...Mental Imagery and its Limitations Carl Brown Grand Canyon University Dr. Mary Chmielewski PSY-812 November 13, 2013 Mental Imagery and Its Limitations Mental imagery is described as experience occurs without the presence of specific stimuli for the appropriate perception. Many professionals in sports training to achieve better performances have applied mental imagery as a technique. This idea has been there in sports for many years, however, it is recently being incorporated into sports training. As a psychological process intended to improve performance of athletes, it has presented positive results while other athletes have reported negative results from the visualization process. This paper aims to unearth whether indeed imagery is research founded or just a matter of popular psychology. Many researches that have been carried out by various experts explicitly indicate that the visualization concept is beneficial to sports. Mental imagery as a visualization technique has successfully aided to improve the performance of athletes. Studies conducted on imagery during the twentieth century have had inconsistent results due factors such as unavailability of reliable controls and subjects. However, recent studies on mental imagery have had sufficient evidence to suggest that it can improve performance of various sports. Finke carried out a meta-analytic research of sixty studies aimed at examining effect of mental practice on control conditions. The...
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...Mental Rotation: The Effect of Orientation towards the Reaction Time in Determining the Version of Letter UNIMKL- 012480 University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus Abstract This study is the replication of Cooper and Shepard’s (1973) study on mental rotation. This experiment is mainly designed to investigate a) the relationship between the angles of rotation of the alphabetical characters and the reaction time to determine whether the letter presented is normal or reversed position and b) whether the mean of the correlation coefficient is significantly greater than zero. A group of fifty- five first year undergraduate students who are studying Psychology course were recruited in the within- subjects experiment. In this experiment, the participants were showed the alphabetical characters (capital letter G and R) in both normal and reversed position in which oriented at different angles of rotation, the participants were required to determine whether the letter presented was in normal or reversed version as accurate and quickly as they can. The results obtains showed that the reaction time increases as the angle of rotation larger and the mean of the correlation coefficient was significantly greater than zero. Thus, this study suggesting that the orientation does affect the reaction time and correlate each other. Keywords: mental rotation, mental imagery, orientation, correlation coefficient, alphabetical characters, normal, reversed The Effect of Orientation towards the...
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...intent of the experiment is to answer the following two questions. The broad question in this experiment is “Does mental rotation depend on visual imagery”. The specific question in this case would be “Whether mentally rotated forms must necessarily be coded as visual images”. Alternate Either mentally rotated forms need to be coded as visual images or not. Hypothetically if the current experiment presents that the late blind subjects are able to use mental rotation where the early blind did not, it can be assumed that mentally rotated objects must be coded as visual images. Logic It was presumed that early blind subjects who lacked any previous visual experience would be unable to generate visual imagery. Therefore, if mental...
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...Mental Rotation: The Effect of Orientation towards the Reaction Time in Determining the Version of Letter UNIMKL- 012480 University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus Abstract This study is the replication of Cooper and Shepard’s (1973) study on mental rotation. This experiment is mainly designed to investigate a) the relationship between the angles of rotation of the alphabetical characters and the reaction time to determine whether the letter presented is normal or reversed position and b) whether the mean of the correlation coefficient is significantly greater than zero. A group of fifty- five first year undergraduate students who are studying Psychology course were recruited in the within- subjects experiment. In this experiment, the participants were showed the alphabetical characters (capital letter G and R) in both normal and reversed position in which oriented at different angles of rotation, the participants were required to determine whether the letter presented was in normal or reversed version as accurate and quickly as they can. The results obtains showed that the reaction time increases as the angle of rotation larger and the mean of the correlation coefficient was significantly greater than zero. Thus, this study suggesting that the orientation does affect the reaction time and correlate each other. Keywords: mental rotation, mental imagery, orientation, correlation coefficient, alphabetical characters, normal, reversed The Effect of Orientation towards the...
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...Abstract Mental rotation is a spatial task that involves the ability to mentally retain an object and rotate it in space. The purpose of this experiment was to replicate that of previously published studies like that of Shaperd and colleague to obtain the typical mental rotation effect. The independent variable in this experiment was the degree of rotation and the dependent variable was the response time. Participants were 14 male and 22 female undergraduate students who attended Douglas College, who were recruited from a 2nd year introductory cognitive psychology course. The task was to determine, as quickly as possible, whether two shapes, one of which was rotated to a certain degree relative to the orientation of the other shape, were the same or different. There was a minimum of 70 trials. For each pair of "same" and "different" stimuli, five trials were presented for each rotation angle. Only response times for which the participants were correct were used. The curve for the same shape stimuli is nearly a straight line except for the final degree of rotation. The curve for different shapes varied consistently with changes in rotation. The results of this study demonstrated the hypothesis that reaction time will increase as the angle of rotation increases. It demonstrates that people can mentally rotate images and it takes more time to react when the degrees of rotation increase. Mental Rotation Effect Mental rotation is a spatial task that involves the ability...
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...Visual Imagery Psych 640 March 17, 2014 Dr. Samantha Hickman Visual Imagery Imaginations allow individuals to use information and construct his or her own ideas. For example, individuals can imagine what his or her dream home looks like. This individual can see the home and describe what the home looks like. Anderson (2010) defined mental imagery as the processing of perceptual information without an external source. Visual imagery is the brain’s way of processing information as if the individual is actually seeing it; whereas, verbal imagery is the processing of information as if the individual is saying or describing the information. Visual and verbal imagery can use cognitive maps to make sense of his or her environment. A careful analysis of visual and verbal imagery allows an individual to draw conclusions about which form of imagery is important to them. Types of Imagery Visual Imagery Visual imagery is activated within the individual’s occipital cortex area (Fery, 2003). Motor actions require individuals to assess the size and shape of objects; thus, visual imagery provides the positions and movements associated with these tasks (Fery, 2003). Fery (2003) conducted an experiment in which individuals were shown a movement and were required to imagine the movement. The individuals were asked to draw the movement in which they had seen (Fery, 2003). The results confirmed visual imagery is appropriate when individuals are required to replicate a drawing (Fery, 2003)...
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...Psych 640 week 3 Individual VISUAL AND VERBAL IMAGERY paper Write a 500- to 700-word magazine article that discusses visual and verbal imagery. Include the following in your article: A contrast of verbal and visual imagery An argument about which of these you consider most important A justification of your argument with research Include at least three scholarly peer-reviewed articles, in addition to the course text. Imaginations allow individuals to use information and construct his or her own ideas. For example, individuals can imagine what his or her dream home looks like. This individual can see the home and describe what the home looks like. Anderson (2010) defined mental imagery as the processing of perceptual information without an external source. Visual imagery is the brain’s way of processing information as if the individual is actually seeing it; whereas, verbal imagery is the processing of information as if the individual is saying or describing the information. Visual and verbal imagery can use cognitive maps to make sense of his or her environment. A careful analysis of visual and verbal imagery allows an individual to draw conclusions about which form of imagery is important to them. Types of Imagery Visual Imagery Visual imagery is activated within the individual’s occipital cortex area (Fery, 2003). Motor actions require individuals to assess the size and shape of objects; thus, visual imagery provides the positions and movements associated with these tasks (Fery...
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...Imagery, PEETLEP Model and Technology Michael S. Harmon Capella University Abstract The use of imagery in the realm of sport psychology is widely accepted and used to enhance skill, reduce anxiety, increase decision making skills, etc. Although several models are available to construct imagery scripts, the PEETLEP model offers seven concepts that should improve the delivery system over more traditional oriented approaches. Integrate that model with advances in technology (video capture, podcasts, virtual reality), the sport psychologist has the opportunity to help an athlete enhance their performance like no other time in history. Imagery conducted for sport performance is referred to as sport imagery, but can be used interchangeably with the broader term mental imagery (Taylor and Wilson, 2005). Several other terms including mental practice, mental rehearsal, and visualization have also been used to refer to various components of mental imagery in sport (Morris, Spittle, & Watt, 2005; Taylor and Wilson, 2005; Weinburg & Gould, 2007). Specifically, sport imagery can be defined as using all senses to re-create or create a sport experience in the mind with the goal of enhancing sport performance during training and competition (Morris, Spittle, & Watt, 2005; Vealey & Greenleaf, 2001; Weinberg & Gould, 2007). There is a large amount of empirical evidence that supports that mental imagery works (Liggett, 2000; Moran, 2002; Morris, Spittle, & Watt...
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...examples of certain topics discussed and researched as well as some examples of research still used today. First let us begin on the history of sport psychology. Sport psychology is a relatively new subfield of psychology dating back to the 1920s. A psychologist by the name of Coleman Griffith organized the first American sport psychology laboratory at UIC. After a few years, in the 1930s the laboratory got shut down due to insufficient funding. This did not stop Coleman Griffith when he consulted with professional sports teams like the Chicago Cubs. Meanwhile three men from Stanford University, B.C. Graves, Walter Miles and football coach Glenn Warner, all created and experiment to find the fastest way to get the offense to run together once the center hikes the ball. Miles created a durable chronoscope to...
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...Chapter 1 The Origins of Psychology A. The Definition of Psychology – the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. B. The Influence of Philosophy and Phsiology – the earliest origins of psychology can be traced back several centuries to the writings of the great philosophers. C. Wihelm Wundt Founder of Psychology—use scientific method to study fundamental psychological processes. Founder of pshyc. German opened the 1st building for psychology in germany. D. Edward B. Titchener: Structuralism – Astablish the 1st major school of thought called structuralism. E. William James: Functionalism – school of functionalism adapt to environment stressed how we learned. F. Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalysis – Most concept there of pshy. Father of psychonaly is study of unconice with sex and aggression. G. John B. Watson: Behaviorism – emerged as a dominating force. Emphasis on consciousness promoted by structuralism and functionalism. (Behaviorism – school of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasizes the study of observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to the process of learning) H. Carl Rogers: Humanistic Psychology – good self a steam tell them they can be anything. Study concent experience develop human potential humanism (Humanistic psychology – School of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasizes each person’s unique potential for psychological growth and self-direction). Contemporary Psychology A. Major...
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...How can the way in which we organise our thinking by using mental images, concepts and schemas help us improve our memory? There are many methods that can be used to improve our memory; in this essay we will look at the principles of mental images, concepts and schemas and how organising our thoughts can help improve our memory and our memory recall. In order to fully understand these principles, it is necessary to look at each method in turn, discuss the supporting evidence and evaluate how each can work in our favour. To gain a full insight; we need to also understand their restrictions and how each one can be subjective to the individual using it. The first way of improving memory is by using mental images, this can be used as a means to organise our thoughts by us creating iconic images in our heads (big, bold and colourful work best) and when amalgamated with semantic thought, these images provide an effective method of fixing the memory and providing better recall. This technique is often utilised when learning a new language and has been proven to be a successful way to remember basic vocabulary. An example defined by Spoors et al. 2011): imagery showing a bell being used as a bin can be used as a learning aid for the French word “poubelle” meaning “bin” as the illustration breaks down the unknown word into English counterparts which are then imagined as tangible objects – in this case a person lifting the lid off the bell shaped bin and exclaiming “pooh” at the...
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...Origins of Psychology Abstract “Psychology has a long past but only a short history.” This simple almost satirical statement by Hermann Ebbinghaus is key to understanding the history and underpinnings of modern psychology. From a flawed seventh century B.C. experiment by the King of Egypt to Socrates, Plato, Hume, Liebniz, and others, psychology has a very long past but only a short scientific history. Philosophical Background In the seventh century B.C., the King of Egypt conducted what many, including psychology historian Morton Hunt, consider to be the first psychology experiment. Though flawed and rudimentary, the king tested his idea that thoughts and language came from the mind. Although unscientific, the idea of the minds overall ability to do more was put to the test. Socrates (460-399 B.C.) often considered and referred to as a father of philosophy, stated “One thing only I know and that is I know nothing.” This realization came when he concluded that philosophy can only begin when one learns to doubt, particularly the thoughts and ideals that each individual holds dear and sacred. In short, real philosophy cannot start until one’s mind begins to examine itself. Again the mind is central and paramount. To modern psychology he gave the Socratic Method of questioning, which demanded definitions...
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...INTRODUCTION I am a Hypnotherapist and throughout the years I have used everything from Neuro Linguistic Programming, Guided Imagery and Cognitive Therapy to Persuasion Tactics in order to assist my clients in ridding themselves of deep seeded phobias and limiting beliefs. I’ve seen the positive effects that these tools for change have had on people’s lives. Like any powerful tool in the right hands it can repair, but in the wrong hands it can destroy, it all depends on the intention and moral judgments of the user. My purpose for writing this book is to shine a light on those who choose to use these transformative tools for their own personal gain. Cults, are just some of the organizations which use countless techniques to get its members to commit themselves and take part in what may be harmful activities. The sum of these techniques constitutes what many professionals have come to call “Repatterning." It's also known as "thought reform," "hypnotic programming", "mental conditioning," and “mind control”. These techniques involve the systematic breakdown of a person's sense of self. Patty Hearst, heiress to the Hearst publishing fortune, became famous in the 1970s after she was kidnapped by the Symbionese Liberation Army, which has come to be known as a "political cult”. Hearst was locked in a dark closet for several days after her kidnapping and was kept hungry, tired, brutalized and afraid for her life while Cult members bombarded her with their anti-capitalist political...
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...beings think, and use his brains. It is the reason why any activity facilitated or performed by the brain is called a mental processes or cognition. Cognition refers to the process that involves mental or cognitive ability such as in learning, comprehension, judging, thinking, problem-solving, remembering and recalling (Kendra, 2011). Neisser (2009) defined cognition as the “act of knowing, and cognitive psychology is the study of all human activities related to knowledge”. (Page 1) Cognitive psychology is a part of the larger field of cognitive science and is related to various disciplines in psychology such as neuroscience, linguistics, and philosophy. The main thrust of cognitive psychology is how the people acquire, store and process information. Compared with other dominant approaches in psychology for example, the behaviorism approach which is concerned with the observable behaviors, the cognitive approach focuses on internal mental states. Unlike psychoanalysis which is focused on subjective perceptions, the cognitive psychology approach is more involved with studying the internal mental states. (Wagner, 2011) Interdisciplinary perspective as it relates to cognitive psychology The interdisciplinary perspective as it relates to cognitive psychology is a very important foundation in understanding the mental abilities of human because the cognitive processing are also...
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...Usher, I argue that Poe employs a preconceived narrative strategy that ultimately functions to evoke terror; I assert that Poe elicits fear to challenge us to reexamine out perceptions of ostensibly impossible circumstances and recognize the limits of our intellect. I will first examine the aspects of Poe’s narrative style that culminate to achieve his desired effect of the evocation of terror. I will then analyze the narrator’s response to this evocation of terror and how this emergent response elicits fear in the reader. Last, I will illustrate how the narrator’s evolving response is emulated in the style through which the tale is narrated. In The Fall of the House of Usher, Poe tactically exploits a first person narrator, setting, imagery, and tone to achieve a “unity of effect,” the aforethought effect of which is terror. The narrator in Usher acts as the primary medium through which the reader views, understands, and contemplates the events of the tale, thus the narrator and his position in the story warrant further investigation. The unnamed narrator in Usher speaks from a first person perspective. The first-person narration stimulates and heightens the preeminent value of his fiction,...
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