...created by several parties to train their armed factions. A year later, Gemayal’s Phalange Party was one of several Lebanese militias embroiled in a war where fighting remained confined within Lebanon but the power struggle transcended borders and involved both regional and international combatants. While April 13, 1975, is often cited as the start date that sparked the 15-year conflict, which has been termed a civil war, a host of factors, including international affairs, economic and social inequality and the sectarian make up of the Lebanese government were responsible for the violent outburst and the war’s duration. The Phalange Party’s April 13 attack on a bus carrying Palestinians, reprisal for a shoot out at a church where Phalange members had been in attendance, was not even mentioned in the relevant chapters on the civil war in Struggle Over Lebanon by Tabitha Petran. Instead, Petran documents the factors that contributed to the setting of the stage for and provoking the civil war. Fear over the increase in sectarian militias had been on the national radar as early as May 1973, when President Suleiman Franjieh convened a special cabinet meeting to discuss possible reforms to curb the militias. Petran begins by listing the increased demands of the Sunni population of Lebanon, which began clamoring for a larger slice of political power to match what they believed was their majority status. The Lebanese government had been formed in 1943, based on a census in 1932 when...
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...The Syrian civil war[74] is an ongoing armed conflict in Syria between forces loyal to the Syrian Ba'ath Party government and those seeking to oust it. The conflict began on 15 March 2011, with popular demonstrations that grew nationwide by April 2011. These demonstrations were part of the wider Middle Eastern protest movement known as the Arab Spring. Protesters demanded the resignation of President Bashar al-Assad, whose family has held the presidency in Syria since 1971, as well as the end to over four decades of Ba'ath Party rule. In April 2011, the Syrian Army was deployed to quell the uprising, and soldiers were ordered to open fire on demonstrators. After months of military sieges,[75] the protests evolved into an armed rebellion. Opposition forces, mainly composed of defected soldiers and civilian volunteers, became increasingly armed and organized as they unified into larger groups. However, the rebels remained fractured, without organized leadership. The Syrian government characterizes the insurgency as an uprising of "armed terrorist groups and foreign mercenaries".[76] The conflict has no clear fronts, with clashes taking place in many towns and cities across the country.[77] The Arab League, United States, European Union, and other countries condemned the use of violence against the protesters. The Arab League suspended Syria's membership because of the government's response to the crisis, but granted the Syrian National Coalition Syria's seat on 6 March 2013.[78]...
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... | |Country Notebook: Lebanon | |OSB Board | | | | | | | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction Lebanon is a country located in the Middle East along the Mediterranean Sea. Its coastal location as well as close proximity to many other nations makes Lebanon an ideal country for trade. Through an analysis of their culture, economy, and market we have been able to develop an introductory marketing plan for exporting OSB board from Michigan to Lebanon. Lebanon is a democratic republic with a free-market orientation. Although there has been much civil unrest in the past, presently there is decent political stability. The economy has struggled due to wars and setbacks but through the use of foreign aid and internal growth Lebanon is trying to rebuild. The Lebanese culture is very...
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...The conflict between the two sects of Islam, Shia and Sunni, dates back to the death of Muhammad the prophet, in the year 632. Yet, despite its ancient roots, the battle between the two hasn’t been this bloody in centuries. Islam’s schism, simmering for fourteen centuries, doesn’t explain all the political, economic, and geostrategic factors involved in current conflict. But it has become one way to understand the underlying tensions. Two countries that compete for the leadership of Islam, Sunni Saudi Arabia and Shia Iran, have used the sectarian divide to further their ambitions. How their rivalry is settled will likely shape the political balance between Sunnis and Shias and the future of the region, especially in Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Bahrain, and Yemen. This paper will be examining the current conflict between the two sects and the way in which it has evolved from a religious war to that of political and territorial. The war that fueled the current violence between the sects was the Iran’s Islamic Revolution in 1979. The divide has also giving leaders of the two sects to unite its people for divine purpose. But to fully comprehend the conflict between the two sects, you have to take a look at where it all started. Mohammed unveiled a new faith to the people of Mecca in 610. Known as Islam, or submission to God, the monotheistic religion incorporated some Jewish and Christian traditions and expanded with a set of laws that governed most aspects of life, including...
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...out between Sunnis and Shiites in Iraq. Currently the situation in Iraq seems to be escalating and the groups are becoming increasingly polarized. Shi’a Muslims have been persecuted during the time of Saddam Hussein’s presidency and currently they are seeking recognition and revenge against the Sunnis, who enjoyed powerful positions and more freedom during Saddam's reign. Since the escalation of conflict, people on both sides have been killed or kidnapped; others had to leave their homes because they feared for their lives. The second Washington Post article on this topic talks about the conflict in Lebanon between its official government and the Hezbollah party. Lebanon also has a conflict between Sunnis and Shiites, since the prime minister of Lebanon, Fouad Seniora, is Sunni and a Hezbollah leader, Hasan Nasrallah, is Shi’a. So far, no military tactics have been used in Lebanon, but threats were exchanged. Supporters of Hezbollah have come out to the streets to protest against the government and there were rumors that the protestors were planning to block the roads in the Lebanese capital, Beirut. As a response, the government has sent troops to patrol the streets. The Hezbollah members have adopted a contentious tactic and would not settle for a compromise. One of Hezbollah's supporters told a journalist: “What’s happening, it’s us or them. And whoever wins receives the country. All of it…” Nasrallah wanted a substantial representation in the Lebanese government, but since...
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...American University of Science and Technology Faculty of Business and Economics Graduate Program (MBA) ECO 500- Managerial Economics Unemployment in Lebanon Case Study 2015 Instructor’s name: Dr. Hamdar Student’s name: Ola Al Zein Date: 1/6/2015 Unemployment in Lebanon Case Study Table of Contents 1.0 Abstract 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Study area 2.2 Objective 2.3 Problem Statement 3.0 Review 4.0 Methodologies 4.1 Statistics 4.2 Data 4.3 Figures 4.4Small Case Study and analysis of the methodology part 5.0 Conclusion 6.0 Summary 7.0 Recommendations 8.0 References Abstract This case was conducted during May 2015. It is concerned with the unemployment dilemma in Lebanon that youth are especially facing. It studies the problem from different sides including the migration of the Syrian refugees to Lebanon, the instable political situation, the down economic situation and passes briefly through the stopped plans of exploring gas and oil in Lebanon. It takes into consideration the real situation of unemployment in Lebanon, its reasons and of course; recommendations for the betterment of this particular situation. Introduction: Study Area “ Global job crisis” is perhaps the best word to start with this case study, as the situation was seen by the International Labor Organization in their “World of Work Report 2014:...
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...Hirschorn, L..Harvard Business Review..,. Copied under Permission from Access Copyright. Further reproduction, distribution or transmission is prohibited, except as otherwise permitted by law. If this copy is not covered under the Access Copyright licence this short excerpt is being delivered under the copyright exception "fair dealing" as defined by Canadian law for the purpose of education, private study or research. Large-scale change initiatives often col/apse under the weight of their own complexity. To bring order to the chaos, organize the effort into three coordinated campaigns: political} marketing) and military. ~am for by Larry Hirschhorn al an • try to change organizations. Few succeed. And as most executives who have lived through change initiatives will admit, fewer still want to try again. Who can blame them for their reluctance? The process is terribly painful, the logistics are enormously complex, the organization wants deeply not to change-and the success rate is abysmal. Yet most organizations must change, and change profoundly, if they're to stay alive. It's the oldest cliche in the book, and it's also true. The good news is that organizational change is not as hard to pull off as people think. It's tough, but it's not impossible, and it can be systematized. As a researcher and consultant, I've been involved in many change initiatives at scores of companies over the past 15 years, and I've come to believe that the low rate of success has...
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...SALLY ABDALLAH E-mail address: sal.abdallah@hotmail.com Alameh St., Tayouneh, Beirut, Lebanon Mobile: +961-3-863168 Place and date of birth: Lebanon, April 21st, 1986 Nationality: Lebanese Marital status: Single Objective: To secure a challenging career that will allow me to utilize my current skill set while increasing my knowledge base and experience hospitality. Education: 2014-2016: Master of Business Administration, HR Sagesse University 2004-2008: Hotel Management Bachelor Lebanese university/faculty of tourism and hospitality management 2003-2004: Lebanese baccalaureate part II Economics Work Experience: Senior Human Resources Officer in charge of the HR department at Dynagraph 1st of December 2012 till Present * Company employee communication * Maintaining employee files and the HR filing system * Develops contacts to Universities, Technical schools, recruiting agents & head hunters * Manages the recruitment of basic job functions within the organization * Manages the payroll system * Manages absences * Manages holidays * Manages employee contracts * Insures the implementation of the employee code for every company * Presents yearly salary budgets * Updates HR policy and Procedure * Develops and Updates Employee Handbook * Implements the HRMS. * Updates the HR forms. Human Resources Officer at Hilton Beirut Habtoor Grand ...
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... Bibliography http://history-world.org/phoenicians.htm http://phoenicia.org/trade.html http://amazingbibletimeline.com/blog/did-phoenicia-trade-with-britain-and-germany/ May 23rd, 2012 http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Phoenician_Civilization April 26th, 2015 http://www.mrdowling.com/609-carthage.html July 15th, 2015 http://www.ancient.eu/sidon/ September 2nd 2009 www.phoenician.org http://www.10452lccc.com/hist.geo/ancientphoenicians.htm The Phoenician country was a small territory off the Syrian coast that was so small that the Phoenicians were forced to use the sea as their primary source to make a living. Phoenicia was located in Lebanon and parts of Syria and Israel. The Phoenicians invented the keeled hull. This gave the ship a curved hull, which allowed the ship to be able to go on the challenging open sea. Since the Phoenician country was right off the Syrian coast, they traded the things they had for many of the things they needed. “They were known as the "Purple People" because of a dye they used in clothing”. (http://members.tripod.com, Mr Sedivy.) This dye was made from the glands of many snails. These snails were very small so they had to use many of them to get a good amount of the purple dye. Tyre and Sidon were the first places to manufacture the purple dye. This dye was rare and was very much wanted. It was so expensive that only kings and very wealthy people...
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...Hezbollah represents the modern standard by which we compare other hybrid threats to. It's actions and involvement in the 2006 Lebanon-Israel War led to a perception shift about who and what qualifies as a threat to a modern nation-state. I will briefly expand upon Hezbollah's origins, capabilities, and actions during the 2006 conflict which led to the reemergence and recognition of hybrid threats in the modern era. Hezbollah is a militant Shi'a group headquartered and founded in Lebanon in 1982, where it also employs a political wing of the same name. It originated in South Lebanon when several militant groups joined together to oppose a Shi'a political and militant party called the Amal Movement. Hezbollah's primary focus in its formative years was the expulsion of Israel from Lebanon, after Israel's invasion in the early 1980s. From it's inception, Hezbollah utilized tactics and techniques across the entire spectrum of land operations, using guerrilla tactics alongside conventional forces, coupled with propaganda and political maneuvering....
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... Shmuel HaNagid, also known as Ibn Nagrella, was born in 993 CE in Cordoba, Spain. Shmuel HaNagid was remembered as a poet although he was also highly educated in Torah. Shmuel HaNagid knew three languages, Hebrew, Latin, and Arabic, he studied Islam, and he studied Judaism. The knowledge of multiple languages and religions were skills that would also be needed for official working as an advisor to the king. Shmuel HaNagid stayed a merchant in Cordoba until 1013 CE. By that time a Civil war had been going for three years and the Berbers had started securing their power. Next he fled to Granada, where he became a merchant next to the viziers palace. After a request from a servant of the vizier, Shmuel HaNagid began writing letters from the servant to the vizier. Upon seeing these letters, the vizier was so impressed with the calligraphy that he ordered to meet with Shmuel HaNagid. The vizier offered Shmuel HaNagid to be his assistant and Shmuel HaNagid accepted his offer. Shmuel HaNagid advised the vizier who, in turn advised the king. When the vizier fell mortally ill King Habbus asked how he could continue prospering without him. The vizier told him that the secret to his success was his Jewish advisor. In 1027 CE the vizier died and Shmuel HaNagid took his place. It was at this point that the Jewish community gave him the title HaNagid or Prince. Shmuel HaNagid advised the king and lead the military. After the death of the king, the Berbers decided to crown Prince Bulukkin...
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...experiences we shared together, have played a role in shaping who I am today. My eldest brother had several handicaps. He was born deaf and with poor eye sight which in turn affected his speech and development. Throughout my eldest brother’s life, our mother was his caretaker, his support and the only one who fought so hard for his well being and happiness. She had managed in the late seventies to enrol him in a special school in Lebanon where he started to develop and learn sign language through which we all communicate with him now. I was too young at the time, but my older siblings told me of the stories when during the civil war in Lebanon, my mother would risk it all to go see him and bring him home for Christmas as his school was on the other side of the line separating Beirut into two warring camps at the time. Around the mid-eighties, the war had become much worse, and Palestinians were being targeted in Lebanon, at which point my parents decided to bring my eldest brother back to Saudi Arabia. By the time the war had ended in Lebanon, it was too late for my brother to go back to school, as he was too old. In Saudi Arabia, my parents tried to get my brother enrolled in several special schools in the Middle East, but there were always obstacles. As Palestinians we could not travel to Jordan or Egypt where similar schools were available. To complicate matters, Saudi Arabia had little to offer in terms of schools suitable for my eldest brother. Since my mother’s...
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...Contents Editorial New century, old story! Race, religion, bureaucrats, and the Australian Lebanese story Anne Monsour The Transnational Imagination: XXth century networks and institutions of the Mashreqi migration to Mexico Camila Pastor de Maria y Campos Balad Niswen – Hukum Niswen: The Perception of Gender Inversions Between Lebanon and Australia Nelia Hyndman-Rizik Diaspora and e-Commerce: The Globalization of Lebanese Baklava Guita Hourani Lebanese-Americans’ Identity, Citizenship and Political Behavior Rita Stephan Pathways to Social Mobility Lebanese Immigrants in Detroit and Small Business Enterprise Sawsan Abdulrahim 3 7 31 73 105 139 163 Pal. Jour., 2009, 11,3:5 Copyright © 2009 by Palma Journal, All Rights Reserved Editorial Palma Journal’s special issue on migration aims at contributing to this area of study in a unique manner. By providing a forum for non-veteran scholars in the field to share their current research findings with a broader public, Palma has joined hands with the Lebanese Emigration Research Center in celebrating LERC’s sixth anniversary serving international and interdisciplinary scholarly discourse between Lebanon and the rest of the world. The migration special issue owes its inception to a conversation between Beirut und Buenos Aires, in which Eugene Sensenig-Dabbous, an AustrianAmerican researcher at LERC, and the eminent Argentinean migration scholar, Ignacio Klich, developed the idea for a special migration issue and presented...
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...Shakir Hussain Instructor: Dr. Hossain Al Mamun Reg # 2009236059 ENG 416 – Literature in Translation 4th Year 1st Semester Department of English September 2, 2013. Metaphor and Meaning: A Re-reading of The Prophet Abstract: The purpose of this study has been to investigate the metaphors and meaning in Kahlil Gibran’s (1883-1931) literary work The Prophet. Kahlil Gibran speaks in metaphors; perhaps that is the only way to speak about the truth. Through metaphor he gives indirect glimpses and spreads his philosophy of life. Every word in this book is a metaphor. Metaphors are used in this text to accelerate and enhance the meaning. The Prophet through its metaphors provides timeless spiritual wisdom on a range of subjects, including giving, eating and drinking, clothes, buying and selling, crime and punishment, laws, teaching, time, pleasure, religion, death, beauty and friendship. Corresponding to each chapter are evocative drawings by Gibran himself. Key Words: Metaphors, Kahlil Gibran, The Prophet, and Philosophy of Life. Kahlil Gibran is said to be the ‘People’s Philosophy’. Gibran’s The Prophet is a metaphor for the mystery of life. The author seeks the help of metaphoric language in order to present the confluence of philosophy and religion, experience and expectation, desire and duality of human life. The combination of poetic and prosaic style of this book is beautified by the use of many figures of speech. The passages of this book speak to soul....
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...My infatuation with people’s cultures must have been conceived from my parent’s work. Growing up, my Ugandan father worked for the World Bank and my Malawian mother for the United Nations. I changed schools and countries constantly. I could understand so many languages and yet I only spoke English fluently. It was impossible to place roots in only one solid foundation. I felt I belonged to every country, every religion, every race, every language and every culture. Although I was born and mostly raised in suburban Washington DC, I was shuffled between Ethiopia and New York from the time I was two years old. When I turned ten, I had my first big adventure and moved to Kenya. Nairobi was such an exciting and busy city. It was so different from the politeness of Montgomery County, Maryland. I automatically adopted a very rough Kiswahili accent and tagged along the social norms of my new home. Nairobi was very dangerous, my mother was always so nervous of us being raped or kidnapped yet there was something that felt so carefree about living in that part of the world. People were so much more thankful to be living and to have all that they did. I went on my mother’s mission trips to visit the villages and hospitals; my mother wanted me to be aware of other people’s situation. I don’t think I understood poverty until this time in my life and since, I can never forget what it means to have and have not. It is difficult being that age and not fully comprehending why you are so fortunate...
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