...Mali In the past two centuries Mali has been among African that reached their independences and took their political and economic destiny in his hand. Situated on the edge of the river Niger in West Africa, Mali is a country relatively big with 1,240,192 sq. km more than 15 million citizens. Mali is a developing country, with 65% of its land area in desert or semi-desert. Economic activity is limited mainly around the river area irrigated by the Niger River. Approximately 10% of the population is nomadic and some 80% work in agriculture or fishing. Industrial activity is concentrated around agricultural activities”. Immigration is a very large extra income. (CiA.GOV). Mali obtained its independence in 1960, known its first military in 1968 before to become democratic in 1992. Its economic aspect is endanger because of the instability politic and military that shook the country in the beginning of this year The beginning of the twentieth century was marked by relative financial autonomy given to colon. The World War II was an opportunity after their implication of colonies to fight Hitler and Nazi from France, the colon especially general DEGAULLE promised to give away independence. In 1960 Mali negotiate its independence from France. In June 20th 1960 Mali and Senegal declare the independence under a federation in hope to start African Union. The dream was broken two months later. In august 20th 1960 the Senegal declared its independence and so is Mali in September 22th 1960...
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...Why uyyyyy your youndhsjxbsqndjdj chdhcndiucndSahel, Arabic Sāḥil, Sahel [Credit: NSSL/NOAA]semiarid region of western and north-central Africa extending from Senegal eastward to The Sudan. It forms a transitional zone between the arid Sahara (desert) to the north and the belt of humid savannas to the south. The Sahel stretches from the Atlantic Ocean eastward through northern Senegal, southern Mauritania, the great bend of the Niger River in Mali, Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta), southern Niger, northeastern Nigeria, south-central Chad, and into The Sudan. The semiarid steppes of the Sahel have natural pasture, with low-growing grass and tall, herbaceous perennials. Other forage for the region’s livestock (camel, pack ox, and grazing cattle and sheep) includes thorny shrubs and acacia and baobab trees. The thorny scrub once formed a woodland, but the country is now more open and relatively traversable by motor vehicle. The terrain is chiefly of the savanna type, with little continuous cover and a dangerous tendency to merge into desert because of overstocking and overfarming. At least eight months of the year are dry, and rain, confined to a short season, averages 4–8 inches (100–200 mm), mostly in June, July, and August. There are also wide areas of pasturage watered by the flooding Niger and Sénégal rivers. Modest crops of millet and peanuts (groundnuts) can be raised in many areas. In the second half of the 20th century, the Sahel was increasingly afflicted by...
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...The Ghana Empire (c. 300 until c. 1200) was located in what is now southeastern Mauritania and western Mali. Complex societies based on trans-Saharan trade with salt and gold had existed in the region since ancient times[1] But the introduction of the camel to western Sahara in the 3rd century A.D. gave way to great changes in the area that became the Ghana Empire. By the time of the Muslim conquest of North Africa in the 7th century the camel had changed the ancient more irregular trade routes into a trade network running from Morocco to the Niger river. The Ghana empire grew rich from this increased trans-Saharan trade in gold and salt allowing for larger urban centers to develop. It further more encouraged territorial expansion to gain control over the different traderoutes. When Ghana's ruling dynasty began is uncertain; it was mentioned for the first time in written records by Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī in 830.[2] In the 11th century the Cordoban scholar Abu Ubayd al-Bakri collected stories from a number of travelers to the region, and gave a detailed description of the kingdom. He claimed that the Ghana could "put 200,000 men into the field, more than 40,000 of them archers" and noted they had cavalry forces as well.[3] As the empire declined it was finally made a vassal to the rising Mali Empire at some point in the 13th century. When the Gold Coast in 1957 became the first black nation in sub-Saharan Africa to regain its independence from colonial rule it was...
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...the main goal of many empires was to first survive in the harsh word, and then gain power in the world against fellow empires. For empires of the 15th and 16th century, that goal for survival and power was achieved, but not after a long and hard struggle, as neighboring empires where always a threat, and deadly outbreaks such as the Black Death decimated populations throughout Europe and surrounding areas. During this time, the Malian, French, and Aztec nation states used trade and conquest to survive, while establishing or reviving monarchal rule, with a degree of local government, to remain in political power. One of the nation-states that flourished into an empire long before the Atlantic trade world was...
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...Country Project 1: Mali Table of Contents……………………………………...……………… pg. 2 Introduction…………………………………………………………………pg.3 Country Specific Drivers Gold export // Mali - Mining ………………………………………....pg. 3-4 Mali – Computers and Electronics ………………………………… pg. 5 Mali – Banking System ……………………………………………...pg. 6 The Energy Sector (oil, coal, etc.)..........................................................pg. 6-7 Manufacturing….................................................................................. pg. 8 Mali - Transportation ………………………..…………….…………. pg. 9 Mali – Best Prospect Overview …………………….……………… pg. 10-11 Bibliography …………………………………………...……………….. pg. 12 Introduction The Republic of Mali is a landlocked country, and is located in Western Africa. It shares its borders with Algeria to the north, Niger to the east, Burkina Faso and the Cote d'Ivoire to the south, Guinea to the south-west, and Senegal and Mauritania to the west. Mali covers an area of 478,839 square miles and is the 24th-largest country in the world. It has an estimated population of 14,517,176 (2014) Bamako is the capital of Mali. It is considered the fastest-growing city in Africa and the sixth-fastest growing city in the world. It gets its name from the Bambara language, meaning "crocodile river". With a course that stretches more than 2,600 miles, the Niger River is the principal river in western Africa,...
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...Presentation Outline: Ghana, October 28, 2013 James Giberson An examination of Ghana's historical development and subsequent fate. What was responsible for the downfall of the kingdom? The Birth of Ghana The kingdom of Ghana was established in what is today West Africa in modern day Senegal and Mauritania (Not in what is present day Ghana) It lay between the Niger and Senegal river in what is today the dry desert of Sahel Ghana arose around the year 300 A.D. However, there is evidence that might suggest that it was earlier In this point of history the land was fairly fertile Indigenous people were able to collect wild cereals and domesticate cattle How Trade Changed the Region Being on the west coast of Africa previously, it was difficult to the reach the region having to cross large amounts of desert This was changed by the domestication of the camel Camels were able to go much farther and travel with an increased amount of freight used for trading purposes The increased trade brought better technology to the region such as iron metallurgy It led to an expansion in tools and weaponry As trade increased it brought a major population boom along with it With the merchants traveling from the east, along with them came ideals from the East The merchants brought the study of Islam with them and the entire region became immersed in it Gold With the increase in iron technology, along...
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...Musa I of Mali (c. 1280 - c. 1337), Mansa Musa Mansa Musa is to be believed the most memorable and well known emperor of Mali. The empire of Mali was an established rich farming area at the time. Mansa Musa came to the throne through a practice of appointing a deputy when a king goes on his pilgrimage to Mecca or some other endeavor, and later naming the deputy as heir. According to primary sources, Musa was appointed deputy of the king before him. In his brief reign, he built Mali into one of the world’s largest empire and his fame spread throughout the Muslim and Europe. Musa made Mali twice the size of Ghana. During this time it was unknown for anyone to have such wealth in Africa. Mansa Musa was a proud Muslim and is best known for his famous hajj to Mecca in 1324. Through his hajj Mansa Musa passed many cities including Cairo, Egypt. Musa borrowed all the gold he could carry from money-lenders in Cairo, at high interest. This is the only time recorded in history that one man directly controlled the price of gold in the Mediterranean. Rise of Mansa Musa to emperor. Mansa Musa was a devout Muslim. Islam forerunner in Mali Empire that gave thought to expansion through wiliness to develop within the Mali Empire and search for new resources outside of Africa. Tremendous impact Mansa Musa had on the development of African civilization. Mansa Musa’s achievements and power compelled European recognition and respect of Africa. Mansa Musa famous hajj...
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...brother, yet, he emerged as the greatest king of Mali Empire. This review examines the importance of Islam, the jinns (ancestral spirits) and griots in making Sundiata the Lion king, the advantages of ethnicity to his victory, and its relevance to “Africa” identity in the 13th century. To begin with, Islam was the predominant religion in Mail during the 13th century and Sundiata’s lineage could be traced to Bilali, a devoted follower of the Prophet Muhammad. The muslims also believed in...
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...Afghanistan welcomes the swift action by the French forces, at the request of the transitional authorities of Mali, to stop the offensive of terrorist, extremist and armed groups towards the south of Mali and is also seriously concerned over the significant on-going food and humanitarian crisis in regions of Mali. Afghanistan also strongly emphasizes the need for all parties to uphold and respect the humanitarian principles of humanity, neutrality, impartiality and independence. Afghanistan also commends the initial measures taken so far to restore constitutional order and national unity in Mali and congratulates the efforts to restore the territorial integrity of Mali by the Malian Defence and Security Forces, with the support of French forces and the troops of the African-led International Support Mission in Mali (AFISMA). However Afghanistan recognises the difficulty of the situation with the recent series of deadly attacks against the UN Mission in the country, including a bomb attack and an ambush that killed nine Nigerien MINUSMA peacekeepers in Mali's Gao region, bringing the total number of fatalities suffered by the mission to 31 peacekeepers killed and 91 wounded since it first deployed on 1 July 2013. Although humanitarian assistance cannot provide the solution to this crisis, which goes back more than 50 years, it can provide a critical contribution by ensuring that human suffering is alleviated and people’s resilience is rebuilt, while the political process continues...
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...Soninke founded the colony which became the first great empire on the plains of West Africa. This empire would become known as Ghana. The Ghana Empire was believed to be founded around the time of A.D 200. Nobody is really sure on the exact time Ghana was founded. The citizens of Ghana ruled their empire as representatives of the Republic. The empire’s property, travelers, and traders were heavily protected by their state of government. In 1203, Soso conquered Ghana’s capital and many Ghanian states as well. Soso defeating Ghana caused empires to join together. The cities Walata, Timbuktu, Saleh, Kumbi, and Awdaghust were all covered by Ghana’s government. Ghana`s government covered many cities in the empire. Although it had its boundaries. The government covered the whole kingdom and had boundaries....
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...Inayah Shabazz May 5th, 2013 Within Ancient Africa the East and West African Societies were well known. The three west African empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai arose in the Sahel and grew strong by the power of trade and cultural diffusion. In the east villages along the east coast begin to develop important trading cities along the east coast such as Kilwa, and The Great Zimbabwe. Together both the East and West African Societies each had many similarities and differences that each made them unique but brought them together through the power of both trade and cultural diffusion. The empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai controlled West Africa between A.D. 1000 and 1500. Each empire thrived on the trade of goods across the Sahara and was affected by the exchange of culture and belief systems along the trade routes. As each empire declined, the next empire took its place. Many great kings led these empires for example, Mali's Mansa Musa helped spread West African culture and resources around the world through his hajj. The empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai developed on trade networks where culture was "traded" along with salt and gold. Like the empires of West Africa, the trading cities in East Africa grew wealthy by controlling all incoming and outgoing trade. In East Africa the city state Kilwa became the wealthiest, most powerful coastal city-state. Kilwa grew rich because it was as far south on the coast as a ship from India could sail in one monsoon season. Therefore...
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...During the 1200’s, along the upper Niger River, the kingdom of Mali formed, starting with the Madingo people, ultimately growing into a powerful and rich empire. From the start of this kingdom, to the end of Mali, the empire rose to become the most honored empire in all of medieval western Sudan. The worshiped founder of this medieval empire was Sundiata whom defeated the Sumanguru Kingdom in 1235. He expanded the empire of Mali into further conquests dominating gold producing regions in the south. In 1255, Sundiata died, however, his grandson, Mansa Musa took over Mali, bringing glory to the kingdom. Mansa Musa was a passionate Muslim who came took over the empire in 1307. He spent a great deal of time “encouraging the growth of Islam as...
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...The Mali Empire was a West African multi-ethnic superstate that lasted roughly 400 years. It was famous for its wealth, legal administration, education (Timbuktu was a center of learning), music, culture and war making abilities. It had standing armies with chain mail clad knights and specialized infantry famed for skill with spear and bow. The leading group of the Mali Empire was the Mandinka people. Eight current states of West and North Africa make up the former Mali Empire. The founder of the Mali Empire was a historical figure who has since taken on legendary qualities. His name was Sundiata. This is, as was traditional among his ethnic group, a combination of his mother's (Sogolon) and father's (Maghan Kon Fatta) names. It translates into...
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...The Kingdom of Mali Prior to the emergence of the Kingdom of Mali, under the leadership of Sundiata of the Keita clan, after the decline of its predecessor Ghana, Mali had had a succession of strong leaders. It also had established strong regional trade links. The ancient Malian kingdom of Jenne-Jeno was reputed by archaeologists to have its roots in and around 200 Years BC. Mali only began to lose its power and influence in the 16th Century. Prior to its eventual collapse it was the second largest state in the world after the Asiatic Mongol Empire. Jenne’s strategic position made it an important crossroads for both north and south trade. Highly crafted fragments of pottery, iron work and jewelry have been discovered in the region. This makes it highly likely that there were imports of iron ore, stone grinders and beads into Mali. Also the origins of Mali lie in the Mandinka people who originally lived in the upper reaches of the Niger and Senegal rivers. They lived in small villages which were called Dugu. The chiefs of each village called themselves Dugutigi. These villages by the end of the 12th Century had formed themselves into the state of Kangaba. With the breakup of the Ancient Kingdom of Ghana, partly caused by raids led by the Almoravid Berbars from the north coupled with dwindling gold supplies at around the start of the 12th Century, smaller states such as Tekrur and Sosso competed to fill the power basin left in regions west of the Upper Niger. One of the main reasons...
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...The epic of Sundiata was an oral tradition that follows the life of Sundiata, son of Maghan Kon Fatta and Sogolon and future King of the Kingdom of Mali. The history of the “lion prince” (Niane 14), is told by the griot Mamadou Kouyate many generations after Sundiata himself died in the 1200’s. It remained spoken only until scholars began publishing African oral tradition as stories in the mid-1900s. Mamadou Kouyate explains that his reason for telling the history of Mali in this fashion is, “…so that the lives of the ancients might serve them as an example, for the world is old, but the future springs from the past, (1).” The epic itself are plainly written words of an oral account, but that does not take away from the fact that the history and tale is a reliable source of information on the old kingdoms of Western Africa and the Kingdom of Mali specifically. Griots, like Mamadou Kouyate, were men who had ,”…learnt the art of historical oratory through long years…bound by an oath, (viii).” Though certain words are often changed when a person retells a story, Griots were raised from their youth and trained to retain exact details of a history in order to better retell it in the future. Griots were highly respected men who maintained traditions of their people and were often more than not advisers to the kings of Mali. Griots, “…for want of archives, records the customs, traditions and governmental principles of kings, (vii).” These men told history so it can be an example to...
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