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Midlife

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MIDLIFE: A TIME OF CRISIS OR THE NEW PRIME OF LIFE

EPSY 5460

Introduction The concept of a “midlife crisis” has been a well-known way of describing a time of stress and difficulties that may occur during middle adulthood. This study discusses views of the concept of midlife crisis in the past and the present. It will also compare and contrast Carl Jung, Elliott Jaques, Erik Erikson and Robert Peck’s view of middle age development. One of the most popular contradictions in society has been whether middle age is a peak period of life or the beginning of a downward slide. Many people change careers at midlife. Is this change because of a decrease in self-esteem or because one wants to find a new outlook on life and greater satisfaction? This paper will argue that middle age is not a time of loss and crisis but of new possibilities and fulfillment. The most common view of a midlife crisis has been a male in his 40’s who leaves his wife for a younger woman and runs off in a sports car; or a woman in her 40’s or 50’s that gets a face lift, breast lift and tries to reinvent herself. These views have been promoted in magazines, television shows and movies. Our society as a whole has promoted youth and beauty as one of the most important things in life. The purpose of this study is to provide information contrary to this popular belief. This paper proposes that the knowledge and confidence that comes with age is actually more important to most middle age people than physical appearance and trying to appear youthful.

Review of Related Literature The term “midlife crisis” has often been associated with turmoil and thoughts of dying. This term has been used to describe a time frame in a person’s life that may have them reviewing their past and feeling unsure of their future. This is most often thought of occurring between the age of 35 and 55. This may be brought on by the realization of aging, decline in health, or feeling trapped in unhappy life roles (Wethington, 2000). In more recent years this time in midlife has been reported as a time of wellbeing and greater sense of control (Japenga, 2000).
Distinguishing Middle Adulthood Middle adulthood is usually defined as the middle years of one’s life. Based on 2006 figures from the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs the average life midpoint for males is 32.5 and 34.75 years for females (Freund, 2009). With a large portion of the population now living into their 80’s and 90’s the midlife point is continuing to move upward. Even with the midpoint of life moving upward psychologists find that the awareness of aging continues to appear around the age of 40 (Diller, 2011). The middle of life has been defines as a point in the life span whereas midlife has been defined as a phase in life (Freund, 2009). Middle adulthood is generally seen as somewhere from age 40 to age 60. Research has shown that how people define midlife depends on the age of the person asked. Younger adults have defined middle adulthood between the ages of 35 and 55. According to Freund and Ritter (2009), chronological may not be the best criterion for defining middle adulthood. This phase may be more accurately defined in terms of developmental events.
Definition of “Midlife Crisis” The term “midlife crisis” has been defined in different ways. Findings in a study reported by Elaine Wethington (2000) included the following: (1) A time of life review or reevaluation (2) A period of time when someone makes a major change in personal approach to life (3) Doing something out of character (4) A crisis in response to life events and transitions.
Seeger, Sellnow and Ulmer (1998) define personal crisis as an event that is triggered by tension or stress in an individual that requires major decisions or actions to resolve. A crisis has the following four defining characteristics: (1) unexpected, (2) creates uncertainty, (3) is seen as a threat to important goals, (4) the need for a change (Seeger, Sellnow, & Ulmer, 1998). For the purposes of this paper Freund and Ritter’s (2009) strict definition of midlife crisis will be used. According to this definition midlife crisis is normative, temporally set to a specific age group and contains structural markers that make it stand out from other crisis.
Psychological Views According to Wethington (2000) one reason that there continues to be a belief in a midlife crisis is because there are different opinions of what midlife crisis means. There are also many academic theories for what causes a behavioral change at midlife. Some theorists formulate that personality is formed by midlife. Others however now feel that midlife development shows change as well as stability (Palpalia, Olds, & and Feldman, 2004). Canadian psychologist Elliott Jaques first identified the term “midlife crisis” in 1965 (Diller, 2011). He suggested that the midlife crisis was a response to the realization that one is approaching death. Jaques reported that many people went through a period at midlife full of turmoil and this caused major shifts in style and a decrease in productivity (Wethington, 2000).
Carl Jung spoke about midlife more in terms of an important period of growth and maturation than in terms of a crisis. Jung’s theory of Individuation suggested that each person needs to consider underlying personal values. Individualization also relies on a conscious acceptance of one’s whole self. A big part of the attitude of integration of self is acceptance and preparation for death (Weaver, 2009). Jung suggested that at midlife people may express aspects of personality that they have previously suppressed. He also states that one must give up the image of youth and acknowledge mortality (Palpalia, Olds, & and Feldman, 2004).
Erik Erikson described psychological development in terms of 8 stages. Stage 7 is the stage for midlife and is generativity v stagnation. Erikson suggested that each stage is built on what has happened in the prior stage and becomes a part of that person’s ego development (Weaver, 2009). Generativity comes from the work generation, and refers to a line of descendants from an ancestor. Erikson refers to caring for their offspring a.nd showing parental love in generativity. He states that this stage also carries over to work and other creative activities (Chapman, 2006). Erikson considered generativity to be characterized by the growing awareness. one’s mortality and the legacy they will leave behind (Weaver, 2009). Positive outcomes from this stage are dependent on contributing positively and unconditionally (Chapman, 2006). According to Erikson if one fails to develop generativity then stagnation may occur. With stagnation one may remain focused on their own needs and become self-absorbed (Weaver, 2009). In stagnation one may become selfish, self-indulgent, and greedy (Chapman, 2006).
Robert Peck argued that Erikson’s view was too narrow to include all the issues in the last 40 years of life. So he subdivided the final stages into middle age and old age. In middle age one needs to come to terms with physical changes that occur such as loss of strength, increase in aches and pains, and decrease in youthful looks. The less we are able to accept these changes the more we tend to focus on them. On the other hand as people age they tend to gain wisdom in dealing with self and others. Erikson and Peck held in common the view that if negotiated well this can be a time of personal satisfaction and growth (Weaver, 2009). Transition or Crisis? Midlife is a stage with multiple aspects of development and is characterized by important transitions. Many physical, emotional and social changes are possible at this time (Banister, 2000). It is important to deal with these changes in a positive manner. Ann Japenga stated the following: The art in midlife is to find the gain the loss. When the kids leave home, of course you’ll be bereft. But if you realize you’ve also gained time to do the things you’d been too busy for, the future all of the sudden looks brighter. (Japenga, 2000, p. 123)
Recent research has found that emotional disturbances and periods of turmoil at midlife is the exception rather than the rule. One study found that only about 10% of adult males experience a period of turmoil at midlife that they deemed a crisis (Wethington, 2000). In another survey of 3000 men and women between the ages of 25 and 74 about three-fourths of those in the age range of 35-65 felt they had not gone through a midlife crisis. The majority of this group reported a greater sense of control over their lives and a feeling of well-being (Japenga, 2000). Many researchers now question the validity of a true midlife crisis and whether this dilemma should be attributed to a particular age group (Diller, 2011).
Research on meaning in life across the life span revealed that there is usually a higher presence of meaning later in life (Steger, Oishi, & Kashdan, 2009). Midlife crisis theories and theories on the meaning of life are usually culturally specific rather than universal. Both Erikson and Peek’s comments on midlife development are based on western concepts. There is a difference between western and eastern attitudes toward aging and its implications to life (Weaver, 2009). Also Eastern and some Native North American cultures regard those who attain elder hood as highly esteemed. Their wisdom and knowledge are held in high regard (Banister, 2000).
Methodology
The purpose of this study is to review commonly held views of midlife crisis. In addition this paper argues that midlife should not be seen as a time of crisis but of new possibilities and growth. Cross-sectional survey is the method used to gather information for this study. The participants in this survey were co-workers that work in a hospital setting. A total of 15 surveys (n=15) were collected. Each participant was asked to fill out a survey form at their convenience and place it in a secure box. No names were used so the participants remained anonymous. The survey consisted of four demographic items, six structured questions and two unstructured questions. The participant’s age range was from 39-65. There was one participant in the 39-44 age group, two in the 45-50 age group, seven in the 51-55 age group, three in the 56-60 age group and two in the 61-65 age group. There were eight female participants and seven male participants. The one common dominator is that they all work in the healthcare field.
Results
Fifteen people were asked to complete the survey anonymously and place them in a secure container. All 15 completed the survey and all questions were answered. There were a total of 11 questions that included four demographic questions. Eight of the participants were married and seven were not married. Of the eight married participants six had been married only one time, one was on the second marriage and one on the third marriage. Of the seven unmarried, five had been married one time, one had been married three times and one had never been married. Eighty five percent of the respondents defined a midlife crisis as either a sudden change or desire to change things in one’s life. One respondent did not know what a midlife crisis was. One hundred percent answered yes to whether you could have a midlife crisis and not leave your job or spouse. Fifty percent of respondents felt that the feeling that life is half over is

a trigger for a midlife crisis. Forty percent of respondents marked other and wrote in a response.
Sixty percent of the respondents answered no to whether they have accomplished the things they felt they should have at their stage in life. Eighty eight percent of respondents said they would retire at age 70, 20% were unsure of when they would retire. One hundred percent of respondents said they had never had a midlife crisis. One hundred percent of the respondents also felt their personal goals for life were still attainable.
Results showed that all participants in this study had heard of the term midlife crisis.
Fourteen of the 15 participants were the age range of 45-65 and none felt they had ever had a midlife crisis. Results also suggested that all of the participants were in a state of generativity rather than stagnation. All participants also did express through their answers that they were still in a period of growth as mentioned in Jung’s individualization theory. Results found in this study are consistent with the recent research in regards to emotional disturbances at this stage being the exception rather than the rule. The positive finding of satisfaction with their current place in life is also consistent with recent research. Although results showed that 60% of respondents had not accomplished all they should have at their age, they all still felt they could reach their goals. The results found in this study are more consistent with recent research about midlife than with Jacque’s theory of midlife crisis. Some of Jung and Erikson’s proposals do suggest positive growth in midlife. I found the positive aspects of their midlife theories to be consistent with the results in this study. None of the participants responded negatively to their current stage in life. One hundred percent of the participants said they would not retire before the age of
70. The significance of this finding could be related to the state of our current economy or to the desire to remain productive as long as possible. The findings of this study were all positive in regards to life in middle age. There were no negative comments and no one stated they would like to be another age. While many theorists see middle adulthood as a product of childhood, Erikson and Peck considered it to be a stage in the life span development (Weaver, 2009). This study’s findings strongly correlate with Erikson and Peck’s theory of development.
Conclusions
As we age there will inevitably be losses and challenges (Weaver, 2009). How we treat these losses and challenges will determine how well we move through this phase of life.
Midlife is not a time to be feared for losses but embraced for the challenges. Gaining wisdom and maturity are positive aspects of this phase in life. The midlife crisis is no longer associated with imminent death but with normal aging (Wethington, 2000). As our life span continues to increase, the age that will be considered a mid-point in life will continue to change. Midlife is not the beginning of the end, but the new prime of life. This is a time of new possibilities for growth. The so called “midlife crisis” is now just a time for reflection and moving forward.

References
Banister, E. (2000). Women's Midlife Confusion: WHy Am I Feeling This Way? Issues in Menta Health Nursing, 745-764.
Chapman, A. (2006). Erikson's Psychosocial development theory. Retrieved oct 21, 2011, from Businessballs.com: http://www.businessballs.com/erik_erikson_psychosocial_theory.htm
Diller, V. (2011, April). Midlife crisis: A Myth or a Reality in Search of a New Name? Psychology Today.
Freund, A. a. (2009, July). Midlife Crisis: A Debate. Gerontology, 582-591. doi:19.1159/000227322
Japenga, A. (2000, May). The mid-life crisis is dead. Health, 120-124.
Palpalia, D., Olds, S., & and Feldman, R. (2004). Human Development. McGraw Hill.
Seeger, M., Sellnow, T., & Ulmer, R. (1998). Communication, organization, and crisis. Communication Yearbook.
Steger, M., Oishi, S., & Kashdan, T. (2009). Meaning in life across the life span: Levels and correlates of meaning in life from emerging adulthood to older adulthood. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 43-52.
Weaver, Y. (2009). Mid-Life-A Time of Crisis or New Possibilities? Existential Analysis, 69-78.
Wethington, E. (2000). Expecting Stress: American and the "Midlife Crisis". Motivation and Emotion, 24(2), 85-102.
Wikipedia. (2011, oct). Retrieved Oct 2011, from http://en.wikipedia.org

APPENDIX A
Midlife Crisis Survey 1. What is your age range?
_____39-44 _____45-50 _____51-55 _____56-60 _____61-65 2. Are you married?
_____Yes _____No 3. How many times have you been married?
_____1 _____2 _____3 _____4 _____5 or more 4. What is your occupation
____________________________
5. What is a midlife crisis?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
6. Can you have a midlife crisis and not quit your job or leave your spouse?
_____Yes _____No 7. What do you feel are triggers for a midlife crisis?
_____unhappy with marriage _____unhappy with job
_____problems with children _____feeling that life is half over
_____other
8. Have you accomplished the things you feel you should have at your current stage in life?
_____Yes _____No

9. At what age do you plan to retire? _______________ 10. Do you feel that you have had a midlife crisis?
_____Yes _____No 11. Do you feel that your personal goals are still obtainable?
_____Yes _____No

APPENDIX B
Informed Consent Form

You are being invited to take part in a research study about middle adulthood and midlife crisis. Your participation in this program will help identify possible conflicts and problems for this age group.

You will be one of about 15 participants in the study. The participants’ identity will remain anonymous. Not even the members of the research team will know your identity. We will also make every effort possible to prevent anyone who is not on the team from knowing that you gave information.

The person in charge of this study is Lisa Lehmann, an assistant educator at Natchez Community Hospital and a graduate student at Northwestern State University.

The study will be conducted at Natchez Community Hospital and will involve the completion of an 11 question survey.

To the best of my knowledge there will be no more risk of harm than you experience in everyday life.

Neither the person in charge of this study or any personnel involved in this study have any personal interest in any company or instrument being used.

You will not get any personal benefit from participating in this study.

If you decide to participate in this study it should be because you want to volunteer to do so. You will not lose any benefits you would normally have by not participating in the study.

You will not receive any payment or reward for your participation in this study.
There is no cost for taking part in this study.

If at any time during the study you decide you no longer want to participate you may stop and you will not be treated differently.

Please ask any questions you may have about participation in this study. If you have any questions later you can contact the investigator, Lisa Lehmann at lisalehmann@cableone.net.

A copy of the summarized results of the study will be available upon written request to the primary investigator.
You will be informed if any new information arises that will affect your participation in this study.

Signature of Participant _________________________________ Date _____________

Printed name of Participant ______________________________
Midlife Crisis Data Results

Age Range | 39-44 | 45-50 | 51- 55 | 56-60 | 61-65 | | | | 1 | 2 | 7 | 5 | 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Married | Yes | No | | | | | | | 8 | 7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Times Married | 0 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | | | | | 1 11 | 1 | 2 | 0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

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...According to Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development, there are eight stages in life. The stage I chose was Gerativity-vs.-stagnation (middle adulthood). This stage happens around the ages of 40-60 yrs. old. During this stage of life, people typically experience a midlife transition, which the notion in life is not under ending becomes more important. In some cases they may lead to midlife crisis although, the passage to middle age is typically relatively calm. Have you ever heard of the word “midlife crisis”? Men and women in their late 30s through late 50s suffer from it. The word midlife crisis is the most common phrase we use to describe middle-aged adulthood. Midlife crisis in men As men approaches middle aged some men may go through life changes. Men feel they are limited in life fearing that they are close to death. They also have the fear of aging and wonders if their marriages had run its course. This is the time men start to feel that they have not accomplish their dreams, and starts to wander off in their careers and marriages. When a man hit their midlife stages they tend to dress young, maybe buy a toupee buy big flashing red cars, and start having affairs with women half their age. Middle age is the time when people should be a positive time of life and full of new possibilities. • Job changes • Fear of aging • Not satisfied to accomplish their dreams I would choose this topic in this article to write a research paper because it was very interesting....

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Apes and Mid-Life Crisis

...studies have discovered that apes and orangutans face midlife problems just as certainly as humans beings do. Those discoveries, which were published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, might upset tightly held faiths regarding the origins of human pleasure and the forces that cause impact on its peculiar route across the span of life (Jaques, 2002). If relatives of animals share human proclivity for grief, removal and irritation at the midpoint of life, most probably the midlife problem is in fact lead by biological reasons — not the exhausting liabilities of works and family and the genesis identity of our humanity (Franklin, 1999). The experience of chimpanzees dip in pleasure in their mid-age, much in the manner human beings do, recommending a biological interpretation for the midlife problem. Across several traditions, human beings inform a plunge in pleasure throughout their late-40s, a period when they usually sense less contented with their lives in comparison to their older and younger years. Chimpanzees also go through a type of midlife problem, discovered a new study. The astonishing outcome recommends that the blues of middle-age might be an outcome of biology, not tradition, and its evolutionary origins run profound (Ayers, 2008). The main reason for dividing the main body of this research paper as per the format given below is to investigate the various research papers which discus the midlife crisis between apes and humans. The paper will highlight...

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Empty Nest: Catastrophe or Transition

...Abstract This paper discusses couples in midlife marriage that are transitioning to the empty nest. We identify the social aspects of the marriage relationship and the midlife issues most couples face. We look at those that grieve and those that rejoice, when their nest empties, as well as the characteristics of those prone to depression during this major life event. The biological, psychological and spiritual adjustments that take place are analyzed as well as the varied reactions that parents feel during this time of loss in their lives. Lastly, we discuss the role that the Christian counselor plays and celebrate with those couples who have newfound freedom and have reconnected as a result of their nest empting. Empty Nest: Catastrophe or Transition Midlife marriage is a comfortable and rewarding time to experience. Most couples have successfully matured and built a great life together. They have a lot to be thankful for and are proud of the family they’ve raised. One of the major adjustments that occur during this time is when the children they’ve raised reach maturity and leave home. This marks a new beginning for parents known as the empty nest. In the 70s, sociologists popularized the term ‘empty-nest syndrome” to identify parents, especially mothers who experienced depression and loss of purpose and identity when their children left the nest (Clay, 2003). Although women are mentioned as suffering the most when the nest empties...

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