...well organized system which works together, jointly as well as separately for ultimate achievement of the goal, which in a democracy would be to help people realise their will, express that will and help the people to formulate the ideas as to what is right for society and be part of what would then become ideally, a true and well functioning democracy. The concept as stated above can be compared with the functioning of any team, be it a multi-national corporation or of a football team, where the former needs people to work on ideas for new products, need an accounts department to check on the cash flows and revenues, a marketing team to market the product well enough to the people through advertisements or for the latter where the defenders ensure that goals do not go in against their team, the midfield ensures possession of the ball and creativity to pass the ball to the strikers of the team and the strikers of the team ensure that the passes delivered to them is by the midfield, to score the ultimate goal that the team seeks. What we see through this example is that, all of the functions, although different in character, all of the different functions are performed co-operatively for the achievement of one and the same goal. Democracy is not at all different to the above stated examples, for it too, functions on the same ideology, of having three separate organs, which have three separate functions that should ideally work co-operatively for the functioning of a democracy...
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...Scope of Psychology - Natural Science or Social Science Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Sociology, and Psychology, are amongst the most important sciences on planet Earth. Based on their field of study these branches of science are broadly categorised as Natural and Social sciences. At first glance one can tell that Sociology is categorised as a Social Science and subjects like Physics and Chemistry are categorised under the Physical science category of Natural Sciences, whilst Biology is categorised under the Life Science category of Natural Sciences. To keep this essay as relevant as possible I shall only be focussing on the Life Science division of Natural Sciences. Like Botany and Zoology, Biology studies living organisms such as plants, animals and several microorganisms. On the contrary, being a Social Science, Sociology studies the working, functioning and the behaviour of society as a whole. So what about Psychology? Is it a Social Science or a Life Science. To get a clear idea we must first define Psychology. Psychology is the study of behaviour and mind, embracing all aspects of conscious and unconscious experience as well as thought. To my utter disappointment, simply defining psychology will not resolve our dilemma, but it does give a clear idea of things. Psychology as a science is interested in what people think, what they feel and how they behave, the subject studies everything from the human brain to consciousness, memory and mental health ,whilst studying...
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...The System of Public Administration in Poland In a general sense, the ‘administrative system’ may be defined as the totality of the principles of organization and operation of public administration. In a narrow sense, the administrative system is usually taken to mean an organizational system or structure based on law, within the framework of which public administration functions, and also the operational mechanism of the entire structure and its parts. In addition, it includes functional connections, rules and methods of proceeding designed to guarantee flawless operation of the entire system and its segments. A. Central Administration Central administration constitutes an important segment of the administrative apparatus situated on the highest level of its organizational structure. It includes a fairly complex organizational and functional mechanism composed of various organs, offices, agencies and institutions {e.g., governmental agencies or special funds) set up to fulfill the respective tasks of public administration throughout the entire country. The shape of this mechanism is outlined in general terms by the Constitution and specified in more detail by ordinary legislation and executive orders issued on a statutory basis. Central administration is internally diversified. It is divided into two basic segments, the political-governmental and the administrative-executive. To distinguish these two principal components of the central apparatus, they are traditionally...
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...X-RAY IMAGING SYSTEM BRAIN SCAN: BONE SCAN: SOFT TISSUE SCAN: CONCLUSION: X-ray imaging system is better for bony structures as it does not get absorbed in the bones, and the area where it does not absorb is highlighted with a whitish color on the photographic film, whereas x-rays gets absorbed in soft tissues so we get a blurred image in film. CT SCANNER BRAIN SCAN: BONE SCAN: SOFT TISSUE SCAN: CONCLUSION: A computed tomography (CT) scan uses X-rays to make detailed pictures of structures inside of the body. While much information can be obtained from a standard X-ray, a lot of detail about internal organs and other structures is not available. In computed tomography, the X-ray beam moves in a circle around the body. GAMMA CAMERA BRAIN SCAN: BONE SCAN: SOFT TISSUE SCAN: CONCLUSION: A gamma camera, also called a scintillation camera or Anger camera, is a device used to image gamma radiation emitting radioisotopes, a technique known as scintigraphy. Gamma camera gives best results for organs having more fluids. SPECT Scanner BRAIN SCAN: BONE SCAN: SOFT TISSUE SCAN: CONCLUSION: It is a technique that provides images similar to those obtained. It produce a 3-dimensional image of the body part being examined. Gives best result for organs containing more water content. PET SCANNER BRAIN SCAN: BONE SCAN: SOFT TISSUE SCAN: CONCLUSION: It is a noninvasive, painless molecular imaging technology...
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...Reversing liver damage Liver Basics The liver is one of the only organs in the body that is able to replace damaged tissue with new cells rather than scar tissue. For example, an overdose of acetaminophen (Tylenol) can destroy half of a person's liver cells in less than a week. Barring complications, the liver can repair itself completely and, within a month, the patient will show no signs of damage. However, sometimes the liver gets overwhelmed and can't repair itself completely, especially if it's still under attack from a virus, drug, or alcohol. Scar tissue develops, which becomes difficult to reverse, and can lead to cirrhosis. Liver transplants Liver Basics Liver transplants are considered only when a patient might die from liver disease. This is sometimes the case when a patient has liver cancer or when someone has advanced liver disease and the liver has stopped functioning properly. Being considered for a liver transplant does not mean that a patient is in danger of dying right away. Liver transplantation is a long process that involves a lot of medical care. After a transplant, a patient needs lifelong drugs to keep the body from rejecting the new liver, and lifelong follow-up care from a specialist. Survival rates after a transplant are higher than 90% at 1 year, and patients usually have a good quality of life after their recovery. Keeping your liver healthy Liver Basics Here are some things to remember about keeping your liver healthy: · Don't have unsafe...
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...The teleological argument infers the existence of a designer - god, from the apparent design of the universe. For the inference to work the arguments for apparent design must be sound. To argue for design explicitly is to observe natural organisms closely. Life appears to have a 'telos'. Living creatures are made up of organs that are set to perform a given task. For example, the heart pumps blood around the body and the lungs respires so we can breath. More astonishing however are how small parts of a complex system work so wonderfully and intricately in conjuction with each other to serve a purpose. Suppose the eye. The eye has numerous features that allow sight. If one small part of the stops functioning, it would lead to the over all disfunction of the system. This complexity suggests a plan - a plan that follows a purpose. Thus, there must be an intelligent planner and designer. Paley develops an analogy to infer the existence of a designer (god) by identifying what it is exactly about human artifacts that leads us to the conclusion that it must have had a designer. When we happen to find a watch on the ground, surely we wouldn't just think that the watch got there by its own or that the watch self-evolved. When we observe the watch closely, we can identify design-like properties. For example, the coordinations of small parts of the machine that allows the hand of the clock to tick in a 360 degree angle and the fact that the watch constitutes the concept of time and numbers...
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...Saga Magazines... How does ageing affect you? MENOPAUSE The menopause, sometimes known as “the change of life”, is where a woman’s ovaries stop producing an egg every 4 weeks, meaning she no longer has periods and is unlikely to get pregnant. Monthly periods can sometimes stop suddenly when you reach the menopause; however it is more likely that your periods will become less frequent, with longer intervals between each one, before they stop altogether. In the UK, 51 is the average age for a woman to reach the menopause, although some women experience the menopause in their 30’s or 40’s. Symptoms The menopause can cause a wide range of physical and mental symptoms. The first symptom is usually a change in the pattern of your monthly periods. This is called the premenopausal stage, during this time you may have light or heavy periods (menorrhagia). Other symptoms can include: * Hot flushes and night sweats * Loss of libido (sex drive) * Headaches * Mood changes, such as depression, anxiety or tiredness * Urinary Tract Infections (UTI’s) * Noticeable heartbeat * Vaginal discomfort, pain, itching and dryness The severity of symptoms and the overall duration of the menopause will vary depending on a number of factors including genetics, lifestyle, diet, stress, and overall health. Although if you experience the menopause suddenly, rather than gradually, your symptoms may be worse. The menopause is caused by a change in the balance of the body’s...
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...ACTIVITIES RELATED TO NUTRITION & GASTRO INTESTINAL (GIT) SYSTEM. This section relates to activities on introduction to GIT. You are expected to consult the recommended physiology textbooks in your module study guide and the online textbook to gain adequate knowledge on these topics. Activity 1 Identify the anatomical structure of the GIT? * Mouth * Pharynx * Oesophagus * Stomach * Small intestine * Large intestine 1.2 – Explain the functions of the features identify in activity 1.1? * Mouth: Food begins its journey through digestive system in the mouth; inside the mouth are many organs that aid in the digestion of food –the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands. Teeth chop food into small pieces, which are moistened by saliva before the tongue and other muscles push the food into the pharynx. * Pharynx: the throat; a tube that starts at the internal nares and runs partway down the neck where it opens into the oesophagus posteriorly and the larynx anteriorly. It functions as a passage way for both the digestive and respiratory systems. The pharynx receives the food after being swallowed and pushes it to the oesophagus. * Oesophagus: The hollow muscular tube that connects the pharynx and the stomach. The oesophagus contracts to produce wavelike motions, it receives food from the mouth when you...
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...Hazelle Anne M. Garces BSA 2-23 Nutritional Requirements Eating is one of life’s pleasures. However, there is more to eating than sensory gratification. Food is needed to provide the nutrients required for the maintenance of normal structure and function of the body. Digestion can never serve its purpose without the body absorbing the nutrients it needs to maintain life. These nutrients however come in various types and forms and that an ideal amount of each should be taken to achieve the body’s optimum functioning. Yes, we may eat whatever is available at any amount we want without undermining the results those foods shall give to our body, but eventually, our physical body will complain in the form of diseases. Although nutrients can work alone, each depends upon the others to be the most effective. The main nutrients are the macronutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins and fats; and the micronutrients: vitamins and minerals. . Macronutrients Macronutrients as its name implies are the molecules that are needed by the body in big amounts. They occupy the biggest portion of the nutrients absorbed by the body from the food that was eaten. 1. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates mean carbon with water. Plants use sunlight in the process of photosynthesis to convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and oxygen. When our body needs energy, it looks for carbohydrates first. Carbohydrates come in two forms: simple and complex. Both...
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...VOICE OF HEALTH Healer.A.Umar Farook, M.Acu., D.Ed (Acu) English Translation: Healer.R.Gnanamurthy, M.Acu., D.Ed (Acu) Edited by: Malarvizhi VOICE OF HEALTH Healer.A.Umar Farook, M.Acu., D.Ed (Acu) First Published : November, 2010 Published by Indian Universities Press 421, Anna Salai, im print of Bharathi Puthagakalayam Teynampet, Chennai - 600 018 Email: thamizhbooks@gmail.com www.thamizhbooks.com Ph: 044-24332424, 24332924, 24339024 Rs.100/\ print: Jothi Enterprices, Chennai -5 Thanks to ACUPUNCTURE HEALERS ORGANISATION Hr.Bose.K.Mohamed Meera Hr.Magi Ramalingam Hr.P.V.Devarajan Hr.M.J.Pandian Hr.P.M.Umar Farook CONTENTS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Learning Language Health is Strength Immunity is Life Eat Hunger Fate Prevails! One plus One is not Two Creating and Protecting Disease an Imagination Diseases of Exact Science 5 7 9 12 14 16 19 22 25 27 30 34 40 44 52 56 60 68 77 10. Quietness is Pleasantness! 11. Waste stagnation causes Death! 12. Action and Reaction 13. Reason behind Stories 14. Shining and the Sign! 15. Elixir is Venom 16. Thirst - Hunger as per requirement! 17. Milk - is it Food? 18. Poison-less Food 19. Love Nature! Come back to Nature 1 Learning Language E veryone has their own language. Expressing our needs, sharing our feelings – it is through language that we create our relationships with others. Language is a necessary communication tool for people. Beyond our mother tongue, we learn languages of neighboring...
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...Essay question: How insufficient intake of protein affects our health? Introduction: a. Nowadays we have the busy lifestyle and we can quickly get tired. What is the problem? The major problem is insufficient intake protein which influence on our health worse. b. Protein is a macronutrient that is essential building our body. For example, it is scientifically proved that lack of protein can result in decreased energy, hair loss and lowered immune functioning. Main body Paragraph 1 1. Decreased energy 2. Explanation that lack of protein create nitrogen negative balance which can lead to muscle breakdown and impaired recovery from exercise. Main body Paragraph 2 1. Hair loss 2. Evidence that our hair is composed mostly of protein considered as keratin due to lack of protein, people are exposed to losing hair. Main body Paragraph 3 1. Lowered immune functioning. 2. A low protein diet may lead to experience a great number of infections Conclusion Conclusion Protein the important part for almost all of the processes that occurs in our body. Student: Zhanabayeva Zhamilya ID: 20152000 Date: 17.02.15 Assingment: cause...
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...Bodily Systems and the Spatial-Functional Structure of the Human Body Barry Smith, PhD1,2, Igor Papakin1, Katherine Munn1 1Institute for Formal Ontology and Medical Information Science Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany 2Department of Philosophy, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA Abstract. The human body as conceived by medical science is a system made of systems. The body is divided into bodily systems proper, such as the endocrine and circulatory systems. These are subdivded into many subsystems at a variety of levels whereby all systems and subsystems engage in massive causal interaction with other systems and subsystems. In this essay we offer an explicit definition of bodily system, and explicit means for understanding these causal interactions. Whereas informality is acceptable in documentation created for human beings, it falls short of what is needed for computer representations. In our analysis we will define bodily system, and will take some first steps toward understanding the causal relationships bodily systems have with their subsystems. 1. Introduction Ontology plays an increasingly significant role in work on terminology and knowledge management systems in the domain of biomedical informatics, and we hold that it will play an essential role in biomedical research of the future. The term ‘ontology’ must, however, be understood in the right way [1]. The dominant paradigm might be referred to as ‘applications...
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...life of another. Receiving a needed organ often means the difference between life and death. Many people have misconceptions regarding organ donation, some do not realize the vast numbers on waiting lists. Others may be apprehensive about making a decision about their bodies after death. According to the National Network of Organ Donors, “nineteen people die every day in this country waiting for an organ transplant” (NNOD). Organ and tissue donation offer the gift of life however, many factors such as family, religion, and public attitudes influence the decision of organ donation. The origins of organ donation arose with several experimental transplants. The first successful transplant was a bone transplant in 1878, which used a bone from a cadaver (“Understanding Donation”). By 1954, Dr. Joseph E. Murray performed the first successful kidney transplant in Boston (“History of Organ Transplantation”). Since then, medical science has concentrated on organ donation as a way of replacing a recipient's dysfunctional organ with that of a healthy donor organ. It was not until 1967 that the first successful heart transplant took place. With this new development, the donor card was established as a legal document the next year (“History of Organ Transplantation”). In 1984, National Organ Transplant Act was passed; this established the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network. This fundamentally guaranteed fairness in distribution of donated organs (“Donation and Transplantation”)....
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...the immune system’ The immune system is a collection of billions of cells that travel through the bloodstream. They move in and out of tissues and organs, defending the body against foreign bodies (antigens), such as bacteria, viruses and cancerous cells. There are two types of lymphocytes within the immune system, these are; B cells- produce antibodies which are released into the fluid surrounding the body’s cells to destroy the invading viruses and bacteria. T cells- if the invader gets inside a cell, these (T cells) lock on to the infected cell, multiply and destroy it. The main types of immune cells are white blood cells. There are two types of white blood cells – lymphocytes and phagocytes. When people are stressed, the immune system’s ability to fight off antigens is reduced. That is why we are more prone to infectious disease. The stress hormone corticosteroid can suppress the effectiveness of the immune system (lowers the number of lymphocytes). Stress can also have an indirect effect on the immune system as a person may use unhealthy behavioural coping strategies to reduce their stress, such as drinking and smoking which further inhibit the immune system. There has been a lot of research into the relationship between stress and the immune system. One group of psychologists who researched this was Kiecolt- Glaser et al (1984). Their aim was to investigate whether stress of important examinations has an effect on the functioning of the immune system. They did...
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...The supplement I chose to write about for the unit 9 assignment was St-John’s Wort. “St.-John’s-Wort (Hypericum perforatum) is a long-living plant with yellow flowers and it contains many chemical compounds, some are believed to be the active ingredients that produce the herb’s effects, including the compounds hypericin and hyperforin” (Stanfield, 2010, p. 198). St.-John’s-wort may work by preventing nerve cells in your brain from reabsorbing the chemical messenger serotonin, or by reducing levels of a protein involved in the body’s immune system and it’s functioning. For many centuries is has been used as a sedative and as a treatment when made into a balm for malaria, burns, wounds, and even insect bites. Today many people use St.-John’s-Wort...
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