...Legal Studies Term Papers The following article provides a brief synopsis on one of the domains of the legal studies, known as the critical legal studies. By the term “legal”, it is evident that the concerned domain is related to a theory or a movement, which is established upon law, official or accepted rules and regulations. The discipline of legal studies comprises of the decrees, which are formulated in order to maintain the regime in the country and eliminate the traces of injustice. However, the politicians to sustain their chain of command may also use them. The nitty-gritty of the Critical Legal Studies (CLS) movement was brought into being in the year 1960 on the occasion of the participation of individuals in the social policy that was meant to achieve goals through direct or militant action during the Vietnamese War. The erudite scholars of the following era had begun employing diversified theories to the field of law and made enormous contribution in reshaping the discipline of legal studies. However, the legitimate appearance of the legal studies movement was observed in the year 1977 at a conference being held at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. The CLS movements were on an increase during 1980s in the United States. However, the British or the European CLS did not succeed in gaining its aimed targets except for the Finnish international lawyer Martti Koskenniemi, who had played a significant role in the Critical Legal Studies campaigns. Some of the...
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...Violence Shanice Wairimu Texas Woman’s University Field Research Abstract The purpose of this study is to evaluate the lack of resources available to the transgender community dealing with Domestic Violence which creates lack of safety and loss of self-sense. The question being asked is what is the relationship between the lack of resources for the transgender community and lack of safety and self-sense? This study will use a questionnaire survey in which the information will be collected from the staff at Hope’s Door. The main aim of this study is to show awareness on how the transgender community doesn’t have much resources when dealing with Domestic Violence. Purpose...
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...Abstract This paper seeks to glean an understanding of corporate tax shelters, in respect to legal and ethical considerations. Tax shelters are often viewed with negative connotations, yet the general public holds different perceptions of the various classifications of tax shelters, tax avoidance, tax evasion, and tax flight (Kirchler, Maciejovsky, & Schneider, 2003). While this suggests a tolerance based on legal concerns, there exists a growing accountability for corporate social responsibility, “whereby organizations consider the interests of society by taking responsibility for the impact of their activities on customers, suppliers, employees, shareholders, communities, and others stakeholders, as well as their environment” (Guliani, 2014, p. 1117). Part of this includes, “companies paying their due taxes and obeying the law” (Guliani, 2014, p. 1120). In order to analyze the ethicality of tax shelters, this paper will introduce a variety of corporate tax shelters, discuss corporate tax shelters in relation to tax avoidance and tax evasion, explore the impact of corporate tax shelters on stakeholders, and examine the affect corporate social responsibility has on tax liability. A Legal and Ethical Examination of Corporate Tax Shelters As each business embarks on a pursuit for profit, companies often find opportunities to reduce tax liabilities in the form of corporate tax shelters. Corporations should be aware that when reducing tax liability, they must consider the...
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...KPMG's Tax Shelters Tax shelter is a legal way to reduce taxable income, which in turn reduces taxes. By utilizing legal tax shelters, it is possible to avoid taxes without evading them illegally and suffering consequences. However, in the case presented by Tanina Rostain. KPMG has used tax shelters as a form of tax evasion rather than tax avoidance. My goal in this paper is to discuss how the concept of Groupthink and Rationalization played a role in the partners decisions, point out when tax avoidance becomes tax evasion, Describe how CPA firms can provide high quality tax consulting for their clients without crossing the line into tax evasion, and Finally analyze why KPMG (as an organization) failed to prevent this scandal from occurring at their firm. First of all, when discussing concepts like "Groupthink" and "Rationalization" I prefer to start with a brief definition. "Groupthink occurs when a group makes faulty decisions because group pressures lead to a deterioration of “mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment”(Irving). While " Rationalization is a defense mechanism that involves explaining an unacceptable behavior or feeling in a rational or logical manner, avoiding the true reasons for the behavior"(Cherry). As we can see from these definitions, the tax partners in KPMG showed popular symptoms' of groupthink which are: * "Illusion of invulnerability –Creates excessive optimism that encourages taking extreme risks. * Collective rationalization...
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...inherent to their homeless status. B. As touched upon in the skit, some of the health care issues especially prevalent in the homeless youth population are psychosocial issues, nutrition issues, communicable diseases, dermatological disorders, respiratory disorders, dental health issues, sexual health issues, substance abuse issues, and issues related to medication adherence. II. Psychosocial Issues A. Multiple studies have identified the adverse effects of homelessness on children’s psychosocial health. 1. Kern Medical Center Study – In comparison to other poor children who have never been homeless, there is increased risk for depression, anxiety, behavioral problems, and academic problems in homeless children. B. Women who are homeless during pregnancy usually do not have access to prenatal care, are often undernourished, and are often substance abusers – all of which leads to low birth weight babies with neurobehavioral problems predisposing them to lower academic achievement and behavioral issues at higher rates than children who are not homeless. C. Studies such as those carried out by the Health Care for the Homeless Clinician’s Network show that, for children who are homeless with their families, under stimulation by mothers preoccupied with survival concerns for themselves and their homeless children frequently results in developmental delays for children under five years of age. 1. Personal Anecdote – Experience of gunfire outside home 2 weeks ago kept me awake...
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...The depiction of abuse in the Canadian legal system is quite broad, and can include many types of offences. These offences branch off depending on categories of action, such as whether the abuse is physical, sexual, or psychological, and the perpetrators of the abuse. One area of abuse is spousal abuse, which can also be grouped under the broader category of domestic abuse. In 2014, Statistics Canada reported that nearly equal proportions of men and women experienced spousal abuse during the preceding five years, with about 342,000 women and 418,000 men across the provinces (Statistics Canada, Trends). However, the narrative that is painted across the country is that women are the only victims, and that “female victims suffer more physically,...
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...Ethics and the Conduct of Business, 7/e Boatright ©2012 / ISBN: 9780205053131 Chapter begins on next page > PLEASE NOTE: This sample chapter was prepared in advance of book publication. Additional changes may appear in the published book. To request an examination copy or for additional information, please visit us at www.pearsonhighered.com or contact your Pearson representative at www.pearsonhighered.com/replocator. C H A P T E R 1 Ethics in the World of Business Listen to the Chapter Audio on mythinkinglab.com CASE 1.1 Explore the Concept on mythinkinglab.com Merck and the Marketing of Vioxx On September 30, 2004, Merck & Co. announced the withdrawal of Vioxx, its highly profitable pain reliever for arthritis sufferers, from the market.1 This announcement came only seven days after company researchers found in a clinical trial that subjects who used Vioxx more than 18 months had a substantially higher incidence of heart attacks. Merck chairman and CEO Raymond V. Gilmartin described the action as “the responsible thing to do.” He explained, “It’s built into the principles of the company to think in this fashion. That’s why the management team came to such an easy conclusion.”2 In the lawsuits that followed, however, damaging documents emerged casting doubt on Merck’s claim that it had acted responsibly by taking appropriate precautions in the development and marketing of the drug. For decades, Merck’s stellar reputation rested on the company’s...
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...STATE OF THE WORLD’S CITIES 2008/2009 Case Study Woman-headed households suffer disproportionately from inadequate housing s Turkish women taking a lunch break in Ankara ©Kobby Dagan/iStockphoto A recent report released by the Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions notes that while previous studies found that women who migrate to cities do so to join family members – mostly husbands – in the city, this trend appears to be changing: an increasing number of women are migrating to cities on their own, often to escape domestic violence or discrimination in rural areas, or because they have been disinherited. In some sub-Saharan African countries, stigmatization due to HIV/AIDS has also forced women to move to cities. In Kenya, for instance, many rural women who are infected with HIV, or who have lost a husband to the disease, are sent away from the marital home along with their children. Many of these women end up in urban slums, while their children, who are presumed to be infected with the virus, are often denied a share of the father’s property. While poor women and men in urban centres both face insecurity of land tenure and shelter, women are especially disadvantaged because they are often excluded from secure tenure as a consequence of cultural norms and unequal legal rights in legislative and policy frameworks of political systems. Women who become single heads of households, particularly in Africa, are particularly vulnerable, as in many countries in the region...
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...the Philippines” – Nation’s Literature’s Shelter Beautification A Thesis Proposal Presented to the Institute of Tourism and Hotel Management (ITHM) Far Eastern University (FEU) – Manila In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for Tourism Planning and Development (TPAD) __________ By Baladad, Arlou Belle P. Celestial, Danisse Ann P. Fabros, Jeric Neil V. Huang, Ya-Hui E. Opinaldo, Cathleen Karla L. Platino, Shane Marienette M. “Tourism Development Plan: National Library of the Philippines” – Nation’s Literature’s Shelter Beautification 1 FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TOURISM AND HOTEL MANAGEMENT October 2014 Vision and Mission The modernity of National Library of the Philippines tends to adapt to rapid global technological advances and catch up with other modernized libraries elsewhere, and its American style of architecture which upholds the sophistication makes visitors feel like passing through the history since it was established in American colonial period. National Library of the Philippines aims to provide a comfortable learning ambiance for visitors, upgrade most of the facilities to look more authentic, and enhance the creativity of facility design that can seem somehow distinct from other libraries while upholding the historical spirit within its structural design at the same time. “Tourism Development Plan: National Library of the Philippines” – Nation’s Literature’s Shelter Beautification 2 FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY ...
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...States (American Medical Student Organization [AMSO], 2008, p.1). Problems inherent to homelessness are lack of shelter, food, clothing, and lack of health care. Living conditions of the homeless in and of themselves predispose the homeless population to a plethora of health problems. The problems associated with homelessness and healthcare have far reaching effects for a special subset of the homeless population – the population of homeless youth. Each year, more than 1.35 million children and youth experience life without a home, and one out of seven of all individuals treated by homeless health care projects is a child under age 15 (National Healthcare for the Homeless Council [NHCHC], 2003, p.1). Homeless children face the same illnesses faced by children in the general population, but their health issues are exacerbated by the circumstances inherent in their homeless status. Homelessness in and of itself is an independent predictor of poor health status among children (Kern Medical Center, 2003, p.3). Some of the health care issues especially prevalent in the homeless youth population are: psychosocial issues, nutrition and issues related to physical development, communicable diseases, dermatological disorders, respiratory disorders, dental health issues, sexual health issues, substance abuse issues, and issues related to medication use and adherence. Multiple studies have identified the adverse effects of homelessness on children’s psychosocial health including aspects of development...
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...A large portion of the homeless population is living on the sidewalks and streets of America. However, for some of them, that is by choice. Various places offer housing for the homeless, but the most exclusive choice is the homeless shelter. Homeless shelters are a type of homeless service that provide temporary residence for homeless individuals and families. Through the utilization of these shelters, homeless people are assumed to be more affluent. However, the assumption is invalid. The public’s attitude toward homelessness and its’ solution are significantly misguided. Society’s misconception that the homeless population is more affluent if they utilize the shelters is invalid because of the operational structure of homeless shelters, physical...
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...The puppy who was once small and adorable is now full grown, becoming ignored, and is chewing for attention. The kitten who was once a cute little ball of fur is now not so little and clawing the furniture and using the potty in paces other than the litter box. Maybe there was a job loss in the family, or the individual has become homeless because of financial mishaps. With foreclosure on the rise these days due to a bad economy this is happening more often than not lately. One must plan for these types of issues that may arise in the near or distant future. There are a lot of individuals who believe that an animal shelter is the answer of all answers. The awful truth is they are mostly overcrowded and under staffed. More animals get euthanized inside the shelter due to lack of space than adopted by potential lifelong owners in the animal shelter. The animal shelter should not be used as a way to ease guilt on the former owners’ conscience. It should not be used as a dump site or a place to put your older animal like you would a senior citizen in a nursing home. Is animal abandonment ethically and morally wrong no matter what the circumstances? It would depend on each individuals’ specific upbringing and belief system. Does Utilitarianism apply in the matter of abandonment? Does Deontology play a role in decision making? Does all of this mean that as long as a companion animal is put in a better home than you provided that the act of abandonment is alright to choose? It all would...
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...Chapter I The Problem and its Background Introduction Before, the first group of people who walked in the grounds of earth have no permanent place to live in, nor a permanent location to settle for good. Hence, they are called nomadic, who have no permanent abode and travel from one place to another to find food and other basic needs. In modern terminologies, if you live like a nomadic person does, you are called itinerant,that now refers to the indigenous groups in a country who live in rural areas. But our brothers and sisters in urban areas tend to be moved from one place to another, yet they are not indigenous. They have the tendency to vacate their place, but not due to the loss of food and basic necessities, but because of the fact that they have to resettled and relocated to a new location. Resettlement is a voluntary or involuntary movement of large number of people from one place (which is usually the original settlement) to another (which is a new settlement), and this movement is not without consequence (Akpanudoedehe, 2010). It is a planned or impulsive transfer of people from their original places to a new settlement site wherein they have to adapt to the new environment. Here in the Philippines, resettlement is a common picture in our environment, and the most dominant kind of resettlement that we can see is involuntary. Involuntary resettlement is largely a consequence of planned change generated by major development projects such as dams for irrigation...
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...The majority of studies have found that from 30 to 60 percent of families where child maltreatment or woman battering is identified, it is likely that both forms of abuse exist. (2010, YWCA Seattle | King | Snohomish, Through Their Eyes). It’s sad that there are so many children in the United States that have witnessed some type of physical violence between their parents. This violence can have a lasting effect on a young child’s development cognitively and emotionally. Studies suggest that younger children may be more vulnerable to the effects of witnessing domestic violence than older children so it is very disturbing to recognize that young children are more likely to witness incidents of violence than older children. . (2010, YWCA Seattle | King | Snohomish, Through Their...
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...Homelessness It is a common desire for many people to have a nice home with the ideal family. While many are able to accomplish this in their lifetime, there are still others who suffer from the inability to achieve such simple joys in life. Homelessness is described as the condition of people without a regular dwelling. People who are homeless are most often unable to acquire and maintain regular, safe, secure, and adequate housing. The legal definition of "homeless" actually varies from country to country, or among different entities or institutions in the same country or region. Homelessness is a prominent social issue within the state of Indiana as well as the rest of the nation that needs to be brought to awareness. In every state, more than minimum wage is required to afford a one or two bedroom apartment. The National Low Income Housing Coalition says nationally a typical family needs wages or combined incomes of $17.84 per hour just to make ends meet. In Indiana, a typical family needs wages or combined incomes of $13.41 per hour to afford a two-bedroom apartment. Utilities only exacerbate the problem. With this being the very minimum cost of living, it is no surprise that many people across the country struggle and fail to provide an adequate home for their families. Depending on each family’s lifestyle, homelessness is not a farfetched possibility. Probably the most common stereotype of chronically homeless people is that they are drug and alcohol addicts --...
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