Free Essay

Nerve Cell Assignment

In:

Submitted By Babenlau
Words 1368
Pages 6
Tobias Laulund
2.u - biologi
Vestjysk Gymnasium Tarm

Aktionspotentialet
Redegør for hvor og hvordan et aktionspotentiale startes.
For at nerveceller kan kommunikere med hinanden, skal der dannes et aktionspotentiale. Et aktionspotentiale er en ændring i membranpotentialet, som fører til, at elektriske impulser videresendes. Når nervecellen ikke danner aktionspotentialer siges nervecellen at være i hvile. Når nervecellen er i hvile er membranpotentialet -70mV. Dvs. at nervecellen er mere negativ i sit indre i forhold til det ydre, hvor ladningen er neutral. Negativiteten i cellens indre skyldes ion-fordelingen på indre- og yderside, samt mange negativt ladede proteiner, som befinder sig inden i cellen. Netop derfor måler vi membranpotentialet til at være negativt. Nervecellen modtager hele tiden impulser fra andre nerveceller, både fremmende og hæmmende. For at disse impulser kan videreføres, skal der modtages et overskud af fremmende signaler. Når nervecellen modtager et fremmende signal, åbnes natriumkanaler i dendritområdet, hvorved cellens indre og dermed også membranpotentialet bliver mere positivt. Hvis membranpotentialet når en grænse på -55mV, som netop er nervecellens tærskelværdi for at danne et aktionspotentiale, sker der en kaskadeeffekt. Altså, at en Na+-kanal, får flere Na+-kanaler til at åbne. Na+ diffunderer nu passivt ind i cellen. Man siger nu, at cellen er blevet depolariseret, da cellen er blevet meget mere positivt ladet. Vi når nu det maksimale niveau, som også kaldes peak-værdien (hvor stor er peak-værdien?), hvilket er der hvor samtlige kanaler er åbent maksmialt. Altså den maksimale depolarisering som cellen kan få. Depolariseringen breder sig hurtigt fra dendritområdet langs aksonet og videre til terminalområdet, hvorfra transmitterstof frigives til synapsekløften, og signalet sendes videre til andre neuroner. Straks herefter åbnes kanalerne for Ka+, hvor der igen sker en kaskadeeffekt, og Ka+-ionerne diffundere ud af nervecellen - repolarisering forekommer. Konkretiseres på ovenstående billede.

Hvilke ion-kanaler er medvirkende til aktionspotentialet, og hvordan, samt hvornår virker de?
Altafgørende for aktionspotentialet er som før nævnt Na+-kanalen. Når cellen modtager et impuls, åbnes Na+-kanaler i cellens dendritområde, hvorved Na+ passivt diffunderer ind i cellen. Dette sker, fordi Na+/Ka+-pumpen hele tiden opretholder en gradient for Na+, således at der under normale omstændigheder er en betydeligt højere koncentrationen af Na+-ioner uden for cellen, mens koncentrationen af Ka+-ioner er betydeligt højere inden i cellen, end uden for cellen. Når cellen er i hvile, er det næsten umuligt for ioner at trænge igennem membranen. Dette kan dog forekomme, men sendes hurtigt tilbage af de aktive Na+/Ka+-pumpen. Pumpen sidder i cellemembranen og pumper konstant aktivt løs af de positivt ladede ioner. Den pumper 3 Na+-ioner ud af cellen og 2 Ka+-ioner ind i cellen, hvormed der som sagt bliver opbygget betydelige koncentrationsforskelle mellem det indre og det ydre af cellen.

Calcium effekter
Den væske der omgiver et neuron hedder ekstracellulær væske. I denne væske er der mange forskellige ioner opløst, heriblandt calcium.
Hvilken betydning vil det have for neuronets funktion, hvis man fjernede alt calcium fra det ekstracellulære rum omkring en neuron?
Nerveimpulsen ankommer til endeterminalen på den præsynaptiske nervecelle, hvormed Ca++-kanalerne åbner, og Calcium/Ca++ diffunderer ind i endeterminalen. Calcium er afgørende for vesiklernes, som indeholder transmitterstof, bevægelse til endeterminalen. Ved endeterminalen fusionerer vesiklerne sammen med endeterminalens membran, hvor den dermed frigiver transmitterstof til synapsekløften. Hvis man derfor fjernede alt calcium fra det ekstracellulære rum omkring nervecellen, ville det ikke være muligt at sætte vesiklerne i bevægelse. Hvis vesiklerne ikke bliver sat i bevægelse, ville vesiklerne ikke fusionerer med endeterminalens membran og dermed frigive de tilgængelige transmitterstoffer. Calcium-ioner er derfor en nødvendighed for frigivelse af transmitterstoffer, som kan være henholdsvis hæmmende og stimulerende.
Calmodulin er et proteinstof, der binder calcium inden i nervecellen. Calmodulin medvirker til at forhindre al for høje calcium koncentration i det intra-cellulære rum (cytoplasmaet), hvilket ellers kan føre til at cellen dør via apoptosis. Calmodulin holder således en lav koncentration af calcium ved at binde til dette.

Hvad ville der ske, hvis man hæmmede calmodulin, så det ikke optimalt til calcium?
Hvis man hæmmede calmodulin i cytoplasmaet, vil den intracellulære koncentration af calcium stige, hvilket er skadeligt for cellen, og i værste tilfælde vil det kunne føre til celledød.

Hvilken effekt vil vi forvente med hensyn til neuronets funktion?
Da en alt for høj calcium koncentration i cytoplasmaet kan resultere i cellens død, forventer vi selvfølgelig at neuronets funktion nedsættes, når calcium koncentrationen bliver højere end det optimale. Dermed kan det til sidst forekomme at cellen dør via apoptosis, hvis koncentrationen bliver alt for høj.
Hvad er det der får den præsynaptiske neuron til at udskille transmitterstof til den synaptiske kløft?
Når nerveimpulsen løber langs cellen og når til endeterminalen, sker der en åbning af Ca++-kanaler. Derved kan Ca++-ioner sive ind i endeterminalen. Når Ca++-ionerne siver ind i cellen, sætter det gang i vesiklerne, som indeholder transmitterstoffer. Herefter sker der en proces som hedder exocytose. En proces, hvor vesiklerne bevæger sig til endeterminalens membran, og de fusionere dernæst sammen med endeterminalens membran, hvormed der skabes et og transmitterstoffer frigives til synapsekløften. Denne beskrivelse kan også ses illustreret på ovenstående billede.

Transmitterstof
Transmitterstoffer virker som det kemiske signal imellem nerveceller. De kan bevirke mange forskellige effekter alt efter hvilke receptorer de binder til på den postsynaptiske neuron.
Gør rede for effekterne af GABA og Acetylcholin – kom herunder ind på hvordan de adskiller sig i deres effekt på den postsynaptiske neuron, og hvordan de påvirker sandsynligheden for at danne et aktionspotentiale?
GABA og Acetylcholin adskiller sig meget, eftersom at GABA er et hæmmende transmitterstof og at Acetylcholin er et stimulerende transmitterstof. Når GABA binder sig til GABA-receptoren på den postsynaptiske celle bliver der i samme omgang lukket Cl--ioner ind i nervecellen. Det hæmmer muligheden for at opnå et aktionspotentiale, og nerveimpulsen standser, da Cl- er negativt, og dermed gør det nervecellen mere negativt ladet.
Man kan altså sige at cellen bliver hyperpolariseret, hvilket altså vil sige at der sker en ændring i membranpotentialet, som går under de -70mV, som man også kan se på sidestående billede.
Derudover har vi Acetylcholin som er et stimulerende transmitterstof, og når dette transmitterstof binder til receptorerne på den postsynaptiske nervecelles membran, kommer der i samme omgang Na+-ioner ind i cellen. Hermed bliver cellen mere positiv, og der forekommer en etablering af aktionspotentialet. Hermed kan nerveimpulsen fortsætte fra nervecelle til nervecelle.

Når chlor specifikke ion-kanaler åbnes på den postsynaptiske membran af synapsen, så bevirker det en influx (indstrømning) af Cl- ioner. Hvilken effekt har denne influx på cellens membranpotentiale?
Som beskrevet ovenfor, vil en indstrømning af Cl—ioner bevirke, at cellens indre bliver mere negativt og at cellen så at sige hyperpolariseres, hvorved der skal et kraftigere signal til at stimulere cellen til at danne et aktionspotentiale.

Forklar hvorfor transmitterstoffer bør fjernes fra synapsen. Inddrag i din forklaring, en beskrivelse af de forskellige mekanisme, som der kan gøres brug af for at fjerne transmitterstoffer.
Det er vigtigt at få fjernet transmitterstofferne fra synapsen, da nerven ellers vil blive ved med at stimulere. Det kan både stimulere den samme nerve, men det kan også flyde væk og stimulere andre nærliggende nerver, og derved ser man en masse fyringer, hvormed man kunne forestille sig en situation som minder om epileptiske anfald. Der er 4 principielle måder, hvorpå transmitterstofferne kan fjerne fra synapsespalten.
Transmitterstofferne kan blive nedbrudt af enzymer i synapsespalten.
Transmitterstofferne, kan ved hjælp af specifikke pumper, genoptages i den præsynaptiske endeterminal. Transmitterstofferne kan blive optaget af gliacellerne og derefter nedbrudt. Dernæst kan transmitterstofferne forsvinde fra synapsespalten ved dffusion.

Nervegift
Giften fra den thailandske cobraslange indeholder et dødeligt neurotoksin. Giftens virkning på en motorisk synapse er vist på figur 2. Forgiftningssymptomerne er lammelser og åndedrætsstop. Eneste behandlingsmulighed er behandling med serum, som er fremstillet ved at indsprøjte små mængder af slangegiften i en hest. Efter nogle dage tappes serum fra hesten.

Forklar forgiftningssymptomerne ud fra figur 2.
Det giftige stof fra slangen, går ind og blokerer receptorene på den postsynaptiske celle. Altså de receptore som almindeligvis binder acetylkolin, som er et stimulerende transmitterstof, og som etablere et aktionspotentiale. Normalvist kan nerveimpulsen fortsætte fra celle til celle, men da neurotoksin blokere acetylkolin-receptorene, er dette ikke muligt, og derfor stopper nerveimpulsen i syn. Dette kan medvirke til nogle symptomer, som f.eks. kunne være lammelser og åndedrætsproblemer.

Similar Documents

Free Essay

Organism Physiology

...made up of organelles, organs, or other cells that coexist together to carry on the various stages of life. There are many organisms to choose from and I have chosen the giant octopus or Enteroctopus Dofleini for this assignment. The giant octopus is a marine invertebrate organism that inhabits the oceans off the coast of the United States. The octopus has a food source that consists of small fish, clams, mussels, crabs, and other marine animals. The giant octopus have developed different adaptations in the form of specialized organs to assist in its survival and is a predatory by nature. Those survival organs are the arms for capturing prey, the complex eyes, and the brain/nervous system. This paper will state different organs and how the Enteroctopus Dofleini adapts physiologically to its surroundings. The Enteroctopus Dofleini has a larger brain compare to other Mollusca located right below the optic socket and wraps around the esophagus. The central nervous system, brain, and the sense organs are the most extremely developed of the invertebrates. During the octopus’s lifetime the brain will continue to grow and will have more than 170 million nerve cells, of which 130 million will be optical. More than or about 350 million nerve cells will exist in the limbs of the Enteroctopus Dofleini and can differentiate items with the similar sensitivity as its sight. When the giant octopus moves along the ocean floor, those nerve systems allow the octopus to learn its environment...

Words: 1114 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Mrs Ambreen Akhtar

...Access to Nursing Midwifery and Health Sciences Assignment Brief Student’s Name | Ambreen Akhtar | Student’s Group | 3 | Deadline Date | W/C 30th October, 2015 | Date Submitted | | Date Assignment to be returned to student (two working weeks after submission) | W/C | | | A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of an organism, which gets organised to make the tissues, organs and organ systems. The organ systems are interdependent on each other. | Tasks: | Design a report analysing cells, tissues and major organ systems (1800– 2,500 words) | The report could be structured under the following headings : | Structure and Function of Animal Cell organelles ,Structure of Tissues , Function of Tissues, Main Organs of the Body, Analysing Examples of Organs and Tissues. | Task 1. | | Design a tabular column to explain the main structural features/components of a typical animal cell, and the functions of the main components of an animal cell as seen under the electron microscope. (L.O1,A.C1.1) | | Name of Organelle | Structural Features | Function | Nucleus Nucleolus Nuclear membrane Mitochondrion Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Body Cell- membrane Lysosome Centrioles Centrosome Cytoplasm Ribosome Vacuole...

Words: 2075 - Pages: 9

Free Essay

Liver Organ

...sizes (Normann & Rehermann, 2004). An organ is a collection of numerous cells that work together to carry out an individual function in the human body. The body’s organs carry different cells, these cells are extremely focused and form for all the essential jobs at a particular time. The liver is made up of various types of cells, specifically the liver endothelial cells, hepatocytes, stellate cells, and other different cells. There is also inflammatory cells, smooth muscle cells of the veins and arteries (Ireland, 2012). These various cells of the liver work individually and also together to make the liver function as it is supposed to. These cells also collaborate to let the liver be wildly involved in protein, fat, carbohydrate, and metabolism (Ireland, 2012). The liver also stores minerals and vitamins to form particular compounds like growth factors and clotting factors for our blood. Our liver cells also work as a blood filtering system that further helps in removing cellular remains and organic by-(Normann & Rehermann, 2004). The liver also performs another important function, and that is producing and discharging bile. Moreover, it also emits or detoxifies drugs and any other poisonous compounds. The different cells of the liver work in a way that when these harmful substances are broken down by the liver, they are ejected into blood or bile. Each organ of the human body is made up of different cell types, like the lungs, liver, or heart. Each single organ functions independently...

Words: 622 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Liver

...(Normann & Rehermann, 2004). An organ is a collection of numerous cells that work together to carry out an individual function in the human body. The body’s organs carry different cells, these cells are extremely focused and form for all the essential jobs at a particular time. The liver is made up of various types of cells, specifically the liver endothelial cells, hepatocytes, stellate cells, and other different cells. There is also inflammatory cells, smooth muscle cells of the veins and arteries (Ireland, 2012). These various cells of the liver work individually and also together to make the liver function as it is supposed to. These cells also collaborate to let the liver be wildly involved in protein, fat, carbohydrate, and metabolism (Ireland, 2012). The liver also stores minerals and vitamins to form particular compounds like growth factors and clotting factors for our blood. Our liver cells also work as a blood filtering system that further helps in removing cellular remains and organic by-(Normann & Rehermann, 2004). The liver also performs another important function, and that is producing and discharging bile. Moreover, it also emits or detoxifies drugs and any other poisonous compounds. The different cells of the liver work in a way that when these harmful substances are broken down by the liver, they are ejected into blood or bile. Each organ of the human body is made up of different cell types, like the lungs, liver, or heart. Each single organ functions...

Words: 622 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Quality Management

...ANT250 I Anatomy and Physiology I The Muscular System Module Three Case Assignment 20 May 2013 Professor: Dr. Koronika Q1. Describe normal anatomy/physiology of muscle contraction. Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle: A single skeletal muscle, such as the triceps muscle, is attached at its • Origin to a large area of bone; in this case, the humerus. • At its other end, the insertion, it tapers into a glistening white tendon which, in this case, it’s attached to the ulna, one of the bones of the lower arm. As the triceps contracts, the insertion are pulled toward the origin and the arm is straightened or extended at the elbow. Thus the triceps is an extensor. Because skeletal muscle exerts force only when it contracts, a second muscle a flexor is needed to flex or bend the joint. The biceps muscle is the flexor of the lower arm. Together, the biceps and triceps make up an antagonistic pair of muscles. Similar pairs, working antagonistically across other joints, provide for almost all the movement of the skeleton. The Muscle Fiber Skeletal muscle is made up of thousands of cylindrical muscle fibers often running all the way from origin to insertion. The fibers are bound together by connective tissue through which run blood vessels and nerves. Each muscle fibers contains: • An array of myofibrils that are stacked lengthwise and run the entire length of the fiber; • Mitochondria; • An extensive smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) ...

Words: 1341 - Pages: 6

Free Essay

The Endocrine System

...SENSES AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM TUI University Montest Bumpers Module 5 Case Assignment Anatomy and Physiology Professor Karmardi Mills December 17, 2012 What happens with a patient who develops a cataract? How does cataract formation represent a variance from normal anatomy & physiology? What happens in sensorineural hearing loss? How does sensorineural hearing loss represent a variance from normal anatomy & physiology? SENSES AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM For years now researchers believed that cataracts are developed because the proteins in the eye change as people age. The changes in these proteins cause the lens to become cloudy. Smoking, poor nutrition, eye injury, exposure to excessive sunlight, and certain medical conditions such as diabetes, also may be factors that put people at higher risk of developing cataracts. Cataracts develop slowly. Some of the first signs people experience is a difficulty in reading the newspaper, or they experience blurry vision. Over a period of time the eyes become more sensitive to light, and seeing at night becomes especially difficult. A common symptom is that people with cataracts often say they feel they have a film over their eyes, as if they are looking through a piece of gauze. The condition actually may benefit some people who always had trouble seeing things that are near to them, such as the words in a book. The cloudiness of a cataract changes how light is focused and temporarily results in better vision...

Words: 648 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Describe the Four Basic Human Body Structures and Their Functions

...1. Describe the four basic human body structure units and their functions The four basic human body structures and their units are as follows – • Cells • Tissues • Organs • Systems Cells A cell is the simplest and smallest unit of the human body. They can live independently and can also reproduce themselves. Cells exist in a variety of shapes and sizes including elongated, oval and square. Cells have many different functions. A group of cells is called a tissue. The study of the structure, and the form of cells and tissues is called histology. Joanne Thomas NC26585 Assignment 1 Page 2 Tissues Tissue is a group/organization of a number of similar cells, not all are identical, but all are from the same origin. They carry out a similar function, of which consists of a varying amount of non-living and intercellular substances. There are four main types of tissues – Epithelial tissue This is widespread throughout the body. They form the covering to all the body surfaces and is the main tissue found in glands. This tissue performs a variety of functions including protection, secretion, absorption, filtration and sensory receptors. Connective tissue This binds structures together and provides a framework and support for organs and the body as a whole. It also acts as a transport system to carry substances around the body, and it also helps to store flat. It helps to...

Words: 1123 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

Physiology

...NQF LEVEL 4: BTEC Higher National Certificate (HNC – HSC) Physiological Principles for Health and Social Care PHYSIOLOGY Introduction This assignment will investigate the human body organ system and how they work together . Appropriate or case study provided in this assignment will be used in order to investigate the functionality of body system. Main anatomic feature of the human body will be outline, how body system interact to ensure the body functions and grows will be discussed. The part two of the assignment will look at how the body responds to physical activity and it will also identify how the body coordinated internal activities. This assignment will also look at other human body conditions such as obesity, diabetes and discus as to deal with such conditions in order to ensure the wellbeing of individuals with such conditions. THE human body is composed of ten different systems which are made of organs working in coordination with one another. These organs have to work together as they need each another to fulfil its functions. Human organs support each other’s in order to perform their function. Below is brief descriptions and functions of human body system: 1. Central Nervous System (CNS): CNS is composed of brain, nerves, nerve endings, and spinal cord. It role is to control and coordinate the body functions (coordination of nervous). Will be responsible for sensory input, integration of data and motor output. 2. Cardio vascular system...

Words: 4243 - Pages: 17

Premium Essay

Taxonomy Lab to Show Organism Relationships

...Name: Date: March 16, 2014 Instructor’s Name: Professor Tyra Hall – Pogar Assignment: SCIE207 Phase 5 Lab Report Title: Taxonomy Lab to Show Organism Relationships Instructions: You will need to fill out the data table and answer a set of questions. When your lab report is complete, post it in Submitted Assignment files. Part 1: Using the lab animation, fill in the following data tables to help you answer the questions that follow: Table 1: Samples 1–5 Phylum/Division | Sample 1: Chrysophyta | Sample 2: Annelida | Sample 3: Arthropoda | Sample 4: Amphibia | Sample 5: Aves | Common Feature | Unicellular, primary producers| Segmented body | External skeleton and segmented body | Can obtain oxygen from aquatic and terrestrial biomes | Able to fly; covered with feathers | NutritionHow does the organism break down and absorb food? | Autotrophic | Heterotrophic: Earthworms eat their way through dirt, so they are detritivores. | Heterotrophic: Some are vegetarian, some are carnivorous, and some are decomposers. | Heterotrophic: These are usually vegetarian as tadpoles and carnivores as adults. | Heterotrophic | Circulatory System (Transport)How does the organism get what it needs to cells (open, closed, diffusion only)? | Diffusion only | Closed with 5 aortic arches (hearts) | Open circulatory system with a heart pumping hemolymph | Closed with 3-chambered heart | Closed with 4-chambered heart | Respiratory SystemHow does the organism get oxygen...

Words: 1002 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

Tma 1 Louise Shooter Nc33297

... Louise Shooter NC33297 6 New Street, Milnsbridge Huddersfield, West Yorks HD3 4LN HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LEVEL 2 Assignment 1 TMA 1 1.1 Describe the four basic human body structure units and their functions? The four basic human structures are cells, tissues, organs, and systems. The cell is the smallest building block of the body, and is the basic structural and functional unit of all known living organisms. They live independently and can reproduce itself. A group of cells form Tissues. They come in all different sizes such as elongated, square, oval and even star shaped. The cell is made up of protoplasm (jelly like substance), it is 70% water plus organic and inorganic salts, carbohydrates, lipids (fatty substance), nitrogenous substances, (these are amino acids obtained from protein), and compounds of all the above. Blood for example is a liquid tissue made up of several different types of cells. Cells allow us to breathe, digest, excrete, reproduce, sense, grow, move, die. When a cell goes wrong this can be the origin of disease and illness. Tissues, is a group or cells joined together, there is four different types of tissue, epithelial, connective, nervous and muscular. Epithelial There is two categories of epithelial tissue, simple and compound, simple is often found as a covering or lining for organs and vessels. Compound...

Words: 1918 - Pages: 8

Free Essay

Miss

...Breathing Rate The rate at which we inhale and exhale is controlled by the respiratory center, within the Medulla Oblongata in the brain. Inspiration occurs due to increased firing of inspiratory nerves and so the increased recruitment of motor units within the intercostals and diaphragm. Exhalation occurs due to a sudden stop in impulses along the inspiratory nerves. Our lungs are prevented from excess inspiration due to stretch receptors within the bronchi and bronchioles which send impulses to the Medulla Oblongata when stimulated. INSPIRATION Inspiration occurs when the chest cavity enlarges. As the thorax enlarges, the lungs expand along with it, and air rushes into them and down the alveoli. Muscles of respiration that are classified as inspiratory muscles include the diaphragm and the external intercoastals. The diaphragm is the dome shaped muscle separating the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity. The diaphragm flattens out when it contracts during inspiration. Instead of protruding up into the chest cavity, it moves down towards the abdominal cavity. Thus the contraction or flattening of the diaphragm makes the chest cavity longer from the top to bottom. The diaphragm is the most important muscle of inspiration. Nerve impulses passing through the phrenic nerve stimulate the diaphragm to contract. The external intercoastal muscles are located between the ribs. When they contract, they enlarge the thorax by...

Words: 835 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Kinesiology

...Assignment 1 – (50 marks) Discuss the importance of body fluids and which one is considered to be the body’s internal environment. (4 marks) * Body fluids carry chemical communicators which organize actions amid cells, carry nutrients to cells, and carry waste products away from cells. They are the primary transport system between cells. The internal environment of the body is extracellular fluid, which refers to all of the fluids outside of our cells in our bodies – such as blood plasma, interstitial fluid, lymph and transcellular fluid. These fluids make up approximately 1/4 of body weight. Describe the three major types of lipids found in the body. (6 marks) * The three major types of lipids found in the body are triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols (cholesterol). Triglycerides are fatty acids. Its functions include energy storage and the cushioning and insulating of the body and nerves. All nerves are wrapped in a myelin sheath; or lipid layer. Phospholipids are similar to triglycerides, but contain a phosphate group. It is a lipid bilayer – membranes in eukaryotic cells and the plasma membrane of cells. Sterols are made from lipids, but have no fatty acids in their structure. Cholesterol makes up sex hormones and carries lip-proteins. Describe briefly what is occurring at each step in the figure. (3 marks) * Name and briefly describe the cell shapes, arrangements, and functions of cell layers found in epithelial tissues. (3 marks) * In...

Words: 1305 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Physcology Week 1 Homework

...question : You are at a basketball game and the arena is packed; the crowd is evenly split between fans of the two teams. At one point, the referee makes a call. Half of the fans yell insults; the other half of the fans shout their approval. The event reminds you of the topic of today's lecture in psychology class. What was the likely topic of the lecture? Student Answer: * bias experiments psychoanalysis extraneous variables Instructor Explanation: Chapter 1 page 4 The fans are showing bias and this is an important issue. Points Received: 2 of 2 Comments: Question 2. Question : The school of behaviorism attempted to explain behavior by studying Student Answer: the reasons people give for their behaviors. the specific personality traits that lead to behavior. * how a specific stimulus evokes a specific response. the purposes of people's behavior. Instructor Explanation: Chapter 1 page 11 This relationship, called a stimulus-response association, is one of the major foundations of behaviorism. Points Received: 2 of 2 Comments: Question 3. Question : Who claimed that behavior is affected by reinforcement? Student Answer: William James Sigmund Freud * B. F. Skinner Wilhelm Wundt Instructor Explanation: Chapter 1 page 12-13 Skinner believed that behavior that is followed by...

Words: 2038 - Pages: 9

Premium Essay

Brandon Porter

...using implanted microchips and holograms. Everyone will have a microchip implanted somewhere in their bodies which emits a signal through your nerves and brain waves that also show a hologram of the person you are talking to. There would no longer be a need to keep up with your cellular device or the chance of it being stolen. It would also cut down on the cost to make a cell phone with all the gadgets and gizmos and just create a smaller chip. In the year 2050 I think whole meals will be condensed into a pill or powdered form eliminating stoves, ovens, refrigerators, and microwaves lessening the amount of time it takes for consumption so that even if you’re a busy family it would only take a matter of seconds for your family to come together and consume a whole meal. In 2025 homework will be done with a simple thought linking your brainwaves to the assignment. Your thoughts would be noted into the schools or classes you’ve given your permission to databases giving accurate and direct concepts. Before you enter your thoughts you can set up your format the way you want in essay form or simple 1,2,3 answer form with double spacing, indents etc. In 2125 there will be no need to leave your home because the teacher and classroom will be like a dream sequence. You could be sleep or at home bored there will be a device that connects certain nerves and brainwaves linking your classmates, teacher and yourself so that info and homework can be exchanged with simple...

Words: 279 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Biol 301 Human Health and Disease Final Exam Answers

...last page (e.g., 1.A, 2.B, 3.C, etc.) and returning only the TABLE by way of your Assignment Folder. Following the TABLE should be your ESSAY Question answers. 50 Multiple Choice Questions at 4 points each. 10 Essay Questions. Choose 2 to answer at 20 points each. 50 Multiple Choice Questions at 4 points each. 1. Dr. Sue Mi is interested in diseases of the retina. The field of study best suited to her interests is 2. physiology B. anatomy C. pathology D. bowling 2. There are numerous levels of organization in the body. The correct order from simplest to most complex is 3. organ, tissue, cell, organism, system B. cell, tissue, organ, system, organism 4. system, cell, organ, organism, tissue D. cell, system, tissue, organ, organism 3. The atomic number of sodium is 11. The sodium ion has a single positive charge (Na+). How many electrons does the sodium ion have? 4. 10 B. 11 5. 12 D. More information is required to answer this question. 4. The chemical category that includes fats and cholesterol is 5. proteins B. lipids C. carbohydrates D. solutions 5. If a cell lacked centrioles, it would not be able to 6. synthesize proteins B. synthesize RNA 7. divide D. secrete proteins 6. A particular cell type specializes in breaking down...

Words: 1933 - Pages: 8