...Pollution cause Lung Cancer cases Many people who suffer from Cancer have lived in the environment with lost of toxins around them. There are many sources of such toxins, and some of them are Tobacco and Car emissions. The government has recently tired to prevent people from smoking, In 2009 President Obama came out with an act called Tobacco control Act of 2009 and said, “ The legislation takes measures to prohibit tobacco companies from marketing to children such as making candy flavored cigarettes. It also further limits misleading advertising such as the use of word such as "light" with tobacco products.” As you can see that the government of America and also the government of Canada are trying their best to prevent young people and old from smoking and preventing the retailers selling tobacco to people under age or below 19-20. As I was researching for my project, I came across very interesting articles but they were all different from each other, some said that tobacco and pollution (car emission) are the cause of Lung cancer cases, or that no they are not, or that the rates have gone up for tobacco and car sales, or some would say they haven’t. I tired my best to collect the best of the best. It is suspected that tobacco with its negative reputation that is the larger causes of lung cancer, but other says that car emission is also a cause of lung cancer, so I decide to pick this study and find that data’s for which is really the cause of lung cancer or nether are the...
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...CAUSES OF LUNG CANCER Lung cancer is a disease in which a primary cancer (the original site where the cancer occurred) develops in the tissue of the lungs. Lung cancer was first described by doctors in the mid 1800's. At the turn of the century, it was still considered a rarity ;that has changed dramatically. What has not changed is the difficultly of detecting lung cancer in its earliest stages when it has the greatest chance of being successfully treated. "Lung cancer is the leading cause of death from cancer among both men and women, with 168,000 new cases in 1992 and 146,00 deaths" ;(Winawer 283). "If you fall into the following categories of people who have been heavy smokers, you have the greatest chance of being diagnosed with lung cancer: a male over 60 ;someone who has smoked one for more packs of cigarettes a day for 20 years or longer ;someone who began to smoke before the age of 20 and is still smoking: a worker in a industrial plant with a high risk material, such as asbestos, who also smoke. Someone who has persistent or violent smokers cough ;someone who does not smoke but is frequently exposed to unnecessary passive smoke" ;(Cooper 114-120). Numerous studies all over the world have shown a link between cigarette smoking and lung cancer, as well as other cancers, with an increase in cigarette smoking followed by an increase of lung cancer. Most of these studies involve the testing of non-smokers and smokers to see how things can affect them differently and...
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...Cancer has become a common word used in everyday life. The rate of diagnosing many different types of cancers has drastically risen over the past century. What is even more shocking is that the most prominent cancer in the United States, lung cancer, has a leading cause that is completely preventable. Smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer and 100% percent preventable. The use of tobacco drastically increases the rate of being diagnosed with lung cancer. With the proper knowledge lung cancer risks can be reduced. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States (Schwartz et al. 1996). Lung cancer affects an individual by developing in cells that line the bronchi and in the alveoli. There are two types...
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...which help provide their care and my own professional responsibilities. To comply with the data protection act (1998) I have replaced names with ficticious ones. Jim is a 63 year old man who lives in Bury which is a small town in Greater Manchester, he has lived here since he was born. Jim was born into a working class family, he left his local school at 16, became a builder and retired 5 years ago. Jim was diagnosed with lung cancer ten months ago and has been told his cancer is most likely due to his smoking habit. He began at 14 and still smokes up to 30 cigarettes a day. Since his diagnosis Jim has remained quite positive despite being told that his cancer is terminal. Jim has previously undergone chemotherapy however he was told that this wasn’t curative treatment and due to the side effects he has decided to stop. Jims family is very close knit, his four siblings visit regularly to help with his shopping, cleaning and to take him out, his sons help with his personal care. Jim has been at a higher risk of smoking and therefore of lung cancer purely based on his demographic profile. Jim was born into a low income working class household and has remained on a low income throughout his life. The General Lifestyle Survey, Office For National...
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...Smoking and Lung Cancer Smoking and Lung Cancer The devastating cause of lung cancer is creditable to cigarette smoking. Introduction Fatalities due to cancer are widespread around the globe. One of the leading cancers, worldwide, is lung cancer affecting both men and women; killing more than 1 million people in a year, according to estimation. Smoking has by and large contribution in the cause of lung cancer. Obviously, lung cancer is a significant and prevalent disease that comprises a key public health problem. It is evidently established by widespread epidemiological data that cigarette smoking is the main motive of lung cancer. Overall, 75- 80% of lung cancer fatalities and particularly 90% deaths among males are contributable to smoking in United States every year. (Hecht, 1999) Discussion There is a dose-response association exist among smoking and lung cancer, and the possibility for lung cancer amplifies with duration of smoking, quantity of smoked cigarettes, age at beginning of smoking, unfiltered cigarettes’ usage, content of tar and nicotine, and extent of intake. In 1956, a pivotal trial was performed by Doll and Hill which illustrated that a cessation in smoking minimizes the potentiality of lung cancer relatively to those who keep on smoking. Reproduction of this verdict by Pathak et al. in a study in 1986 weighed against cases and controls more than 65 years of age to less than 65 years of age to those and furthermore displayed that there was...
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...Smoking is, by far, the greatest risk factor in developing Lung cancer. The question is: Why is it that healthy non-smokers get lung cancer? According to Cancer.org at least 16,000 to 24,000 Americans who have never smoked are diagnosed with lung cancer every year. People who claim they have never smoked, in reality actually have. They don’t smoke actively with a cigarette pressed against their lips. However, they are passive smokers, which means they breathe in the smoke that is exhaled by others. For example, a person dies from the tragic death of cancer that has never smoked but works in an environment with smoke-filled bars and restaurants. Another great example, a child who has been exposed to smoking for years later is diagnosed...
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...As we all know there are many types of cancers however, lung cancer is the number one cancer associated to cancer related deaths. According to the American Cancer Society there are 3 different types of cancers, Non-small cell lung cancer, Small Cell lung cancer, and Lung Carcinoid Tumor. Although there are three types of lung the one seen in most people is Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. According to Lung Cancer 101 lung cancer develops when there is a growth of abnormal cells in the lungs. These abnormal cells can form into tumors in the lung which can lead to malfunctioning of the heart. According to Mayo Clinic, some common symptoms of lung cancer are, a continuous cough, coughing up blood, shortness of breath, chest pain, hoarse voice, weight loss, bone pain, and headaches. These symptoms are very common to other diseases like Bronchitis which makes it hard to detect lung cancer early on. Some ways to detect lung cancer is CT scan, biopsy, X-Ray, and a sputum cytology. According to The Radiologist’s Perspective a clinical trail has shown that doing a low dose CT scan in high risk individuals can be beneficial. The study states that the low dose CT scan can help detect lung cancer in its early stages. Being able to detect lung cancer early on can help...
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...pulmonary disease, Lung cancer, Emphysema, and Pneumonia to name a few. Since smoking ban laws were enforced in public places lung cancer and its cause has become a controversial issue; this is why I chose lung cancer as the primary topic of respiratory disease. In this paper I will discuss lung cancers primary, secondary, and tertiary state as well as what makes it classified as such. I will also address the impact of Lung cancer on society as it relates to the business of health care and the use of resources. Lung cancer is classified by primary, secondary, and tertiary state. First or primary is to review behavior in secondary prevention; second, is to stress the need for behavioral research in tertiary prevention to shorten the delay of cancer treatment and diagnosis. Secondary prevention occurs when the disease is identified in the earliest stages when effective treatment can be administered so that mortality rates can be reduced. Tertiary prevention directly affects morbidity once symptoms or awareness has occurred. (Smith & Anderson, 1985) The chance of early detection and its success depends on clinical screening strategies and the stage of the disease at the time it is diagnosed. Lung cancer is a disease in which the cells in the tissues of the lungs begin to grow uncontrollably. Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of death in both men and women in the U.S. each year. The American Cancer Society (ACS) estimated in 1998, 172,000 new cases of lung cancer had been diagnosed...
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...Discuss a criteria to determine the price for the drug. We need to understand what is the cost and treatment for lung cancer before pricing the actual cancer drug in the market? Approximately one-third of lung cancer patients are treated by surgery and that is according to radiologyinfo.org. More to add, when the disease spreads to one or more body parts, chemotherapy along with radiation therapy are also used along with surgery. The cost of lung cancer treatment is calculated on a case-specific basis health, age and medical history are important to figure out the final cost of producing such important cancer drug. According to Wall Street Journal, one of the primary lung cancer drugs is Erbitux, which prolongs life by just 1.2 months, as of 2009, and the drug costs almost $80,000 for an 18-weeks course. However, according to Science Daily issued in 2007, the US expenditure on detection and treatment of lung cancer exceeds five billion dollars every year. As a chief executive officer of a large drug company, I’m committed to patients having access to all lung cancer drugs through our company’s access solution program, and the company also provides patients and healthcare providers with coverage and reimbursement support program, and patient assistance and information resources centre, to answer any question they may have. The patient’s assistance program is designed to answer any question and give all necessary support to all eligible patients in the United States who...
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...Chronic Disease Risk Assessment Lung Cancer, as defined by Merriam-Webster, is “cancer of a highly malignant form that affects the lungs, tends to metastasize to other parts of the body, and is characterized by small round or oval cells which resemble oat grains and have little cytoplasm.” It forms within the cells that line the air passages. Lung cancer has two main forms: non-small cell and small cell. The majority of all lung cancer cases are caused by smoking, which is most often seen in patients that are or were heavy smokers. While smoking also contributes to non-small cell cancer, it also includes several types of cancers. In chapter 12 of our readings it states that “of the several lifestyle risk factors for cancer, tobacco use is perhaps the most significant and the most preventable.” Our readings also state that male smoker’s relative risk is of developing cancer is about 23 times higher than a male nonsmoker. Age and sex are major risk factors as well. Table 12.3 of chapter 12 shows that 1 in 101 men and 1 in 124 women will develop lung cancer between ages forty and 59. According to an article I found (http://lungcancer.about.com/od/whatislungcancer/a/lungcancerwomen.htm), lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer related deaths in women despite the male probability of contraction showing a slightly higher result. More woman die from lung cancer yearly than the next three cancer related causes combined. Ironically, a higher percentage of woman...
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...the decades. Some models have been successful and many have failed. There are still a few that are being examined today. This paper will explain a hypothetical medical case that is often seen in hospitals. Four different models will demonstrate how this case and patient could benefit if this model was in play. Hypothetical Case: A 67 year old man presents to the ER with a chronic cough and shortness of breath. He denies sputum production from the cough, but admits to a 20-pound weight loss over the past four months. He has a 30-year pack history of smoking and worked in a shipyard for 25 years. His mother died from lung cancer and his father died of heart disease. His medical history includes hypertension and diabetes type 2. He has no history of surgeries or cancers. After studies were completed he was diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Medical Model: The medical model will define health as the absence of illness rather then the presence of health. This model uses clinical diagnosis and medical interventions to treat disease and to try to prevent disease with education of medical processes (Shi and Singh 2012). In the patient presented above, the first step would be to obtain a chest x-ray and further tests to concluded the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma. The next steps in the medical model would be in implement medications such as chemotherapy, radiation or surgical removal of the tumor. Tumor removal and blood work for genetic counseling would...
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...17th century where it followed common trade routes. The practice encountered criticism from its first import into the Western world onwards, but embedded itself in certain strata of a number of societies before becoming widespread upon the introduction of automated cigarette-rolling apparatus. German scientists identified a link between smoking and lung cancer in the late 1920s, leading to the first anti-smoking campaign in modern history, albeit one truncated by the collapse of the Third Reich at the end of the Second World War. In 1950, British researchers demonstrated a clear relationship between smoking and cancer. Evidence continued to mount in the 1980s, which prompted political action against the practice. Rates of consumption since 1965 in the developed world have either peaked or declined. However, they continue to climb in the developing world. Smoking is the most common method of consuming tobacco, and tobacco is the most common substance smoked. The agricultural product is often mixed with additives and then combusted. The resulting smoke is then inhaled and the active substances absorbed through the alveoli in the lungs. The active substances trigger chemical reactions in nerve endings, which heighten heart rate, alertness, and reaction time. Dopamine and endorphins are released, which are often associated with pleasure. As of 2008 to 2010, tobacco is used by about 3 billion people (about 49% of men and 11% of women) with about 80% of this usage in the form of smoking...
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...The American Cancer Society estimates that cigarettes are responsible for about 431,000 deaths in the United States each year. Lung cancer accounts for about 30 percent of all cancer deaths in the United States, and smoking accounts for nearly 90 percent of lung cancer deaths. Cigarettes, the most popular method of smoking, consist of finely shredded tobacco rolled in lightweight paper. Until the 1940s, smoking was considered harmless, but laboratory and clinical research has since confirmed that tobacco smoke presents a hazard to health. Smoke from the average cigarette contains around 4,000 chemicals, some of which are highly toxic. According to the American Cancer Society, smoking is the most preventable cause of death in America today, and it is imperative for smokers to be aware of the effects of smoking. The effects of tobacco smoking are: increasing the risk of developing a wide array of cancers, suffering from life-threatening respiratory ailments, increasing the chances of birth complications, and becoming addicted to the substance. According to the American Legacy Foundation (2008), the risks of dying from lung cancer; and contracting cancer of the larynx, oral cavity, esophageus, bladder, kidney, and pancreas are 23 times higher for smokers than for non-smokers. In general, the risk of developing a tobacco-related cancer depends on the intensity of the habit as determined by the duration of the smoking habit, number of cigarettes smoked per day, tar content of the...
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...the Course Communication Arts II ____________________ By Julienne TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………….. II. NATURE OF SECONDHAND SMOKE…………………………………………….. III. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SECONDHAND SMOKE…………………….... A. Cotinine…………………………………………………………………………... B. Carcinogens………………………………………………………………………. 1. Carbon Monoxide……………………………………………………………… 2. Cyanide……………………………………………………………………….... IV. TYPES OF SECONDHAND SMOKE……………………………………………….. A. Mainstream Smoke………………………………………………………………… B. Sidestream Smoke…………………………………………………………………. C. Thirdhand Smoke………………………………………………………………….. V. EFFECTS OF SECONDHAND SMOKE……………………………………………. A. Cancers…………………………………………………………………………… 1. LungCancer………………………………………………………………….. 2. Breast Cancer ……………………………………………………………….. B. Effects in Cardiovascular System………………………………………………… 1. Coronary Heart Disease……………………………………………………… 2. Stroke…………………………………………………………………………. 3. Other Heart Disease………………………………………………………….. C. Effects in Respiratory System…………………………………………………….. 1. Asthma………………………………………………………………………... 2. Irritation of Respiratory Tract………………………………………………… D. Effects in Neurological System……………………………………………………. 1. Dementia………………………………………………………………………. E. Effects During Pregnancy…………………………………………………………. F. Effects to Children…………………………………………………………………. 1. Respiratory Health…………………………………………………………….. 2. Middle Ear Disease……………………………………………………………...
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...Smoking and Lung Cancer Most people are aware of the fact that smoking causes lung cancer but people hardly know how or why the cancer develops. What does tobacco contains that gives the smoker the deadly disease of lung cancer? How many packs a day and for how long does a person have to smoke in order for him or her to develop this cancer? Are there any other conditions that are caused by smoking besides lung cancer? According to Jonathan Foulds in the article “Smoking and Lung Cancer,” the smoke contains dangerous chemicals such as benzopyrene and methylnitrosamino which are deposited into the lungs. Further, the chemicals cause DNA damage, oxidative stress and inflammation which end into malignant tumor growth (Foulds). Lung cancer destroys the respiratory tract from the mouth to the alveoli; in addition, major organs of the body are affected. Symptoms of lung cancer are coughing with blood in sputum, fever, and chest pain (Foulds). There are three main methods by which lung cancer may be diagnosed. According to Mark H. Beers of The Merck Manual of Medical Information, an x-ray of the chest, CAT scan, or biopsy may be done to diagnose lung cancer. Lung cancer is usually detected at a late stage, which does not give an individual many options for treatment. The treatment options include quitting smoking, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, oxygen therapy, and surgery (Beers). The purpose of this paper is to examine smoking and lung cancer by summarizing two articles on the topic...
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