...History 347 1/27/15 Native American Hunter/Gatherer/Fisher Peoples * Upon migration from Eurasia, all American indians were hgf. Most ag peoples supplemented diets with hgf * This substinence strategy structured many aspects of Indians lives and societies * Its effectiveness and long term viability were shaped by techno, demographics, and sociopolitical relationships Where did NA hunt gather and fish? * Everywhere * Heavy reliant * Pacific coast * Great lakes * Great plains How did hgf peoples obtain food? Some consequences * Mobility * Seasonality of food * Annual migration cycles * Wild plants and animals * Lack of domestication=reduced disease resistance * Acquired immunity * Genetic immunity How did this subsistence strategy structure society? * Clan size=small * Flat social structure=not hierarchical * Kinship unites bands * Loose affiliations * Gendered division of labor * Usufruct property rights=right to use, not to own How did Pawnee Indians rely on hgf lifeways? Where did Plains people come from? * Clovis peoples arrive on Plains 9,000 BC * Plains people/culture emerge from these early arrivals * Simultaneously other culture groups emerge across the Americas * Each defined by culture, language, geographic boundaries, etc How did the Plains peoples mode of production develop? * 9000 BC = Climate Warms * Bison hunting flourishes on...
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...The Columbian Exchange When Christopher Columbus sailed the Atlantic from Spain and discovered the Americas in 1492, he started The Columbian Exchange or the trading and spreading of ideas, foods, and diseases throughout the new and old worlds. The advanced technology from Spain helped the voyages that soon assisted in the development and improvement of the European and American societies. Even though the Columbian Exchange spread a variety of diseases, it had positive effects on Europe and the Americas, because it increased European population, increased migration, and spread different foods. Before 1580, only 139,000 Spaniards and 68,000 Africans had migrated to the new land; by 1640 roughly 188,000 Spaniards and 607,000 Africans resided...
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...artifacts that have deep roots. (American Intercontinental University, 2013). An artifact is an item of culture that represents deep traditions and customs. The single artifact that I believe represents the culture that I live in today is the United States Flag. The US flag consists of 13 horizontal stripes which represent the original 13 colonies. The stripes are alternating red and white stripes: 7 red and 6 white stripes. The stars on the flag are symbolic of the 50 states of the union. The colors on the flag are also significant. The color red represents hardiness and valor. The color white represents purity and innocence. The color blue represents vigilance, perseverance, and justice. All of the colors represent the US struggle to fight for independence, justice, and equality for all people. (USA Flag Site, 2012) The United States flag relates to the values and beliefs of the US culture because it represents unity. The US flag in itself is symbolic of the unity of the 50 states. The United States flag is a source of pride and inspiration to many US citizens because of the bearing on the historical roots. For many the United States is also a symbol that represents equality and justice for all. The United States did not always have these values. As with many countries, the leaders of the United States executed unjust laws and practices on other ethnic groups such as the Native Americans and the imported African slaves. In addition, Americans did not gain independence...
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...Chicago looks at the former native tribes that resided in the Illinois/Michigan areas. Geographically the area was rich with sources of water, such as the great lakes, and large migrations of animals which supplied active trades between the Miami tribe and the Mascouten tribe. The activity and lifestyle of the Algonquian Native Americans was noted in earnest by French missionaries and explorers in the 1700’s, and gives us an interesting insight into the way they lived. The French were attracted to the area by the same things that had ensured the survival of the Natives, like the Mississippi river. The Jesuits made their mark upon the area, hoping to convert and keep the area under Christian influence, but continual wars of attrition between the settlers and the natives made them abandon many campaigns. The Northwest Indian War and the American Revolution This part of the term paper sample on the history of Chicago explains the significance of the Northwest conflicts. The territory that was fought over in the Northwest Indian War was preceded by many other long standing conflicts for land and resources in the area between Native tribes, and later with French and British colonies. Rigor was always maintained for dominance of this area against U.S control from the start of George Washington’s presidency, and the US Army suffered major defeats at first. But the expansion of US sovereignty and tactical improvements saw the Native Americans lose much of their land, much...
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...Between the time periods of 1700 to 1900, reasons for migrations differentiated from region to region, but also some changed within their own region throughout that time period. Such as the migration of the European people to the Americas, due to imperialism, starvation, and industrialization. Also, the migration of the African people to the Americas, due to the beginning and end of slave trade. However, when the Europeans migrated over to Africa and Asia, they colonized and conquered territories. During the 18th century, migration of the European people into the Americas was mostly based around imperialism. European countries felt the need to expand and colonize, such as Great Britain, which had many colonies along the east coast of North America. Additionally, Spain colonized the Caribbean and also areas in South America. However, when the Africans came over to the...
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...Abstract Native Americans are native to North America with the areas of North America, certain areas of Alaska and within the Hawaiian islands. Theses tribes mostly comprised of many distinctive Native American tribes and ethnic groups. Since 1995 most Native Americans respond and want to be responded to as American Indians. This term was not to be used to respond to the Hawaiian, Alaskan natives who wish not to be included. The Tunica-Biloxi tribe is a tribe that has significant populations in the Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas. This tribe mostly resides in the Mississippi; Louisiana area the Tunica-Biloxi tribe had descendents that spoke Siouan. The culture now speaks mostly English and French. The Tunica-Biloxi tribe now mostly resides in Avoyelles Parish near Marksville, Louisiana. (DCRT Education) In theory the settlement of the native tribes they migrated from Eurasia to America by way of the beringia this was a land bridge that connected the two continents which is now called the Bering Strait. The Bering land bridge joined Siberia to Alaska which was near 25,000 years ago. There are no accurate records as to how many migrations actually crossed over. (Woods, Thomas E) The tribe was located in central Mississippi valley and had adopted a Mississippi lifestyle, along with the maize agriculture and believed in hierarchy political structures. They created mussel shell tempered pottery as a way of art. Archaeological verification proves...
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...Encomienda: A system created by the Spanish in 1499 during the colonization of America. This system was a way to control native american labor and behavior. Under this conquistadors were given grants of Native Americans allowing the conquistadors to utilize them for labor. The purpose of this system was to regulate the use of Native Americans but instead they were enslaved and the natives land was taken by the Spaniards. Puritans: A group of dissenters sought out to reform the Church of England. Due to the monarchs Charles I and James I who held a strong disdain for this group leading to many persecutions. Which in term led the group to seek religious freedom in 1629 by leaving on a charter from the Massachusetts Bay Company to the new world...
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...will be placed on these topics: the history of the population, the nature of the social problems or issues experienced demographics and common clinical issues and intervention strategies, as well as a discussion of future interventions. Since, I live in a rural agricultural area that has been flooded with immigrants for the past decades; I have become very familiar with the Haitian and Hispanic populations. Finally, these groups are from different origins, recognized by various names, and all have taken broad paths to arrive in the United States. Immigration is the center of United States history. The earliest colonization of immigrants was established in the United States in the late 1500’s throughout the 1700’s. Additionally, with the exception of the Native Americans or Indians, evidence proves that America’s citizens are the product of immigration, whether they came as volunteers or they were forced (US Census Bureau, 2000). For example, the transatlantic slave trade created a lasting image of black men and women that were only transported commodities, and was considered the most defining element in the construction of the African Diaspora, and it was centuries of additional movements that have given shape to the nation we know today(Culture). This is the movement where Africans were purchased and sold as slaves when they arrived in the United States. This process occurred until prohibition laws...
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...a transfer of people, plants, animals, and disease between the Americas and the rest of the world that began during the time of Columbus ( XV century- about 1493). The Columbian Exchange had an impact on European and Indian life. Many unknown goods were exchanged between colonialists and Indians, such as plans (corn, potatoes), animals (ships, lamas, horses), tools (weapons), which changed life for both sides. The new discovered foods expanded diet for both sides. The quality of Indians' live got better with improved tools and weapons – for example they could defend themselves better against other tribes. Horses allowed them to travel through America easier and faster. However, the Columbian Exchange also had devastating effects on American Indians and their environment. Many diseases...
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...their own surroundings, and try to comprehend where they come from. I can better comprehend and respect the individually and the background that everyone comes from. I can also understand the differences in discrimination whether it be race, gender, age, ethnic background, or institutional discrimination. I can also relate to many things we have covered throughout this course, from my past experiences, to what I see all around me every day. In my community there is a vast mixture of races, and ethnic types. There are also differences in ancestry, heritage, and beliefs that range to both sides of the scale. My neighborhood right now is vastly white Caucasian people, but within the block there are African Americans, Native Americans, Asian Americans, and even some Native Americans. Discrimination and stereotyping is very common in my particular neighborhood because of the diversity from all types and forms of people. Some people I talk too honestly believe that our everyday lives are not affected by culture, heritage, or race. Unfortunately, this is the farthest thing from the truth that could ever be said, because everywhere I look discrimination and prejudice seems to rule supreme. As I was growing up in my community and everywhere else I moved in the course of my life, I have learned one very important rule: all races, regardless of which they are, practice racism and discrimination in some shape or form. Whether it is from stereotyping others,...
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...banks. The nutrient laden silt allowed the Egyptians to plant and cultivate crops. This natural resource created a vital ecological dynamic that aloud them to build an empire around. The Nile River also provided them a way to transfer goods and connect with others. “These contacts spread certain Egyptian influences, notably in monumental architecture, to other areas” (Guisepi, n.d.). The Egyptian people used the environment along the Nile River to their benefit and not only developed the land, but their culture as well. B. The first reference to charioteers in the civilized world comes from Syria around 1800 BCE (Plubins, 2013). Over the next 400 years the advancement, “either by direct migration of steppe people or by diffusion,” (Plubins, 2013) it rapidly became the favored leading weapon. In 1700 BCE “Hittites established their kingdoms with the help of chariots and thereafter used them intensely” (Plubins, 2013) Hyksos took northern Egypt with the use of chariots; China’s first dynasty was an aristocracy of charioteers. In Greece Mycenaeans use of the chariot helped them attack their more advanced Minoan neighbors; Kassites sacked...
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...societies abroad that exist throughout the world as the result of the historic movement, mostly forced, of native Africans to other parts of the globe. Most specifically, the African diaspora is the blanket term used to represent a confluence of events that led to the forced displacement of millions of innocent people. The term first originated in the 1950s and initial studies focused on the “dispersal of people of African descent, their role in the transformation and creation of new cultures, institutions, and ideas outside of Africa”. This cultural migration is responsible for many of the unique cultures that exist today, as is with the black Atlantic and the melding of cultures. A look at the waves of migration, both forced and willing, provides a framework to study the social, economic and humanitarian fallout of the African Diaspora. Those who study the African Diaspora seek information that explains and places into context the globalized experience for blacks. This history is riddled with slavery, colonialism, exploitation and a system of global commerce that has impacted life for those of African descent. The impact of the African Diaspora is a study of cause and effect that shows the best and worst aspects of the human condition. A study of the African Diaspora navigates the building blocks of racist ideology that has resulted in “dominant ideas about African American and African diasporic cultures that either depict them as inferior”. The historic persecution and displacement...
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...AMH 2010 Homework 1 Mark your response for each item on the scantron and turn in only the scantron after being sure your name is on the form. The completed scantron is due by the date indicated by your instructor. Scantrons turned in late for any reason will be accepted but will be granted only 50% credit. 1. Scholars estimate that human migration into the Americas over the Bering Strait occurred approximately ______ ago. A. 2,000 years B. 5,000 years C. 9,000 years D. 11,000 years E. 18,000 years 2. The first truly complex society in the Americas was that of the A. Maya. B. Aztecs. C. Incas. D. Pueblos. E.Olmec. 3. Cahokia was a large trading center located near what present-day city? A. St. Louis B. Memphis C. New Orleans D. Baton Rouge E. Detroit 4. Regarding knowledge of the Americas prior to the fifteenth century, most Europeans A. were aware of the travels of the Norse seaman Leif Eriksson in the eleventh century. B. believed the Americas to consist of little more than several small islands. C. were entirely unaware of the existence of the Americas. D. assumed that the Americas were largely unpopulated. E. had only heard of America from the travels of Marco Polo. 5. The preeminent European maritime power in the fifteenth century was A. Spain. B. Portugal. C. France. D. the Netherlands. E. England. 6. Christopher Columbus A. was trained as a sailor through his long service to Italy. B. was a man of little ambition. C...
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...Settling the Northern Colonies (1619-1700) First Paragraph Although Northern and Southern settlers were bound by a common mother nation, they were drastically different in economy, politics, morals, and motives. The Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism Martin Luther created doctrines for Protestantism and changed the religious world as we know it He ignited a fire of religious reform (the “Protestant Reformation”) that licked its way across Europe for more than a century, dividing peoples, toppling sovereigns, and kindling the spiritual fervor of millions of men and women Some of whom migrated to America John Calvin, inspired by Luther, created Calvinism and influenced many future American settlers Predestination, the “elect,” and the...
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...Cultural Identity Project: German-American Liberty University Online PACO 504 European ethnic groups began immigrating into America during the colonial period and immigration continues to this day. As each European culture assimilated to the English American culture immigrants intermarried and developed a so-called “melting pot” or “salad bowl” of culture, traditions, and values (Hays & Erford, 2014, p. 389). German people, as they made their way to a land of freedom and promise, experienced a constant change in their identity with regard to the cultures, values, beliefs, and traditions that some German Americans continue to practice today. As each culture or ethnic group becomes assimilated or acculturated many of their initial cultural qualities are lost and replaced with new ones. Hays & Erford (2014, p.386) assert that acculturation can be considered as bidirectional in that the individuals encountered from both or multiple ethnic groups may experience changes in their primary set of cultural variables based on their interactions with each other. Acculturation and assimilation have certainly occurred with the German American. Brief German History Germany was a fragmented society and full of conflict before 1871. It was made up of approximately three hundred and fifty principalities and one thousand small nation-states until Wilhelm I of Prussia was proclaimed Emperor. His reign led to the unification of the German Empire (Amato, 2006). Millions...
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