...Observations Naturalistic observations- Naturalistic relates to an unchanged, normal environment within which the subject of the study functions. Observation stands for the requirement of watching how someone behaves in order to gather data. Naturalistic observation, therefore, is a method of observing people in their normal environment it rrefers to gathering data without interfering with the current behaviour. Advantages- It is all natural behavior: When there is no effect on the behaviors of the subject, the data collected is much more honest. People show their true feelings, reactions, and behaviors when they are not being examined or observed. It aids research validation: Naturalistic observation is used to confirm results from experiments that have already been done. They help to check or disprove this data because it gives a truly precise account of results. Portrays things in the view of the real world: The tests can be directed in a real world setting. This makes the answers that are gained much more relevant to the hypothesis’s impact in true, real life settings. This is a type of view that is much more problematic, or nearly impossible, to get with other types of experiments and observations that can be done. It allows you to study unethical topics: It allows the researcher to gather valuable data, without intruding the emotional wellbeing of the subject Disadvantages- Outside influences: When doing the observation you have no control over the effects...
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...from Hippocrates to Wundt p. 1-8 workbook (wb) p. 2-4 4 Perspectives and the Big Issues p. 9-14 wb 4-6 5 Skepticism, Common Sense, and Hindsight p. 14-24 vocab quiz; wb 6-9 6 Research Basics: Observations and Surveys p. 24-30 7 Research Basics: Correlation and Causation p. 30-34 vocab drill 8 Research Basics: The Experimental Method p. 37-40 vocab quiz; wb 19-21 9 Ethical standards and practices in Psychology p. 49-53 experiment analysis project 10 Film: Discovering Psychology Part 2 film; worksheets on experiments 11 Test on background and scientific methods Test Unit Objectives: · Define psychology and trace its historical development. · Compare and contrast the psychological perspectives(behavior, cognitive, humanistic, neuroscience, psychoanalytic, behavior genetics). · Identify basic and applied research subfields of psychology. · Identify basic elements of an experiment (variables, groups, sampling, population, etc.). · Compare and contrast research methods (case, survey, naturalistic observation). · Explain correlational studies. · Describe the three measures of central tendency and measures of variation. · Discuss the ethics of animal and human research. · Identify Sigmund Freud, Wilhelm...
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...Chapter 1 Graded Quiz * Due Feb 10 at 11:59pm * Points 20 * Questions 20 * Available Jan 26 at 6am - Feb 10 at 11:59pm 16 days * Time Limit 20 Minutes * Allowed Attempts 2 Attempt History | Attempt | Time | Score | KEPT | Attempt 1 | 15 minutes | 19 out of 20 | LATEST | Attempt 2 | 13 minutes | 18 out of 20 | | Attempt 1 | 15 minutes | 19 out of 20 | Score for this attempt: 18 out of 20 Submitted Feb 8 at 1:57am This attempt took 13 minutes. Question 1 1 / 1 pts Who was the American philosopher-psychologist who authored a textbook in 1890 for the emerging discipline of psychology? Who was the American philosopher-psychologist who authored a textbook in 1890 for the emerging discipline of psychology? Wilhelm Wundt John B. Watson Sigmund Freud Correct! William James Question 2 1 / 1 pts After noting that a majority of professional basketball players are African-American, Ervin concluded that African-Americans are better athletes than members of other racial groups. Ervin's conclusion best illustrates the danger of After noting that a majority of professional basketball players are African-American, Ervin concluded that African-Americans are better athletes than members of other racial groups. Ervin's conclusion best illustrates the danger of replication. hindsight bias. the placebo effect. Correct! generalizing from vivid cases. Question 3 1 / 1 pts...
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...1.5 LO 1.6 LO 1.7 LO 1.8 LO 1.9 LO 1.10 LO 1.11 LO 1.12 LO 1.13 LO 1.14 Definition and goals of psychology Structuralism and functionalism Early Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism Modern perspectives Skinner, Maslow and Rogers Psychiatrist, psychologist, and other professionals Psychology is a science; steps in scientific method Naturalistic and laboratory settings Case studies and surveys Correlational technique Experimental approach and terms Placebo and the experimenter effects Conducting a real experiment Ethical concerns in conducting research Principles of critical thinking LO 1.1 Definition and goals of psychology What is Psychology? • Psychology - scientific study of behavior and mental processes. • Behavior - outward or overt actions and reactions. • Mental processes - internal, covert activity of our minds. • Psychology is a science • Prevent possible biases from leading to faulty observations • Precise and careful measurement Menu LO 1.1 Definition and goals of psychology Psychology’s Four Goals 1. Description • • • What is happening? Why is it happening? Theory - general explanation of a set of observations or facts Will it happen again? How can it be changed? 2. Explanation 3. Prediction • • 4. Control Menu LO 1.2 Structuralism and functionalism Structuralism • Structuralism - focused on structure or basic elements of the mind. • Wilhelm Wundt’s psychology laboratory • Germany in 1879 • Developed the technique of objective...
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...What is Psychology? * Psychology – Scientific study of behavior and mental processes. * Behavior - outward or overt actions and reactions. * Mental processes - Internal , covert activity of our minds. * Psychology is a science * Prevent possible biases from leading to faulty observations * Precise and careful as they can. Psychology’s Four Goals * Description * What is happening? * Explanation * Why is it happening? * Theory - general explanation of a set of observations or facts * Prediction * Will it happen again? * Control * How can it be changed? Structuralism * Structuralism - focused on structure or basic elements of the mind. * Wilhelm Wundt’s psychology laboratory * Germany in 1879 * Developed the technique of objective introspection – process of objectively examining and measuring one’s thoughts and mental activities. * Edward Titchener * Wundt’s student; brought structuralism to America. * Washburn * Titchener’s student; first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology. * Structuralism died out in early 1900s. Functionalism * Functionalism - how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play. * Proposed by . * Influenced the modern fields of: * Educational psychology * Evolutionary psychology * Industrial/organizational psychology Gestalt Psychology * Gestalt – “ an organized whole ”...
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...car rental management system will entirely be incorporated on online systems. It computerizes the manual process by being very efficient and successful. The computerized system makes it possible for clients to provide full information on what kind of car they want to rent. It consists of the kind of car they would like to hire as well as the location. The main aim of the fenam car rental management system is to create a web site for all people so they can book cars for rent together with their individual necessities from anywhere. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to direct my deepest gratitude to my university lecturer Mrs. Iyer for presenting me with the opportunity to carry out this enlightening and interesting project, she was completely patient and encouraging. I would also like to give thanks to my classmates who inspired and supported me when I had challenges in understanding certain things while doing my research. Last but not least I give thanks to God for he is always and forever my pillar of strength. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Car...
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...provide access to computer equipment in schools? Do teachers hold favorable attitudes toward using computers in schools? What have been the reactions of school administrators to technological innovations in teaching? Using descriptive research methodologies with the educational setting may be advantageous for several reasons. Educational research and experiences may contain many variables that cannot be realistically controlled, educational research may require observations of life experiences, and data collection may be spread over a large number of people over a large geographic area. Descriptive research may be used most effectively within the educational setting because educational research experiences cannot be as realistically controlled as laboratory experiments. In contrast to laboratory experiences, descriptive research is valuable because it allows for the human element of research. Four of the most common ways to collect information for descriptive research include surveys, interviews, observations, and portfolios. These may be used singly or in various combinations depending on the research question to be addressed. Used...
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...will critically evaluate the two research approaches outlined by Admiraal and Wubbels (2005) within the context of my own research project. As a current practitioner in a primary school, I have chosen to focus my area of enquiry on the development of children’s literacy, specifically learning to read. My research will also be linked to the recent educational focus on closing the attainment gap between children from deprived backgrounds and those from wealthier families. (Sosu and Ellis, 2014, Save the Children, 2014). The main research question is: How does poverty and deprivation impact on children's ability to read well? By evaluating the two approaches, I will explore the relevance of each one in terms of my own project, before concluding which approach I feel is best suited for me to carry out my own research....
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...Unit Aims This unit aims to develop learners’ understanding of the purpose of research in the health and social care sectors. Learners will be able to explore different research methodologies, enable them to plan and conduct their own research relating to a health or social care issue and evaluate the success of the outcomes. Unit Objectives 1 Understand the function of research in health and social care 2 Understand ethical issues relating to research in health and social care 3 Understand research methodologies relevant to health and social care 4 Be able to plan for a research project 5 Be able to conduct research relevant to a health and social care context 6 Be able to interpret research findings WHAT IS RESEARCH? Research is a planned process in which information is collected systematically for a specific purpose, analysed and reported. Research can have many different functions in health and social care. Functions of Research In pairs read through the following study and discuss the function(s) that the research can be used for. Aim: Hofling (1966) aimed to discover whether nurses would comply with an instruction which would involve them having to infringe both hospital regulations & medical ethics. The intention was to test the strength of the doctor-nurse relationship, regarding how far a nurse would go to comply with doctor’s orders against their own code of professional conduct. Procedure: ...
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...Psychological Research Kavitha Kathleen Devaser Raffles Institute of Higher Education Abstract In psychology, research is vital for the progression and further understanding of this field. Psychological research includes the study of behavior for use in a scientific or academic setting. There are two types of research, qualitative research and quantitative research. To conduct research, there are numerous general principles of psychology and methods in which has to be considered for research to be good with strong supporting evidence. General principles of psychology include operational definitions, population samples and eliminating the influence of expectations. There are several research methods, such as experiments, naturalistic observation, surveys, case histories, and correlational studies as well as ethical considerations in research. Researchers normally draw conclusions for a larger population using a sample. There are four major types of population samples; convenience samples, representative samples, random samples and cross cultural samples. Certain biases are present during research, researcher bias and participant bias. These biases may sway the findings of the experiment. Ethical guidelines must be taken into consideration during research; both human and nonhuman experimentation has guidelines set by the APA. When data is collected, it has to be interpreted visually. Statistics deals with the collection, analysis, interpretation and presentation of numerical...
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...Title: Toddler Observation Project Syeda Hiba Qasmi Ivy Tech Community College INTASC Standard, Description and Rationale Standard# 6 Assessment The teacher understands and uses multiple methods of assessment to engage learners in their own growth, to monitor learner progress, and to guide the teacher’s and learner’s decision making. Name of Artifact: Toddler Observation Project Date: February 13, 2014 Course: EDUC 121 Brief Description: For this assignment, I observed a 36 months old child. This assignment will help me to better understand the toddler’s physical development process. In this observation the topics I have covered for the toddler’s observation are his physical, intellectual, emotional, and social development. Further in this observation we are going to discuss whether the toddler’s growth is typical for his age group, the difference in his behavior, and the signs of independence, if any observed. Rationale: To document my understanding of Standard# 6, Assessment, I decided to include the Toddlers Observation Project because the toddler is observed under naturalistic observation in which the child engages in various activities and reacts to certain situations spontaneously, or naturally. This project will help me better understand the typical growth and development for toddlers of this particular age group. Introduction Toddler years (1 to 3) are a time of great growth and change, and a typical toddler will gain...
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...1. Sensation is a perception associated with stimulation of a sense organ or with a specific body condition. Perception is recognition and interpretation of sensory stimuli based chiefly on memory with the neurological processes by which such recognition and interpretation are affected. The function of a neuron is to transmit a signal at a very fast rate. The function of the entire nervous system is to provide a system that allows for signals to be transmitted quickly from one specific location to another. I think they are related because they all work with the nervous system in the same way. 2. Experimental design is a branch of statistics that attempts to outline the way in which experiments should be carried out so the data gathered will have statistical value. With correlation designs is a type of research design in which patterns of correlations are analyzed. Correlation designs do not show cause and effect. They only show how likely two things are. Experimental designs are created in order to display cause and effect. 3. Three differences in the theory of Sigmund Freud and psychoanalysis and the theory of Ivan Pavlov and behaviorism. One reason is that Psychoanalysis would look at the childhood and unconscious. And one reason for behaviorism is behaviorism looks at the stimulus and consequences to the behavior. The second reason is that Sigmund use different techniques that used were free association, dream analysis, transference, and resistance and par praxes....
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...Key Perspectives * Traditional Advertising and Brand Promotion Research * Any research that helps in the development, execution or evaluation of advertising and promotion * A New Perspective * The Account Planning System * Greater research outsourcing * More naturalistic and socio-cultural methods Advertising and Promotion Research * Used to assist in determining marketsegments * Plays a key role in helping creatives understand the audience * Used to make go/no go ad decisions and when to pull ads * Used to evaluate agency performance Key Issues in Advertising and Promotion Research * Reliability: The research method produces consistent findings over time. * Validity: The information generated is relevant to the research questions being investigated. * Trustworthiness: Usually applied to qualitative data; does the data seem to make sense? * Meaningfulness: An assessment of limitations of the data. The Scope of Advertising and IBP Research * Developmental Advertising and IBP Research (before ads are made) * Copy Research (as ads are being finished) * Results-oriented Research (after the ads are running) Stage One: Developmental Advertising and IBP Research * Design Thinking: Advertisers and marketers think like designers. * Concept Testing: Designed to screen the quality of new ideas or concepts. * Audience Profiling: Creatives need to know as much as they can about the...
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...Emotions Shantia Ezekiel PSY/355 3 August 2015 Emotions Five theories of emotion try to give explanation to the interpretation for this occurrence; however this article will envelop the James-Lange, Lazarus, and Facial Feedback Hypothesis theories with a justification of the experimental and correlation research methods. Within a human beings motivation is emotion which is a vital aspect to personality and can make humans perform in a negative or positive way. Emotions influence all humans to motivate from internal or external dynamics. Emotion is defined as "a universal, functional reaction to an external stimulus event, temporarily integrating physiological, cognitive, phenomenological, and behavioral channels that facilitate fitness-enhancing, environment-shaping responses to the current situation" (Deckers, 2010). Emotions are shown by behaviors, physically and cognitively by facial responses. The change in emotions is what motivates human beings to do certain tasks. William James, Lazarus, and Carl Lange started a vast assortment of research to establish what behaviors are associated with motivation and arousal in human beings. William James and Carl Lange started the studies that were vital in discovering the explanations in behaviors concerning the arousal in human beings. Just about one hundred years later psychology studies from Cacioppo have conveyed explanations to how stimulus may make behaviors and behaviors may bring emotions. The theoretical experimentation...
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...methods by which information about consumers can be obtained are broadly classified into two categories; Qualitative Research and Quantitative Research. The purpose of this paper is to translate my course learning into a reflective question paper on the topic of Qualitative Research. This paper will also seek to describe a research project where qualitative research would be most appropriate, discuss key challenges in collecting and evaluating qualitative data, recommend actions for addressing the challenges identified for each of the three qualitative methodologies, and discuss whether mixing qualitative and quantitative methods would result in better research for your particular learning community. Qualitative Research Qualitative research, also called naturalistic inquiry, developed within the social and human sciences, and refers to theories on interpretation (hermeneutics) and human experience (phenomenology). They include various strategies for systematic collection, organization and interpretation of textual material obtained while talking with people or through observation. The aim of such research is to investigate the meaning of social phenomena as experienced by the people themselves." (Malterud, 2001, p. 398). It is important to understand that qualitative research is not a single type of social inquiry. It surfaces from a number of different research traditions or disciplines. Qualitative research...
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