...interpret results accurately. The development and application of critical thinking skills is paramount when reading and evaluating research articles, rather than to take the research as fact. The following paper is a critique of a qualitative research article published in 2007 by Journal of Critical Nursing, titled “The Effects of Different Maternal Positions on Non-Stress Test: An Experimental Study”. Title and Introduction The title “The Effects of Different Maternal Positions on Non-Stress Test: An Experimental Study” (Alus, Okumus, Mete, Guclu, 2007) accurately reflected the content of the article and research study. The abstract remained concise as well as provided more detail to the article. The objectives, background, study design, means of data collection and analysis, results; conclusion, and relevance to clinical practice were all mentioned in a brief paragraph. The importance of the study was clearly stated, obtaining erroneous results from non-stress tests, when, indeed, the fetus is healthy and well oxygenated. The authors further described the supine position showed the least fetal activity, increased maternal back pain as well as maternal shortness of breath. (Alus, Okumus, Mete, & Serkan, 2007). The introduction was informative and included additional information into the understanding of decreased fetal movement. Alcohol intake, smoking, certain medications as well as the fetus’ sleep cycle, as well as improper placement of equipment during monitor...
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...Studies have shown that in rodents and nonhuman primates there are individual genetic differences that are influenced by maternal care. This includes, but may not be limited to behavioural responses and the HPA stress response. The development of the HPA stress response in rodents is altered by maternal behaviour by localized tissue effects on gene transcription. This also affects the expression of glucocorticoid receptor in the forebrain, an activity that inhibits HPA activity via negative feedback inhibition. Childhood adversity and familial function are linked to altered HPA responses to stress and are associated with a heightened risk of several forms of psychopathology. Scientific evidence suggests that many psychopathological risk factors linked to suicide, schizophrenia and mood disorders, are associated with decreased hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor expression....
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...fear of uncertainty and left individuals wounded in realization that, indeed everyone is exposed to vulnerability and that even within our comfort zone, it takes few seconds for our whole lives to turn upside down. The article chosen for this analysis is of Bornstein & Hendricks (2007), which talks about the stress responses that were faced by adolescent living in the Washington area. The article will include adolescent perception, personal characteristics, and maternal characteristics. The Theoretical Basis of the Article This article sheds light on unique perspective as few studies have examined the after effects of war or natural disaster on adolescence from an ecological point of view. This article concentrates on maternal characteristics, personal characteristics, as well as the perception of the adolescent towards the primary giver (Bornstein & Hendricks, 2007). From a young age, a child will use same or similar communication style of their personal caregiver thus; stress response and reaction of caregivers have significant impact on how the adolescent reacts to a stressful situation. Either it makes the child stronger and learn to deal and overcome stress, or the adolescent lacks in the ability in adaptive to changes. Adolescent personal traits also play a major role on perceiving a stressful event as...
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...PARENTING STYLES Developmental psychologists have long been interested in how parents impact child development. However, finding actual cause-and-effect links between specific actions of parents and later behavior of children is very difficult. Some children raised in dramatically different environments can later grow up to have remarkably similar personalities. Conversely, children who share a home and are raised in the same environment can grow up to have astonishingly different personalities than one another. Despite these challenges, researchers have uncovered convincing links between parenting styles and the effects these styles have on children. During the early 1960s, psychologist Diana Baumrind conducted a study on more than 100 preschool-age children (Baumrind, 1967). Using naturalistic observation, parental interviews and other research methods, she identified four important dimensions of parenting: * Disciplinary strategies * Warmth and nurturance * Communication styles * Expectations of maturity and control Based on these dimensions, Baumrind suggested that the majority of parents display one of three different parenting styles. Further research by also suggested the addition of a fourth parenting style (Maccoby & Martin, 1983). The Four Parenting Styles 1. Authoritarian Parenting In this style of parenting, children are expected to follow the strict rules established by the parents. Failure to follow such rules usually results in punishment...
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...(Hipp et al, 2009). Specifically, the attacks on 9/11 were actions of terrorist and exposed the weaknesses of the nation, and specifically Washington DC. The article that will be scrutinized by Bornstein & Hendricks (2007) attempts to analyze the stress responses of adolescents in the Washington D.C. area within an ecological structure including, adolescent perception, maternal personal characteristics, and adolescent personal characteristics. The Theoretical Basis of the Article Bornstein & Hendricks (2007) use, “…a developmental, multivariate approach that allows for the evaluation of interrelations among variables as well as the unique contributions of each…” (p. 72). The extent of this study is distinctive because few studies have investigated the effects of disasters and war on adolescents from an ecological viewpoint. The article reflects upon the adolescent perception, personal characteristics of the adolescent and maternal personal characteristics of the adolescent’s parent or guardian. This last reflection is necessary because a parent’s behavior often takes a backseat to the viewpoint that an adolescent has of these particular behaviors (Bornstein & Hendricks, 2007).Studies have shown that the stress response reactions and...
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...However, kangaroo mother care is the act of placing the baby’s skin directly onto the mother’s skin. Although the evidence is there to support skin-to-skin and kangaroo mother care, many hospitals still do not encourage it, or mothers do not wish to provide this care to their baby. This is an issue because kangaroo mother care and skin-to-skin contact has shown to provide many benefits to the baby as well as the mother, such as early bonding between the mother and baby and treatment of pain for an infant that has experienced a painful procedure (Haixia et al., 2015). Pain can cause stress on the baby, even more so if the painful procedures are recurring. Repeated heel sticks are a common example of a repeated painful procedure that an infant may experience. Pain related stress is important to keep under control for the infant because of the potential effects that the baby can experience due to the stress, such as decreased brain development (Haixia et al., 2015). A study has shown that kangaroo mother care provided to the infant following repeated painful procedures allows the infant to recover quicker and cry for a significantly less amount of time (Haixia et al., 2015). A current issue in postpartum nursing care is that not all infants receive kangaroo mother care. This issue is important to correct in order to provide the best care to patients. Whenever a mother is present and able, it is important to encourage the mother to provide her baby with kangaroo mother...
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...interpret results accurately. The development and application of critical thinking skills is paramount when reading and evaluating research articles, rather than to take the research as fact. The following paper is a critique of a qualitative research article published in 2007 by Journal of Critical Nursing, titled “The Effects of Different Maternal Positions on Non-Stress Test: An Experimental Study”. Title and Introduction The title “The Effects of Different Maternal Positions on Non-Stress Test: An Experimental Study” (Alus, Okumus, Mete, Guclu, 2007) accurately reflected the content of the article and research study. The abstract remained concise as well as provided more detail to the article. The objectives, background, study design, means of data collection and analysis, results; conclusion, and relevance to clinical practice were all mentioned in a brief paragraph. The importance of the study was clearly stated, obtaining erroneous results from non-stress tests, when, indeed, the fetus is healthy and well oxygenated. The authors further described the supine position showed the least fetal activity, increased maternal back pain as well as maternal shortness of breath. (Alus, Okumus, Mete, & Serkan, 2007). The introduction was informative and included additional information into the understanding of decreased fetal movement. Alcohol intake, smoking, certain medications as well as the fetus’ sleep cycle, as well as improper placement of equipment during monitor...
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...arguments and effects of military life. The pentagon has changed some of its rules but not many. Physical limitations, psychological effects, maternal instinct with the possibility of becoming a target are still all reasons women should not be in combat situations. The pentagon has recently changed rules about women in combat. “The new rules will continue the long-held prohibition that prevents women from serving as infantry, armor and special operations forces. But they will formally allow women to serve in other jobs at the battalion level, which until now had been considered too close to combat (2012, The Associated Press.)” These changes will allow women to help combat units without the risks that are associated with combat. Women have always had physical limitations. A lot of combat positions offered to military personal require a level of physical fitness that is uncommon in women. It is known that women are smaller and weaker than men. For example all Special Forces training are hard, grueling, exercises to bring a person to their lowest levels and rebuild them. Even if a woman did go through the training it is most likely that the said person would quit. Many train for months even years and still withdraw them self from the training. The psychological effects of combat are widely known. Post-traumatic stress syndrome effect a lot of former and current military members of both genders. The stress of actually harming or the act of killing a person has a huge effect on a person’s...
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...gathered, included the emotions of the mother. Was the mother stressed, depressed, did she have anxiety or any other emotional situations that would effect the predicament of the positive emotionality of the child. According to (Wiley, 2013) Aspects of maternal self-regulation are also emerging as potentially important predictors of parenting behavior/practices. For example, lower maternal control has been associated with more negative reactions to children’s negative emotions. And better maternal effortful behavior has positively interactive care giving activities, such as playing with the babies and holding them (Bridgett et, 2011). Other studies were noted that the positive maternal self regulation is more consistent with mothers having their children smile and laugh, including discipline practices and giving their child more support. After including these attributes of the parenting temperaments intricate the following: “Mothers of infants who smiled and laughed more at 4 months postpartum, and/or had more accelerated development of this temperament attribute between 4 and 12 months postpartum, would report engaging in fewer negative parenting practices when children reached 18 months of age. The contribution of maternal characteristics to negative parenting behavior was also examined. Mothers who reported more parenting stress and/or more frequent/intense depressive symptoms at 4 months postpartum were expected to report more negative parenting practices 14 months later...
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...Abstract Work-life balance effects families all over America. This paper examines many contributing factors that determine the work life balance of families and they include ethnicity, social status, type of work, work leave policies, flexibility of employers, and what industry employees are employed in. There are few government regulations that help with the work-life balance of employees. Most of the work-life balance decisions are made by the employee’s family structure and employers policies. When there are work life imbalances stress, spillover, and burnout occur at work and also effect the family. This literature review aims at looking at all the factors that contribute to the growing issue of work-life balance in America. Currently only one law, the Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA) passed by the United States (US) government gives employees unpaid time off for certain situations. The review reveals a lack of US government and private companies’ involvement in creating better work-life balance policies for employees. Work-Life Balance People across the United States struggle with work-life balance. Married and un-married people are just trying to make ends meet and provide for family. The same people have to make sure the house stays maintained and children are taken care of. Finding time for stress relieving activities or something enjoyable can be tough. Companies can help with work-life balance by providing certain policies to increase the satisfaction...
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...2500 g) and preterm (Ͻ37 completed weeks of gestation) infants, these outcomes remain associated with virtually all causes of neonatal and postneonatal death (1–3). LBW and preterm birth are also associated with infant and childhood morbidity, including asthma (4) and neurodevelopmental delays (3,5). Recent evidence suggests that preterm birth and LBW are also linked to adverse health in adulthood (6), including insulin resistance (7), hypertension (8) and coronary heart disease (9). The potentially serious health consequences of these birth outcomes underscore the public health importance of preventing LBW and preterm birth by identifying and correcting modifiable risk factors. ● head circumference Maternal nutritional status is important to maternal and fetal well-being. BMI, weight (kg)/height squared (m2), is influenced by ethnicity and genetics but may also serve as a measure of adiposity and energy balance (10 –12). Although much recent research in...
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...Behavioral and environmental risks Health care risks. The five risk factors associated with Preterm Birth are: Established risk factors- Black race Probable risk factors- No prenatal care or inadequate prenatal care Inconclusive risk factors- Psychosocial stress Maternal age Alcohol assumption Define infant mortality. Define maternal mortality and morbidity....
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...toxic substances because of the high rate of cell division and the intricate and complex coordination among chemical, cellular, and genetic processes that is necessary for normal development. Toxic insults to the conceptus are thought more likely to be lethal during the preimplantation and embryonic periods than the fetal period. The timing of an exposure or event has a dramatic influence on the developmental effects that will likely result. For example, alterations of hormones such as prostaglandins and the progesterone-estrogen balance can prevent implantation, resulting in embryonic death. During organogenesis, when the molecular, cellular, and morphological structural organization of tissues and organs takes place, the embryo is considered to be most susceptible to structural defects. Animal experiments show that the exact timing of exposure to a teratogen affects the pattern of structural malformations. However, malformations usually occur in more than one organ system because of overlap in the sensitive period of development of different systems. Functional effects and growth retardation, rather than malformations, are considered to be the most likely outcomes of toxic exposures during the fetal period. However, there are exceptions to these generalizations. For example, skeletal abnormalities in mice can be induced...
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...increase of in prevalence of autism spectrum disorders has affected many families. Families of a child who has autism report higher levels of stress than any other developmental disability. The particular area that I will be reviewing is how the families of individuals with autism endure the most stress compare to parents with a child who has developmental disabilities and parents who have normal developing children. When a family first finds out that a beloved child in their family that seemed like a normally developing child when first born and indicators of autism are not readily noticeable at first now is being diagnosed with autism, it is a surprise to everyone. What studies have been trying to prove for the past few decades is exactly how the child with autism and its family affect each other from the initial diagnosis and throughout the child’s life. Every relationship in the family changes once a child with autism enters the picture. I will focus on particular aspects of the targeted area such as the impact of having a child who has autism and how it affects the family. I will also focus on the stress and coping that comes with living with a child who has autism from the parents perspective and siblings perspective. The following ten studies will support my topic area. Autism and Family 3 Mother’s stress/fatigue Parents and siblings of individuals who have autism are in different positions in life and play a different role in the child's life...
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...memory disorders, drug addiction, and how the body’s sensory system and central nervous system work, animals are subjected to experiments on vision, hearing, pain perception, hunger, thirst, reproduction and fetal development, fear, stress, aggression, learned helplessness, maternal deprivation, cigarette use, drug and alcohol abuse and dependence, and environmental toxins, to name a few. In research relating to the central nervous system, animals are used to study the process of recovery after neural damage biological correlates of fear, anxiety, and other forms of stress; subjective and dependence-producing effects of psychotropic and mechanisms that control eating and other motivational processes. To create an animal model of depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress, obsessive-compulsive disorder, alcoholism, autism, schizophrenia, anorexia, drug addiction, or spinal cord injury, a facsimile of the conditions of the disorder or disease is induced in an animal. This is accomplished by manipulation of the animal’s behavior and environment, invasive procedures to the brain and body, or genetic engineering. Animals are subjected to food, water, and sleep deprivation, sensory deprivation or overload, long-term physical restraint, social isolation, maternal separation, electric shocks, limb amputation, and brain damage and manipulation through the use of electrodes surgically implanted into the brain. To study behaviors and experiences, psychology research typically requires animals...
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