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Lagrange, Portfolio Choices

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DIMOSTRAZIONE TEORICA
L’ottimizzazione di un portafoglio di titoli “rischiosi” nel senso di determinazione della varianza minima) è un problema di ottimo vincolato:

T

min  2 ( R p )  x  S  x
s.v
xT  I  1


T
 E ( R p )  x  E    given


che si risolve minimizzando la funzione “Lagrangiana1”:
T

T

T

C  x  S  x  1  (1  x  I )  2  (  x  E )

La funzione C dipende da n+2 variabili:

C ( x, 1 , 2 )
 x1 
x  dove x è un vettore colonna a n componenti x   2 
 
 
x n 
1

Il metodo dei ‘moltiplicatori di Lagrange’ è utilizzato per trovare il massimo o il minimo di funzioni quando esitono dei vincoli sulle variabili. In tale metodo la lettera lambda () è utilizzata per rappresentare una variabile chiamata il
‘moltiplicatore di Lagrange’. Il ‘moltiplicatore di Lagrange’ , è trattato come una variabile indipendente e permette di scrivere la funzione Lagrangiana:

F ( x, y,  )  f ( x, y)    g ( x, y)
Dove z = f(x, y) è la funzione obiettivo e g(x, y) = 0 è il vincolo.
Per esempio, volendo massimizzare o minimizzare una funzione z = f(x, y) soggetta al vincolo g(x, y) = 0, si eseguiranno i seguenti step:
Step1: determinazione funzione Lagrangiana

F ( x, y,  )  f ( x, y)    g ( x, y)
Step2: determinazione di ciascuna derivata parziale Fx, Fy, F, a condizione che esistano.
Step3: risoluzione del sistema di 3 equazioni:  Fx ( x, y,  )  0


 Fy ( x, y ,  )  0

 F ( x, y ,  )  0

Step4: se f ha un minimo o un massimo relativo soggetto al vincolo g(x, y) = 0, allora i valori corrispondenti di x e y saranno sicuramente tra le soluzioni del sistema indicato nello Step3.

1

per cui, volendo minimizzarla, dobbiamo fare le n+2 derivate (parziali) rispetto alle n+2 variabili ed uguagliarle a zero. Ricaveremo allora un sistema di n+2 equazioni lineari (  2 ( R p ) è quadratica, e la derivata è lineare) in n+2 incognite.
Se si introduce un investimento (aggiuntivo, rispetto agli n investimenti in titoli rischiosi) risk-free con rendimento rf, il rendimento del portafoglio (a questo punto di n+1 titoli) sarà dato da:
T

T

E ( R p )  x  E  (1  x  I )  r f
Per cui il problema di ottimo vincolato sarà:
T

min  2 ( R p )  x  S  x

(il risk-free non influenza la varianza)

s.v
 x T  I  (1  x T  I )  1  1  1( scompare)


T
T
E ( R p )  x  E  (1  x  I )  r f   ( fissato )


La funzione “Lagrangiana” sarà quindi:



T

T

T

C  x  S  x      x  E  (1  x  I )  r f



Tale funzione dipende da n+1 variabili:

C ( x,  ) dove x è un vettore colonna a n componenti.
Derivando rispetto alle n+1 variabili si ha:



T
C
 2x  S    E  rf
x



T
T
C
   x  E  (1  x  I )  r f


Eguagliando a zero tali derivate (parziali) si ha il seguente sistema di equazioni:





2 x T  S    E  r  0 f 

T
T
  x  E  (1  x  I )  r f  0


2

Poiché non serve esplicitare e determinare il valore di , ci si può limitare al sistema di n equazioni nelle n+1 incognite ( x e 




T



2 x  S    E  rf  0 da cui:



T

x S 

2

E  r  f e ponendo: z 2



x

T

si ha:



S  z  E  rf



da cui:



z  S 1  E  r f



Se standardizziamo:

2 zi 

n

z i 1

i

 n xi



2

 x i 1

i

xi n x i 1

i

 x1 
x 
2
Troviamo il portafoglio desiderato: x   
 
 
x n 
RICERCA DEL PORTAFOGLIO OTTIMO CON IL MODELLO SINGOLO INDICE
Il sistema di equazioni:



S  z  E  rf



ricordando che:

3

  12  1, 2

2
2

S   2,1
 3,1  3, 2
 n ,1  n , 2


 1,3 ....
 2,3 .....
 32 ......
 n ,3

 1,n 

 2,n 

 3, n 
2
n 


può essere scritto:

n

z i   i2   z j   i , j  Ei  r f

per i = 1, 2, ……,n

j 1 j i

Nel modello Singolo Indice sappiamo che:
^

1) R i ,s   i   i  RMs   i ,s con le assunzioni (da verificare empiricamente):
2) E ( i )  0 per ogni titolo i = 1, 2, ……,n

E ( i2 )  E i  E ( i )   2i
2

(varianza dell’errore)

3) cov( i , RM )  0
4) cov( i ,  j )  E ( i   j )  0
La 1) quando non c’è la necessità di indicare il periodo ‘s’ può essere scritta:
^

R i   i   i  RM   i

e inoltre:

^

E ( R i )   i   i  E ( RM )

a)
^

E ( R i )  E ( R i )  E ( i   i  RM   i )   i   i  E ( RM )
b)
^

 ( Ri )  E  Ri  E ( Ri )


2

^

2

2



 E  i   i  RM   i   i   i  E ( RM ) =


2



 E  i   i RM  E ( RM ) =



4

2
 2

2
 E  i   i RM  E ( RM )  2   i   i RM  E ( RM ) =



2

 E ( i ) 2   i2  E RM  E ( RM )  2   i  E i  RM  E ( RM ) =
 

 cov( i , RM )

2
=  2i   i2   M

per i = 1, 2, ……., n

c)




 ij  E  Ri  E ( Ri )   R j  E ( R j )  =

 

^

^



 








 E i   i  RM   i   i   i  E ( RM )  j   j  RM   j   j   j  E ( RM ) =



 E  i  RM  E ( RM )   i   j  RM  E ( RM )   j  = sviluppando il prodotto e facendo il valore atteso di ciascun termine si ottiene:

 i   j  E  RM  E ( RM )  i  E  j   RM  E ( RM )    j  E  i   RM  E ( RM )   E ( i   j ) =
2

0 assunzione 3

0 assunzione 3

0 assunzione 4

2
= i   j  M

La varianza dell’errore

 2

i

può essere stimata attraverso la varianza residua:

2



2e i ^


 E  Ri  R i   valore medio del quadrato delle differenze tra valori effettivi Ri e valori



^

teorici (perequati) R i .
Quindi:
^


 Ris  R is 


 s 1 m m

 i2e

2

‘m’ sono le osservazioni

Il sistema di equazioni:

n

z i   i2   z j   i , j  Ei  r f

per i = 1, 2, ……,n

j 1 j i

diventa:
5

n

2
2
= z i  ( i2e   i2   M )   z j   i   j   M  Ei  r f = j 1 j i

n

2
2
= z i i2e  z i  i2   M   i   M   z j   j  Ei  r f = j 1 j i

= z i



n


  i   M  z i  i   z j  j   Ei  r f = j 1

 j i



2e i 2

n

2
= z i i2e   i   M   z j  j  Ei  r f

sempre per i = 1, 2, …..n

j 1

da cui: n 2
Ei  r f   i   M   z j  j j 1

zi 

per i = 1, 2, …..n

 i2e

cioè:
Ei  r f

zi 



 i2e

i  2

n

  z j  j per i = 1, 2, ……n

M

 i2e

j 1

moltiplichiamo ambo i membri per i vari  j e ne facciamo la somma:

n

n

 zi  j   j 1

E j  rf

j 1

n

j 

 2e j j 1

 j2   2

M

 2e j n

z j j j 1

otteniamo: n n

z  j 1

i

E j  rf

j 1

 2e j  j 

n

1  j 1

j

 j2   2

M



2e j j

e quindi:

6

n

E j  rf

j 1

 2e j 

n

z 



j

i

j

n

 j2

j 1

j 1

 2e j 1 M  
2

Sostituendo questo risultato nella relazione: zi 

Ei  r f

 i2e



i  2

M

 i2e

n

  z j  j per i = 1, 2, ……n j 1

si ha: n zi 

Ei  r f

 i2e



i  2

M

 i2e

E j  rf

j 1

 2e j 


j

n

 j2

j 1

 2e j 1 M  
2

da cui, ponendo: n C M 




E j  rf

j 1

2



2e j n

n

 j2

j 1

=

 2e j 1 M  
2

E j  rf

j 1

 2e j 1

n

 j2

j 1

 2e j 

j

2

M



j e (R/V)i =

Ei  r f

i

si ricava, finalmente:

zi 

i
 R / V i  C  
2e
i

dove:
R/V = Reward to Volatility
Anche qui si standardizza e si trova il portafoglio:

xi 

zi n z i 1

i

con
T

E ( Rp )  x  E

7

T

 2 (R p )  x  S   x indicando con S  :
  12

2
 2 1 M

S 
2
  3 1 M
 n 1 2
M


 1  2 2
2
2
 3  2 2
 n  2 2
M

M

M

1  3 2 ........ 1  n 2 

 2  3 2 .....  2  n 2 

 32 ......
 3  n 2 
2
 n  3 2
n 

M

M

M

M

M

M

8

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...Are TIPS the “Real” Deal?: A Conditional Assessment of their Role in a Nominal Portfolio Delroy M. Hunter Dept of Finance College of Business Administration University of South Florida Tampa, FL 33620 Dhunter@coba.usf.edu Tele: (813) 974 6330 Fax: (813) 974 3030 David P. Simon∗ Dept of Finance Bentley College Waltham, MA 02452 Dsimon@bentley.edu. Tele: (781) 891 2489 Fax: (781) 891 2982 July 1, 2002 ∗ Corresponding author. We thank the Hughey Center for Financial Services at Bentley College for the data and the second author thanks Bentley College for a summer research grant. The usual disclaimer applies. Are TIPS the “Real” Deal?: A Conditional Assessment of their Role in a Nominal Portfolio Abstract This paper documents predictable time-variation in the real return beta of U.S. Treasury inflation protected securities (TIPS) and in the Sharpe ratios of both indexed and conventional bonds. The conditional mean and volatility of both bonds and their conditional correlation are first estimated from predetermined variables. These estimates are then used to compute conditional real return betas and Sharpe ratios. The time-variation in real return betas and the correlation between TIPS and nominal bonds coincides with major developments in the fixed income market. One implication of this predictability is that portfolio managers can assess more efficiently the risk of investing in TIPS versus conventional bonds. Conditional Sharpe ratios indicate that over...

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