvious from the start. From the very first sentence of the story we notice this solitude. Gregor is lying on his bed in a shape of a gigantic insect and there is nobody around to help him. This theme of isolation is even more present in the rest of the story as we see that Gregor can't depend on anyone for support. He locks himself in his room when he is...

Words: 1554 - Pages: 7

Premium Essay

Grete's Metamorphosis

...own person. The pressures of a metamorphosis, as seen through Grete’s example, force people to change accordingly to the one being metamorphosed. This theme is illustrated through her relationship with her brother, her emerging role in the family, and her development into womanhood. The diminishing pity Grete has for her brother’s dire predicament is a strong indicator of her metamorphosis into self-sufficiency, which she achieves by maturing in their relationship, from being his caregiver to wanting him eradicated. Initially, she is the only member of the Samsa family to care for Gregor: “[H]e could never have guessed what his sister in her kindness actually did. In order to test his likings, she brought him a big selection.” (Kafka 26). The sincerity in Grete’s actions towards her brother is evident, especially because their parents refused to even enter his room. Her behaviour is undoubtedly a sign of the close relationship they shared before his metamorphosis, a time in which his earning potential made him a great asset to the Samsa household. This situation changes, though, when Gregor’s metamorphosed form becomes a financial burden. Regardless, she demotes herself to the status of Gregor’s caretaker. It is only when her pity for him diminishes that she begins to flourish into independence, culminating with her emphatic proclamation: “In front of this monstrous...

Words: 1089 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

On 'Existentialism Is Humanism' by Sartre

...Metamorphosis is a change in form, structure, or appearance. Change is a major theme throughout Franz Kafka's novella, The Metamorphosis. There is a significant relationship between the title, The Metamorphosis, and the theme of change. Kafka's main character, Gregor Samsa, undergoes many changes and his transformation evokes change in his family. Several metamorphoses take place involving Gregor. First, a physical change occurs, "When Gregor Samsa woke up one morning from unsettling dreams, he found himself changed in his bed into a monstrous vermin," and after that happened, Gregor's voice changes from human into the voice of a bug. "That was the voice of an animal," Gregor's manager said, but the words seemed perfectly clear to him. Beginning to see things less and less, Gregor experiences a change in his vision. An example, found on page 29, would be Gregor seeing the hospital less and less distinctly. A mental change in Gregor occurs when he starts not caring about or having no consideration for his family. "It hardly surprised him that he was showing so little consideration for the others; once such consideration had been his greatest pride." This has is a growing problem with him in the story because of the social change that Gregor has experienced from the alienation from the rest of his family. The only thing Gregor had to look forward to at one point was when his sister would come and clean his room or the charwoman would come in and clean. This was such...

Words: 1068 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Irony in the Metamorphosis

...Name: Instructor: Course: Date: The Irony in “The Metamorphosis” by Frank Kafka It is true that anyone and everyone who writes can be considered a writer; it is not necessarily true that those whose writings follow a certain ideal structure are writers. According to Smith, what a writer openly says through his writing is not necessarily important; however, what a writer or an author whispers is what is of great importance (Morrel and Niles 128). What this implies is that anything whatsoever can be written to satisfy what readers and the audience are expected to see and feel (Anthony Collins 54). However, the messages in such writings can be continually nurtured in order to increase the power of the emotions and the images communicated if the story is relayed via a deeper message. This means that authors and writers can opt not to put a vivid face in the true significance and purport; this eventually expands the force field of their story’s meaning (Collins 34). Further, this prospers the capacity of the readers and the audience to interpret and explore; particularly, when the author employs the use of writing devices that prompt the readers to explore the writing in very different light. This is the kind of technique that Frank Kafkas employs in his novel, “The Metamorphosis”, in which he presents readers with a story of how a man mutates into a bug – a cockroach. “The Metamorphosis” is not just an intriguing tale, it is also a perfect example of an author employing various...

Words: 2995 - Pages: 12

Premium Essay

Accounting Csr

...Gregor's metamorphosis is actual and physical, Kafka implies through his change that all too often mankind is forced into an insect-like existence, no better than the bugs at the bottom of the natural order. When mankind tries to rise above their insect status and connect with humanity, as Gregor did when he emerged from his room to see his sister and listen to the violin, they are cruelly driven back into isolation and alienation. Through Gregor, Kafka presents a totally tragic view of man's existence. Kafka also shows that mankind is driven by materialism, often to the exclusion of developing human relationships. Modern life demands that a person have a job to earn money to fulfill materialistic desires. The materialistic mind-set usually enslaves the individual and transforms him into a beast or insect who does not have time to care for others. Gregor is the perfect example. He hates his job as a salesman but endures it in order to provide material things for his family. In order to have and give financial security, he sacrifices a social life, companionship, pleasure, and dreams. His life is miserable, and he counts the days until he can quit his job. Ironically, the people that he supports and loves prove they have no depth of emotion for him. Once he cannot financially care for them, they one by one desert him, adding to his total misery. Gregor is literally left to climb the walls and die in total alimentation. Through him, Kafka is warning modern society that it is being...

Words: 13712 - Pages: 55

Premium Essay

Hunger Game

...Through much of Franz Kafka’s writing, the reader can see how his personal experiences and viewpoints are clearly worked into his many stories. One of which stands out is his story A Hunger Artist. In this story Kafka speaks through the hunger artist of the alienation and isolation he feels in his own body, as well as the emptiness he feels as a result of the disconnected relationship he and his father share. Ironically this emptiness manifests itself quite literally at the end of Kafka’s life, when he dies as a result of tuberculosis of the larynx, which causes him to literally starve to death, just as the hunger artist in the story. It was said about his writing “the early manifestations of authentic originality were nurtured in solitary confinement, with his readiness to see the world through his own eyes.” (Pawel 160) This comes across clearly in A Hunger Artist as someone who is in a self-imposed solitary confinement seeking meaning to his life, much like the hunger artist being locked in his cage. Thus, Kafka uses A Hunger Artist to speak of himself and his experiences. A Hunger Artist is a short story about a once popular spectacle staged for the entertainment of a pleasure-seeking public: the exhibition of a professional “hunger-artist” performing in a cage of straw, his stunt of fasting. The hunger artist spends his fasting performances, and therefore most of his life, in a cage, on display before a crowd of people. His spectators see him as a trickster and common...

Words: 352 - Pages: 2