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Narnia

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Subnetting Made Simple
IP Subnetting without Tables, Tools, or Tribulations

Larry Newcomer
The Pennsylvania State University
York Campus

Abstract

Every networking professional should have a thorough understanding of TCP/IP subnetting. Subnetting can improve network performance by splitting up collision and broadcast domains. Subnets can reflect organizational structure and help support security policies. WAN links typically join different subnets. Subnets can define administrative units and hence support the structuring and delegation of administrative tasks. Unfortunately, mastering subnetting can pose difficulties for both professionals and students because of the binary mathematics that underlies the technology. While it is imperative to present subnetting concepts in terms of the underlying binary representation, most texts also present subnetting procedures in binary terms. Such an approach can make it difficult for students to learn how to actually carry out subnetting without tables or other reference materials, even when they understand the basic concepts. This paper presents a simple, alternative method for understanding and implementing subnetting without software, calculators, tables, or other aids. The only knowledge of binary arithmetic required is familiarity with the powers of 2 from 0 to 8 (2x for x = 0, 1, …, 8). With a little decimal arithmetic thrown in, the whole process is simple enough to be carried out mentally. This paper assumes the reader is already somewhat familiar with IP addressing, the role of subnet masks, and the uses for subnetting. It proceeds quickly from a brief introduction to a thorough discussion of simple techniques for determining the number of subnets and hosts, calculating the subnet mask, determining (sub)network id’s, and figuring the available IP addresses for each subnet. The methodology is helpful both to

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